tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32938395448122036542024-03-12T16:09:46.050-07:00Valtsu'sArticles on health, nutrition, relationships etc...Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-53819200762116154572017-05-26T04:48:00.000-07:002019-11-24T08:30:51.889-08:00The Therapeutic Effects of Red and Near-Infrared Light (2017)<b>1. Introduction</b><br />
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I have previously written about the vast research showing that irradiation by <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2015/05/the-therapeutic-effects-of-red-and-near.html">red light or near-infrared</a> appears to have health benefits. Thousands of research articles showing these benefits have been published. <br />
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In the scientific literature, this treatment with red light or near-infrared is called either <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=photobiomodulation">photobiomodulation</a> (PBM) or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=low-level+laser+therapy">low-level laser (light) therapy</a> (LLLT). I will be using the term <b>photobiomodulation</b>.<br />
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In photobiomodulation, the affected tissue is irradiated by light, usually from a laser or LED source. This irradiation appears to improve the function of the malfunctioning tissue.<br />
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<b>2. Mechanisms of photobiomodulation</b><br />
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Most wavelengths of light (ultraviolet, blue, green, infrared) do not penetrate the skin at all. Instead, they are absorbed in the outer layers of skin.<br />
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On the other hand, red light and near-infrared belong to the so-called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-infrared_window_in_biological_tissue">optical window</a>. These wavelengths are able to significantly penetrate through the skin:<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">The mobile phone flashlight emits blue, green and red light.<br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;">Only the red light penetrates through the finger.</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Red light and near-infrared are able to induce significant physiological changes inside the tissue. According to modern knowledge, the red light inside the cells activates the mitochondrial enzyme </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">cytochrome c oxidase</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, improving the mitochondrial respiration and oxygen consumption (<a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7488285/">de Freitas&Hamblin 2016</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751953">Wang et al. 2017</a>).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This shift in cellular metabolism leads to other changes in cell function, eg. gene expression and growth factor production (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23239434">Prindeze et al. 2012</a>).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the scientific literature, there are numerous examples of the significant cellular effects of red light and near-infrared. Some of these discoveries were briefly presented in this</span> <a href="https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/7505">dissertation</a> fr<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">om the University of Gothenburg.</span></span></div>
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Red light has been repeatedly shown to have positive effects on the markers of energy metabolism and inflammation in animal studies. The following table shows some of these results:<br />
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="184"></col><col width="50"></col><col width="384"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 18pt;"><td colspan="3" style="background-color: #4bacc6; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation results (animal studies)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indication</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Animal</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Findings</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24631333" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degeneration</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mouse</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑ATP, ↑cytochrome oxidase expression</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24158722" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Allergic asthma</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑IFN-γ, ↓IgE, ↓IL-4, ↓Th1/Th2 ratio</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27815990" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alzheimer’s disease</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑ATP, ↑mitochondrial membrane potential, ↑cytochrome oxidase, ↑memory function, ↓reactive gliosis, ↓inflammation, ↓tau hyperphosphorylation</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27344636" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Burn wound</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑ATP, ↑cytochrome oxidase, ↑G6PD, ↑NADPH, ↑pAMPKα, ↓NADP, ↓LDH</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378263" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Exercise performance</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mouse</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑ATP, ↑exercise performance, ↑cytochrome oxidase</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139073" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Glomerulonephritis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, ↓macrophage and CD8 lymphocyte infiltration</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25788488" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lifespan</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fruit fly</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑ATP, ↑lifespan, ↑mobility, ↓complement C3</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22827550" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Liver cirrhosis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓AST, ↓ALT, ↓LDH, ↓cirrhotic areas, ↓collagen deposition</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292010" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Multiple sclerosis (EAE)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mouse</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑IL-10, ↑IL-4, ↓TNF-α, ↓IFN-γ, ↓disease symptoms</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22399243" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muscle injury</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓CK, ↓O</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">−</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, ↓SOD, ↓TBARS</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11208692" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Myocardial infarct</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dog, rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑ATP, ↓mortality, ↓infarct size, ↓troponin T</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/pp/c6pp00360e#!divAbstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neuropathic pain</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓IL-1β, ↓CX3CL1, ↓dorsal gliosis, ↓hyperalgesia</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24173911" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoarthritis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, ↓IL-6, ↓neutrophils, ↓macrophages</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22138375" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoporosis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑bone formation, ↑granulation tissue, ↑collagen fibers</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9562022" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Restenosis (abdom. aorta)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rabbit</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑lumen area, ↓myointimal hyperplasia, ↓intima:media ratio</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24594641" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spinal cord injury</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, ↓hyperalgesia</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25966949" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traumatic brain injury</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mouse</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ATP, ↓ROS, ↓injured area</span></div>
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Since the disturbances of energy metabolism <a href="http://www.stevenhamley.com.au/2012/01/mitochondrial-dysfunction.html">have been associated to all kinds of chronic diseases</a>, the suggested disease-relieving mechanism of red light by improving mitochondrial function is very plausible.<br />
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Photobiomodulation requires red or near-infrared light. While there is a plenty of talk about the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23833705">beneficial effects of far-infrared radiation</a>, it probably doesn’t have the same mechanisms and benefits as photobiomodulation. (The majority of infrared saunas don’t emit any near-infrared, though <a href="https://saunaspace.com/">some companies</a> have started selling saunas with near-infrared-emitting heat lamps.)<br />
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<b>3. Human research on photobiomodulation</b><br />
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In humans, photobiomodulation has been studied for a few dozen different ailments. The list below <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">shows some of these possible indicat</span></span></span>ions. New <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=lllt&recr=Open">clinical trials</a> ar<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">e also constantly in progress.</span></span><br />
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="226"></col><col width="228"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9bbb59; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation studies (humans)</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371497" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Achilles tendinitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26667480" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low back pain</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22615511" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acne</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25432632" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lymphedema</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18588438" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degeneration</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23093133" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Meniscal pathology</span></a></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28186867" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alzheimer’s disease</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25417170" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muscle g</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ain</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24701539" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aphthous ulcers</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25660439" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muscle pain</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23709010" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bell’s palsy</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23579335" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neck pain</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23355338" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Body contouring</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24160904" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neuropathic foot ulcer</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24649935" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bone fractures (hand/wrist)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27363734" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nipple pain</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15145195" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Burn scars</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25198431" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oral mucositis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 9pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27919663" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Burning mouth syndrome</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25800534" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orthodontic pain</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27495063" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carpal tunnel syndrome</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28301678" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orthodontic tooth movement</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775206" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chronic joint disorder</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">s</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25914044" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoarthritis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28466195" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cognitive performance</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26932392" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Periodontitis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25413975/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">COPD</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27543213" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Postherpetic neuralgia</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24552468" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dental implant stability</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172370" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pressure ulcer</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24717149" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dentin hypersensitivity</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116013" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Radiation dermatitis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23200785" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Depression</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15570642" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Raynaud’s phenomenon</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26748691" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diabetic foot ulcer</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20920649" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resteno</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sis</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977100" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dry mouth (xerostomy)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16235295" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rheumatoid arthritis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26797192" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dysmenorrhea</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25450903" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shoulder tendinopathy</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306161" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Erythema</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (UV-induced)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17566756" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Skin aging</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 6pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27874264" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Exercise performance</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27649961" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sternotomy healing</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 6pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://valtsuhealth.blogspot.fi/2014/05/fibromyalgian-ja-cfsn-oireiden.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fibromyalgia</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26463915" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stroke</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 6pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25271097" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frozen shoulder</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25491183" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Temporomandibular disorders</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 6pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26690359" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hair loss (alopecia)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508839" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 6pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14709221" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hand-foot-and-mouth disease</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28001756" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traumatic brain injury</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 6pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://valtsuhealth.blogspot.fi/2015/09/voiko-lahi-infrapuna-lievittaa-tai.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hypothyroidism</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9865208" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Venous leg ulcer</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 6pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22047597" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Labial herpes</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18424354" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vitiligo</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 6pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28536905" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lichen planus</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3982191" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wound healing</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-443e-dd1d-4eca-641b4715871c"><span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Regarding some of these indications, systematic reviews have also been published. The table below presents some of those, featuring </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">over 6500 patients from over 140 randomized and controlled trials (RCTs).</span></span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-443e-dd1d-4eca-641b4715871c">
</span>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 3.75pt;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="130"></col><col width="49"></col><col width="38"></col><col width="29"></col><col width="17"></col><col width="24"></col><col width="36"></col><col width="333"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 19pt;"><td colspan="8" style="background-color: #4bacc6; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation: systematic reviews</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 18pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indication</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Author</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Review</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Year</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">N</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">n</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quality</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Results</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26932392" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Periodontitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ren</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2017</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">180</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕/➖ Photobiomodulation decreased pocket depth only in short term (1-2 months).</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26748691" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diabetic foot ulcer</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tchanque...</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">S</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2016</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">131</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation hastened the healing of foot ulcers.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26690359" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hair loss (alopecia)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Zarei</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">S</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2016</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">394</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B / C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation was beneficial for androgenetic alopecia in men and women.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ors.12244/full" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Healing from tooth extraction</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ribeiro</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">S</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2016</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">555</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation decreased pain.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Delayed-onset muscle soreness</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(DOMS)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nampo</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2016</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">317</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➖ Photobiomodulation wasn’t associated with significant benefits. The meta-analysis was critisized for it’s methodological shortcomings, which might partially explain the negative result (</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27311767" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Baroni&Leal-Junior 2016</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">).</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26667480" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chronic low back pain</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Huang</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2015</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7 </span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">211</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B / C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕/➖Photobiomodulation decreased pain, but didn’t improve function.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25491183" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Temporomandibular disorders</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chen</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2015</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">454</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕/➖ Photobiomodulation didn’t decrease pain, but brought functional improvements.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24249354" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Exercise performance</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Leal-Junior</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2015</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">134+</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation improved exercise performance and postexercise recovery.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25914044" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoarthritis (knee)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Huang</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2015</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">518</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➖ Photobiomodulation didn’t ameliorate pain. However, another research group re-analyzed the same material, and got a positive result (</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27816573" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stausholm et al. 2016</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">).</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orthodontic tooth movement</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ge</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2015</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">211</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation increased orthodontic tooth movement.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25432632" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lymphedema (in breast cancer)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Smoot</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2015</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">262</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation decreased pain and upper limb volume.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26803863" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neck pain</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SBU</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">S</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2014</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1007</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation decreased pain after the intervention and in the follow-up.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25198431" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oral mucositis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oberoi</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2014</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1144</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation decreased pain and the risk of severe mucositis.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23672326" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Exercise performance</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Borsa</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">S</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2013</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">147</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation improved exercise performance and postexercise recovery.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24155802" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chronic neck pain</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gross</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2013</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">109</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation improved the markers (pain/disability/QoL/GPE).</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398186" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tooth extraction (lower 3rd molar)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brignard...</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">S</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2012</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">599</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➖ Photobiomodulation didn’t decrease pain of edema significantly.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708800" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tendinopathies</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tumilty</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2010</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">25</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">963</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕/➖ Photobiomodulation was effective in 12 studies, and ineffective in 13 studies. The conflicting results might be related to treatment parameters.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913903" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neck pain</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chow</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2009</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">820</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation decreased pain acutely and in the long-term.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18510742" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tennis elbow</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bjordal</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2008</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13 </span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">730</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B / C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation decreased pain.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16706694" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acute pain</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bjordal</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">S</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2006</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">609</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B / C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation decreased pain.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15954117" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neck pain</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chow</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">S</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2005</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">273</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation decreased pain.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775206" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chronic joint disorders</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bjordal</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">S</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2003</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">565</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">➕ Photobiomodulation decreased pain.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;"><td colspan="8" style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M = meta-analysis; S = systematic review; N = amount of controlled studies; n = amount of subjects</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-443e-dd1d-4eca-641b4715871c"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-4445-d22d-1722-e3e97efef8f4"></span></span></div>
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The table includes my estimation of the quality of the evidence. B stands for “moderate evidence” and C for “weak evidence”. My estimates are not based on as strict criteria as GRADE scoring used by Cochrane Library.<br />
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<div>
It can be seen that many of these systematic reviews were published between 2014 and 2016. Photobiomodulation research is currently accumulating with a very fast pace, approximately 400 research articles per year. There will probably be dozens of new systematic reviews before the year 2020.<br />
<br />
My overall conclusion of these systematic reviews is that photobiomodulation appears to be beneficial for a large variety of different indications. The evidence is mainly of moderate/weak quality, which implicates a need for additional randomized trials of high methodological quality.</div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-443f-427c-0d95-fcb1c27ffd53"><br /></span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-443f-427c-0d95-fcb1c27ffd53">
<br /><br /><b>4. Animal research on photobiomodulation</b><br /><br />Photobiomodulation has not been studied solely in humans. If you look at the literature, you can find studies conducted also in rats, mice, rabbits, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11208692">dogs</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26741110">pigs</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26741109">minipigs</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26456231">monkeys</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21743401">sheep</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10402136">horses</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9068161">bovines</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3245796">cats</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15345169">sand rats</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27105906">hamsters</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269186">gerbils</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23425439">guinea pigs</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11891742">frogs</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7534455">toads</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27846310">bumblebees</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25788488">fruit flies</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28056208">sea urchin larvae</a>, <a href="http://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/?year=2017&vol=5&issue=1&part=C&ArticleId=1456">snails</a>, <a href="http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7018/">roundworms</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28063017">earthworms</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21146998">flat worms</a>.</span><br />
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<div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-443f-427c-0d95-fcb1c27ffd53"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-4446-ca34-fe17-c7fc429dd129">In animal studies, photobiomodulation has been studied with good results for nearly a hundred different indications. Impressive results have been reported for autoimmune diseases, brain diseases, osteoporosis, joint inflammation and dozens of other diseases:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
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<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 69.75pt;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="229"></col><col width="230"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #f79646; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation indications (animal studies)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27081265" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acne</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28712048" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lung fibrosis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22674405" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Achilles tendinitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508847" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lung hemorrhage</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27056078" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acute pain</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381933" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lung inflammation (acute)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24792475" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acute respiratory distress syndrome</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26155904" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lung injury</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27635634" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Adipose tissue inflammation</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26714983" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lymphedema</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26427443" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degeneration</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452258" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mastitis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24158722" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Allergic asthma</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12626762" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Methanol toxicity (retinal injury)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8667602" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Allergic contact dermatitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18926854" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Morphine withdrawal</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24319484" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Allergic rhinitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26703077" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Multiple sclerosis (EAE)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26006084" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Allodynia</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25122099" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muscle injury</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26793049" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alzheimer’s disease</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26930372" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Myocardial infarct</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19143012" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (familial)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19530909" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Myonecrosis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22911625" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aneurysm (abdominal aorta)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24599021/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Myopathy (mdx)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16706692" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arthritis (microcrystalline arthropathies)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23190308" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nerve injury (alveolaris inferior)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23933663" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arthritis (zymosan-induced)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8426530" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nerve injury (facialis)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22474473" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Atherosclerosis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119457" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nerve injury (ischiadus)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15991302" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Atrophic gastritis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24634001" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neuropathic pain</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666974" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Auditory neuropathy</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27105906" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oral mucositis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26759725" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bone fracture</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25354753" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oral ulcer (formocresol-induced)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23155359" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bone grafts</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27220395" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoarthritis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26853699" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Burn injury</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21219239" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteomyelitis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27475897" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cancer</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22138375" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoporosis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25101535" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Colitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26793049" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Parkinson’s disease</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26322981" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">COPD</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18248157" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Paw edema (inflammatory)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139073" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Crescentic glomerulonephritis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22845797" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Periodontitis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20969445" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Delayed hypersensitivity</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803379" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Peritonitis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24871130" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dentin regeneration</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18727002" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pleurisy</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27367569" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Depression</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15684747" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pressure ulcer</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23619627" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dermal abrasions</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25975382" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Radiation injury</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20356759" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diabetes (kidney)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9562022" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Restenosis (abdominal aorta)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26426815" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diabetes (eyes)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://dc.uwm.edu/etd/4/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Retinitis pigmentosa</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17033742" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diaphragm muscle dysfunction</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22538842" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rheumatoid arthritis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21948400" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Endophthalmitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2014/384816/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sarcopenia</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378263" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Exercise performance</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21625765" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sciatica</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23167284" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Haemarthrosis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27561854" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spinal cord injury</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26690359" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hair loss (alopecia)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23806754" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stroke</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22936461" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Heart failure</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28099448" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Submandibular gland inflammation</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25797186" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hearing loss (noise-induced)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27579876" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Surgical wound infection</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27001179" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hyperalgesia</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617972" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Teeth re-implantation</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25211315" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hypertension</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24231378" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Temporomandibular joint inflammation</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23134313" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kidney fibrosis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25751667" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tendinopathy</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360312" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kidney injury</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27464749" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thrombocytopenia</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23524249" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laryngitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23583341" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tinnitus</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24722775" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ligament injury (ACL)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23425439" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tympanic membrane perforation</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16356146" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ligament injury (MCL)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21456943" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tracheal incision healing</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27345261" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Listeria infection</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25966949" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traumatic brain injury</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22827550" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Liver cirrhosis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27661759" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wound healing</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20932182" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Liver regeneration</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-left: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-right: solid #f9b074 1pt; border-top: solid #f9b074 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-443f-427c-0d95-fcb1c27ffd53"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-4446-ca34-fe17-c7fc429dd129">As the list shows, there is a vast literature on photobiomodulation. The total amount of these animal studies indexed in PubMed is more than 1100.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>5. The comprehensive research database</b><br /><br />In order to learn as much as possible about red light and near-infrared, I have spent a plenty of time compiling photobiomodulation research into a spreadsheet. My spreadsheet includes currently more than 3800 scientific articles on the subject:</span></span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-443f-427c-0d95-fcb1c27ffd53"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-443f-427c-0d95-fcb1c27ffd53"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-4446-ca34-fe17-c7fc429dd129"><a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ZKl5Me4XwPj4YgJCBes3VSCJjiVO4XI0tIR0rbMBj08/edit?usp=sharing"><b>Low level laser therapy (LLLT) / photobiomodulation (PBM) / red/NIR phototherapy studies - a comprehensive database by Vladimir Heiskanen</b></a></span></span></span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-443f-427c-0d95-fcb1c27ffd53"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-4446-ca34-fe17-c7fc429dd129">
<br /><img height="340" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/j1mcAjO9VhOsnPHLwrXjjjG22cyNv8y_NlqTYrL3bR1hj5xRNKPPpYi77FOBlePdm7IPFrujsib5K9nGg5bvRSoiQo4Cq_KPs6TzeeXWf88Xw7_Zh8NudW2YapTBN9_aelms6NwR" width="640" /><br /><br />Here are some statistics that I've made based on the data. The PBM literature includes...</span></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li>500 randomized studies (incl. 220 double-blind and 80 single-blind studies)</li>
<li>1170 animal studies (800 rat studies, 220 mouse studies, 90 rabbit studies)</li>
<li>620 in vitro studies</li>
<li>340 narrative reviews & editorials</li>
<li>130 systematic reviews (incl. 54 meta-analyses)</li>
</ul>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>6. Photobiomodulation research examples: Eyes</b><br /><br /><u>6.1. Human studies</u><br /><br />In 2008, two German physicians published a retrospective report of 203 patients with the age-related macular degeneration. According to the paper, treatment with near-infrared light (780 nm) improved visual acuity in 95 percent of the patients, and the treatment was also associated with reduced edema, bleeding, metamorphopsia, scotopia and dyschromatopsia.<br /><br />The beneficial results lasted for 3-36 months after the treatment. The report was generally very promising. However, these kinds of retrospective reports are considered to have a high risk of bias, and should be confirmed by high-quality controlled studies (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18588438">Ivandic&Ivandic 2008</a>).<br /><br />In 2016, Canadian researchers published very similar results from an observational study, where they used mainly a red LED light (660 nm). The therapy was associated with improved visual acuity and contrast sensitivty, and reduced drusen (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27989012">Merry et al. 2016</a>). This research group is currently working on a randomized trial (<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02725762">LIGHTSITE1</a>) in order to repeat these findings with a proper methodology.<br /><br /><br /><u>6.2. Animal studies</u></span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-443f-427c-0d95-fcb1c27ffd53">
</span>
<br />
<div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-443f-427c-0d95-fcb1c27ffd53"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br />Research groups from a wide range of countries (UK, Australia, Spain, Iran, Italy, India, USA) have studied the effects of photobiomodulation on retinal diseases. <br /><br />According to the study results, red light appears protective against various sources of retinal degeneration, eg. age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, light-induced retinal damage, oxygen-induced retinopathy and methanol toxicity (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26427443">Eells et al. 2016</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4768515/">Geneva 2016</a>).</span></span></div>
<div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-443f-427c-0d95-fcb1c27ffd53"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-4472-2a14-1815-1f0147da06a4">
</span>
</span><br />
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="107"></col><col width="54"></col><col width="43"></col><col width="158"></col><col width="31"></col><col width="36"></col><col width="246"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 18pt;"><td colspan="7" style="background-color: #4bacc6; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation: effects on eyes</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reference</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Country</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Animal</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Model</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">💡</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">λ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(nm)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Results</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28320099" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ghanbari 2017</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Iran</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Methanol toxicity (retinal injury)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓RGC death, ↓injury of visual cortex</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27989012" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Merry 2016</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Canada</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Human</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degeneration</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED </span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑visual acuity, ↑contrast sensitivity, ↓drusen</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27664904" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kaynezhad 2016</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">UK</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degeneration</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑oxidation of cytochrome oxidase</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26795389" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rezaei Kanavi 2016</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Iran</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rabbit</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Corneal alkali burn</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">810</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓injury area, ↓inflammation</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2016/2734139/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chu-Tan 2016</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Australia</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light-induced retinal damage</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓photoreceptor cell death, ↑ONL thickness</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 5pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26928988" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Del Olmo-Aguado 2016</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spain</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Retinal ischemia</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">630</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓RGC death, ↓GFAP</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26426815" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Saliba 2015</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA (OH)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mouse</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diabetic retinopathy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓retinal O</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">−</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, ↓leukostasis, ↓ICAM-1 expression, </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓iNOS expression, ↓Ca</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2+</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> channel dysfunction</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26149919" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Calaza 2015</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">UK</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mouse</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degen. CFH(-/-)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑ATP</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24631333" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gkotsi 2014</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">UK</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mouse</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degeneration</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑ATP, ↑cytochrome oxidase expression</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25105800" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Giacci 2014</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Australia</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light-induced retinal damage</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓photoreceptor cell death, ↓8OHDG</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24955576" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Di Marco 2014</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Italy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light-induced retinal damage</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑b-wave amplitude, ↓photoreceptor cell death, ↓GFAP</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24840621" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ahamed Basha 2014</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">India</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light-induced retinal damage</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑ONL cells, ↑ONL thickness</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24093084" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Di Marco 2013</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Italy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light-induced retinal damage</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓photoreceptor cell death, ↓GFAP</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23557732" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tang 2013</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA (OH)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diabetic retinopathy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓RGC death, ↓retinal O</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">−</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, ↓leukostasis, ↓ICAM-1 expression</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23951291/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Natoli 2013</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Australia</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M&R</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oxygen-induced retinopathy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓photoreceptor cell death, ↓retinal neovascularisation</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23584451" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kokkinopoulos 2013b</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">UK</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mouse</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degen. CFH(-/-)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓TNF-α expression, ↓TLR2/4 expression, ↓macrophage activation, ↓MIF and calcitonin expression</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595370" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kokkinopoulos 2013a</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">UK</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mouse</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degeneration</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑mitochondrial membrane potential, ↓TNF-α, ↓C3d, ↓macrophages</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23469078" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Begum 2013</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">UK</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mouse</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degen. CFH(-/-)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑cytochrome oxidase, ↓C3, ↓GFAP, </span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24134095/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Albarracin 2013</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Australia</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mouse</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oxygen-induced retinopathy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓oxidative stress, ↓C3</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23181358" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rutar 2012</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Australia</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light-induced retinal damage</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓C1s, ↓C2, ↓C3, ↓C4b, ↓C3aR1, ↓C5r1</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22372425" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Albarracin&Valter 2012b</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Australia</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light-induced retinal damage</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓photoreceptor cell death,↓</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LIF</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Edn2 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> TNF-α </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">gene expression, ↓Müller cell proliferation, etc.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22183324" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Albarracin&Valter 2012a</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Australia</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light-induced retinal damage</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑b-wave amplitude, ↓photoreceptor cell death</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21421867" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Albarracin 2011</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Australia</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light-induced retinal damage</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑a-wave amplitude, ↑b-wave amplitude, ↓photoreceptor cell death, ↓macrophages, ↓microglial activation</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20238037" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Qu 2010</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">China</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light-induced retinal damage</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑b-wave amplitude, ↓ONL damage</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20844572" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Natoli 2010</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Australia</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light-induced retinal damage</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↓expression of genes/ncRNA related to light-induced retinal damage</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074024" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rojas 2008</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA (TX)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mitochondrial optic neuropathy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">633</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑retinal structure, ↑cytochrome oxidase expression</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12626762" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eells 2003</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA (WI)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Methanol toxicity (retinal injury)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑rod and cone function (ERG amplitude), ↓retinal histopathology</span></div>
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</tbody></table>
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<br /><br /><b>7. Photobiomodulation research examples: Bone</b><br /><br /><u>7.1. Human studies</u><br /><br /> In a randomized trial of 50 patients with hand/wrist fractures, photobiomodulation with near-infrared laser (830 nm) reduced the pain and greatly improved functional parameters compared to the placebo group. Each subject had ten treatment sessions, each of which lasted 10 minutes per each fractured site (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24649935">Chang et al. 2014</a>).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQJ3FPsOqH9meInPXTREd_6VeHdytTdeuVkH6LcAzfKF5HM01WmTXgPt7bBXw2K344UlnZzI0v-QC4EFrOSl7Hm2Luz6l2IHUtbrNCHvV7VbnltZ-yj9_LGiIMc1R8xg3lccjItBSOip_6/s1600/chang.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="1495" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQJ3FPsOqH9meInPXTREd_6VeHdytTdeuVkH6LcAzfKF5HM01WmTXgPt7bBXw2K344UlnZzI0v-QC4EFrOSl7Hm2Luz6l2IHUtbrNCHvV7VbnltZ-yj9_LGiIMc1R8xg3lccjItBSOip_6/s640/chang.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<u>7.2. Animal studies</u><br />
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Nearly one hundred scientific articles reporting the effects of photobiomodulation on bone repair have been published. The results have been mostly positive, and numerous research groups have reported similar changes, e.g. improved bone formation (<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118987742.ch25/summary">Pinheiro et al. 2015</a>).</div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="86"></col><col width="44"></col><col width="41"></col><col width="138"></col><col width="34"></col><col width="37"></col><col width="252"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 18pt;"><td colspan="7" style="background-color: #9bbb59; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation effects on bone tissue (animal studies)</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reference</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Country</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Animal</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indication/model</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">💡</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">λ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(nm)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Results</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26037661" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scalize 2015</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoporosis (ovx)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">780</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑trabecular bone formation, ↑collagen fiber area</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 8pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228094" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Altan 2015</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Turkey</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Midpalatal suture expansion</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">820</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑bone formation</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22850224" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mota 2013</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bone defect</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑bone stiffness, ↑serum ALP</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139069" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ekizer 2013</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Turkey</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Suture expansion</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">618</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑bone formation, ↑osteoblasts, ↑osteoclasts</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23102551" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">El-Maghraby 2013</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Egypt</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gamma radiation of mandible</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">904</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑trabecular area</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22404559" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Omasa 2012</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Japan</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orthodontic mini-implant (tibia)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">830</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑bone formation, ↑BMP-2 expression</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22138375" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bossini 2012</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoporosis (ovx)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">830</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑bone and collagen formation, ↔biomechanical properties</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20204601" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pires-Oliveira 2010</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoporosis (ovx)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">904</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑bone formation</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508844" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lopes 2007</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rabbit</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orthodontic implant (tibia)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">830</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑bone formation (CHA concentration)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15315733" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rochkind 2004</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Israel</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mandibular trauma</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">633</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑bone mineralization</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7742082" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Barushka 1995</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Israel</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tibial injury</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">333</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">↑bone formation, ↑ALP activity</span></div>
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</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>8. Photobiomodulation research examples: Hypothyroidism</b><br /><br />In a Brazilian randomized trial with 43 hypothyroid patients, ten sessions of photobiomodulation with a near-infrared laser (830 nm) resulted in a decreased levothyroxine requirement in the patients at the 9-month follow up.<br /><br />Remarkably, forty-eight percent of the patients were able to keep their thyroid hormone levels within the reference ranges completely without a medication (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22718472">Höfling et al. 2013</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20662037">Höfling et al. 2010</a>).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitEvFMmShOorQTZlA6rfQrrmc68PVT4WShnxrcq8pbNX-QYZn79LGMq0BAQnggLsA7-4M5cfQ-0huK1K9FVb3HEuDA2a6TfgupLyxaivmY8XMEKspZHUlgRh9h3ju6RX5OxtApSLopVWZy/s1600/hofling.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="114" data-original-width="498" height="73" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitEvFMmShOorQTZlA6rfQrrmc68PVT4WShnxrcq8pbNX-QYZn79LGMq0BAQnggLsA7-4M5cfQ-0huK1K9FVb3HEuDA2a6TfgupLyxaivmY8XMEKspZHUlgRh9h3ju6RX5OxtApSLopVWZy/s320/hofling.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br />Similar positive results have also been reported in several Russian and Ukrainian studies that I’ve covered in <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2015/09/hypothyroidism-could-it-be-treated-with.html">another blog article</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-444a-cb20-6ea6-0d0823c11ec0"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">9. Photobiomodulation research examples: Parkinson’s disease</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-444a-cb20-6ea6-0d0823c11ec0">
<br />In 2008, researchers from Wisconsin found that photobiomodulation was beneficial for an in vitro model of Parkinson’s disease (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18440709">Liang et al. 2008</a>). After that, researchers from Australia, France and Switzerland have published a large amount of research showing that photobiomodulation protects the brain and reduces the motor symptoms in various animal models of Parkinson’s disease, including MPTP- or 6OHDA-injected and α-synuclein overexpressing animals (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26793049">Johnstone et al. 2016</a>).<br /><br />In 2016, a paper titled <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26456231"><i>Near-infrared light is neuroprotective in a monkey model of Parkinson disease</i></a> was published in the high-impact journal Annals of Neurology. In this study, red light was administered into MPTP-poisoned macaque monkey brain via an optical fiber. This treatment reversed most of the clinical symptoms in the majority of the monkeys (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26456231">Darlot et al. 2016</a>).<br /><br />Most of the studies have used red light (670 nm), but in some of the papers, near-infrared (810 nm) has also been used. Usually the light has been administered transcranially or straight to the head via an optic fiber, but in one study, body irradiation also had remote neuroprotective effects on the brain, suggesting that photobiomodulation might have systemic effects (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857852">Johnstone et al. 2014</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28552720">Kim et al. 2017</a>).</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrkDcb5U0eAcMVbBR6HfSxI9DBP9ZBdt_fyy_P87gVnP4lcndLWYwwEm_kRuO8bwz9Ec28mwrhyQm2CYXNwtNARGLgIP5ibnXb3U1SmASM5Rd3j8PkRLlP1ArK-cGaHibiXda68ZATLopk/s1600/johnstone.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="733" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrkDcb5U0eAcMVbBR6HfSxI9DBP9ZBdt_fyy_P87gVnP4lcndLWYwwEm_kRuO8bwz9Ec28mwrhyQm2CYXNwtNARGLgIP5ibnXb3U1SmASM5Rd3j8PkRLlP1ArK-cGaHibiXda68ZATLopk/s400/johnstone.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26793049">Johnstone et al. 2016</a>)</td></tr>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>10. Photobiomodulation research examples: Heart and circulation</b><br /><br />Research groups from Israel, USA, China and Brazil have investigated the effects of photobiomodulation on the recovery from myocardial infarct. Data from numerous trials conducted in mice, rats, dogs and pigs indicate that illuminating the heart with red light after an infarct could significantly decrease the injured area and therefore improve the heart function (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26930372">Carlos et al. 2016</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26741110">Blatt et al. 2016</a>).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWEbHqWJNakgC1oNNeKaT60PSaMvr_nKImK_xE-pXFOsopeL4p0W3ttcWZFb5v0oz1o8U2Oc1odc0cRELgfXKt-paicjf1dQRbIeP0YhMdOacSSalgSbaovjTFCvgXPXAiwQMjWCm-WbOa/s1600/circ.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="219" data-original-width="639" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWEbHqWJNakgC1oNNeKaT60PSaMvr_nKImK_xE-pXFOsopeL4p0W3ttcWZFb5v0oz1o8U2Oc1odc0cRELgfXKt-paicjf1dQRbIeP0YhMdOacSSalgSbaovjTFCvgXPXAiwQMjWCm-WbOa/s400/circ.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /><br />As an example, in this experimental study with dogs, photobiomodulation with near-infrared light appeared to decrease the injured area by approximately 50%. The treatment also reduced mortality in the dogs (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11208692">Oron et al. 2001</a>):</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtBU9B8aJuTIPw90oMQPkde4NiJ5uzGaCe2K18CC_PHpBjR-3pT51hNBxZV-u9gHnHQuuz4ojTNajAW-iWa9hcp1QPQkfSEmcSWW9pUb4EsNoOvXY3NOePFb0RUBI44hpuE89zDV2xV8ps/s1600/oron.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="356" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtBU9B8aJuTIPw90oMQPkde4NiJ5uzGaCe2K18CC_PHpBjR-3pT51hNBxZV-u9gHnHQuuz4ojTNajAW-iWa9hcp1QPQkfSEmcSWW9pUb4EsNoOvXY3NOePFb0RUBI44hpuE89zDV2xV8ps/s200/oron.png" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br />Brazilian researchers have also noted that photobiomodulation could alleviate pain, bleeding and other complications related to sternotomy (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27649961">Fernandes et al. 2016</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27564925">Lima et al. 2016a</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27081873">Lima et al. 2016b</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337350">de Oliveira et al. 2014</a>).<br /><br />In the end of 1990s, researchers from the USA studied the effects of red light on restenosis and neointimal hyperplasia after balloon angioplasty in rabbits. The highly promising results were published in high-impact journals JACC and Circulation. Some additional studies have also been conducted in pigs and humans (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9562022">Kipshidze et al. 1998</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11591625">Kipshidze et al. 2001</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20920649">Derkacz et al. 2010</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10762798">De Scheerder et al. 1998</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10751781">De Scheerder 2000</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11710621">De Scheerder 2001a</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295754">De Scheerder et al. 2001b</a>).<br /><br />In 2012, a group of Austrian researchers discovered that red light induces the vasodilation of coronary arteries. The researchers concluded: <i>“As LED sources are of small size, simple, and inexpensive build-up, they may be used during routine coronary artery bypass surgery to ease suturing of anastomosis by target vessel vasodilation”</i> (<a href="http://www.annalsthoracicsurgery.org/article/S0003-4975(12)00006-9/abstract">Plass et al. 2012</a>)<br /><br />Korean researchers have also shown that illuminating rabbits with polarized light from a regular tungsten lamp could protect the animals from experimental atherosclerosis (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22474473">Park et al. 2012</a>).</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>11. Photobiomodulation research examples: Other indications</b><br /><br />Alzheimer’s disease:</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>Photobiomodulation has been studied for various animal models of Alzheimer’s disease, with good results (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27815990">Lu et al. 2017</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24994540">Farfara et al. 2015</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24387311">Purushothuman et al. 2014</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603448">Grillo et al. 2013</a>).</li>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br />Exercise performance:</span></div>
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<li>Photobiomodulation has shown some efficacy for exercise performance, muscle growth, sarcopenia, myopathies and muscle injuries in animal and human studies (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27874264">Ferraresi et al. 2016</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25417170">Baroni et al. 2014</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24599021/">Leal-Junior et al. 2014</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307440">Corazza et al. 2013</a>).</li>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br />Hearing loss:</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>Photobiomodulation appears to protect rodents from noise-induced hearing loss (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25797186">Tamura et al. 2015</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27547558">Lee et al. 2016</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27342816">Tamura et al. 2016</a>).</li>
</ul>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br />Oral mucositis:</span><br />
<ul><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">
<li>One of the most common complications of cancer treatments is the painful inflammation of oral mucosa. Photobiomodulation has been studied for this indication in approximately twenty randomized trials, very often with great results (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25198431">Oberoi et al. 2014</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26154723">Silva et al. 2015</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26501372">Soto et al. 2015</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248655">Ferreira et al. 2016</a>).</li>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br />Thrombocytopenia:</span><br />
<ul><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">
<li>Quite recently a research group from Harvard Medical School published two papers, in which they demonstrated that photobiomodulation with visible red light can protect mice from multiple different models of this <a href="http://www.massgeneral.org/News/pressrelease.aspx?id=1967">dangerous bleeding disorder</a>. The first article was published in the high-impact journal Science Translational Medicine (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27464749">Zhang et al. 2016</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27901126">Yang et al. 2016</a>).</li>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br />Wound healing:</span></div>
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<li>Photobiomodulation has been studied in the treatment wounds and burns. More than a hundred animal studies have been published, but the human research is somewhat scarce (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25207838">Gupta et al. 2015</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27861614">Keshri et al. 2016</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27841968">Ojea et al. 2016</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26748691">Tchanque-Fossuo et al. 2016</a>).</li>
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<b>12. Photobiomodulation treatment 101</b><br />
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<u>12.1. Introduction</u><br />
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In photobiomodulation, the body is locally irradiated by visible red light or invisible near-infrared.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFSPLP67j0WFss4YtCRfj_GV_fgUqHJOqxeyMvcfxn7jgW1HSMPudS1MdyGfS_i7jgrn602A8jqRTj0VkXiBcDi-YcehtHdIa80nZEPN8Rv9FrJik5tr4SKP1hfq4hMlAt-UkHiKEkvZKO/s1600/lllt-photo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="426" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFSPLP67j0WFss4YtCRfj_GV_fgUqHJOqxeyMvcfxn7jgW1HSMPudS1MdyGfS_i7jgrn602A8jqRTj0VkXiBcDi-YcehtHdIa80nZEPN8Rv9FrJik5tr4SKP1hfq4hMlAt-UkHiKEkvZKO/s200/lllt-photo.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">It might look like this, though the beam size (1mm2 - 32cm2) and other parameters<br />
(wavelength, intensity, energy, number of sessions) vary a lot.<br />
(Image source: <a href="http://spinalstenosis.org/blog/low-level-light-therapy-osteoarthritis-work-all/">SpinalStenosis</a>)</td></tr>
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The light is usually produced by a laser or LED device. Unlike common lamp light, in photobiomodulation light is monochromatic, consisting of one wavelength. Some of the most common wavelengths are presented below.</div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Common wavelengths in photobiomodulation</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Visible red</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">630, 633, 655, 660, 670 nm</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Near-infrared (NIR)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">780, 808, 810, 830, 850, 890, 904, 940, 1064, 1072 nm</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Usually a wavelength ranging from 600 to 1100 nanometers is used. Within this range, some wavelengths have a stronger cellular effect than others, and some wavelengths (eg. 730 nm) might be utterly ineffective. These differences appear to be explained by absorption spectr</span></span>a of cytochrome c oxidase (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10365442">Karu 1999</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20681024">Karu 2010</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15557336">Wong-Riley et al. 2005</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23619627">Gupta et al. 2014</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22275301">Wu et al. 2012</a>).<br />
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It has also been shown that wavelengths 750 and 950 nm can inhibit mitochondrial function at the electron transport chain (ETC) level. While this might sound like a paradoxical and undesired effect, there is some evidence suggesting that it could actually be used after ischemia to effectively reduce the ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, for example in stroke (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29472564">Sanderson et al. 2018</a>).</div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-62ab-784d-8ddb-3eda4f7ebbbb"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There is also some evidence suggesting that longer wavelengths (eg. 980 or 10600 nm) might have an unique mechanism of action that isn't based on absorption by </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">cytochrome c oxidase. </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some hypotheses have been published, describing intracellular water as the primary photoacceptor mediating the photomodulatory effects observed with longer wavelength</span></span></span>s (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751953">Wang et al. 2017</a>, <a href="http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/biophy.2017.3.337">Hamblin 2017</a>).</div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-444e-4f1b-f3bd-59099ee13817">Near-infrared penetrates the tissue better than red light, so it’s more commonly used for treating body parts that are under the skin (brain, glands, joints, muscles). Visible red light is more commonly used in the treatment of wounds or skin diseases.</span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /><br /><br /><u>12.2. Treatment parameters</u><br /><br />The following table provides the basic information about the most relevant treatment parameters (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26964800">Hadis et al. 2016</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22107486">Jenkins&Carroll 2011</a>).</span><br />
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="138"></col><col width="158"></col><col width="90"></col><col width="91"></col><col width="106"></col></colgroup><tbody>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation parameters</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Parameter</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alternative terms</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Symbol</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Unit</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Usual range</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wavelength</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">λ</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">nm</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">630 - 1072 nm</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Power (output) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Radiant flux</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Φ</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mW</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">50 - 1000 mW</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Irradiance</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Intensity, power density</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">W/cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.8pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, mW/cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.8pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3 mW/cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - 70 W/cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Radiant energy</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Energy, dose</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">J</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.1 - 3000 J</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Radiant exposure</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Energy density, fluence, dose</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">H</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">J/cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.8pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 - 400 J/cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Beam area</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spot size</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.8pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, mm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.8pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 mm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - 32cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-444e-4f1b-f3bd-59099ee13817">
<br /><span style="text-align: center;">Here are some examples from various human trials. It can be noted that there are huge differences between the experiments </span><span style="color: #cc0000; text-align: center;"><i>(note: the energy density isn't reported - I will add it later)</i></span><span style="text-align: center;">.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 10.5pt;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="100"></col><col width="64"></col><col width="50"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="43"></col><col width="87"></col><col width="95"></col><col width="90"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12pt;"><td colspan="8" style="background-color: #4bacc6; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation parameters: examples</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indication</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wavelength</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Power</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spot size</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Energy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Irradiance</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Treatment duration</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sessions</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10469307" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Labial herpes</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">690 nm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">80 mW</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">48 J</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">80 mW/cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10 minutes</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10 sessions in 14d</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22047597" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Labial herpes</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670 nm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">40 mW</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.79 cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.6 J</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">51 mW/cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">40 seconds</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 session</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22718472" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hypothyroidism</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">830 nm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">50 mW</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.28 mm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">40 J</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17 680 mW/cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13,3 minutes</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10 sessions in 8wk</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23912778" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoarthritis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">850 nm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100 mW</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.79 mm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">48 J</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13 000 mW/cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8 minutes</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8 sessions in 4wk</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24487957" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoarthritis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">830 nm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">800 mW</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">25 cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1250 J</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">32 mW/cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">32 minutes</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12 sessions in 6wk</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18588438" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degeneration</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">780 nm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.5 mW</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.071 cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.3 J</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">106 mW/cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 4.2pt; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 </span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">40 seconds</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt 2.2677165354330713pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4 sessions in 2wk</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="white-space: pre-wrap;">12.3. Dose response</u></span></div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">The therapeutic window of photobiomodulation is somewhat narrow and looks like this:</span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqVrnj7xzW6_lkBoirZ7OJyP4w42TcamStjukE7bMaK_f4PBgLDc0YDyE4FF8pwKgsRKVcOTGylCtvvF_XykJx-OxgQ7_nUzu7AAEE1-iuLODjEGevcxdn9ObI0ULQE5dtajq13DK1FahF/s1600/biphasic.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="216" data-original-width="530" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqVrnj7xzW6_lkBoirZ7OJyP4w42TcamStjukE7bMaK_f4PBgLDc0YDyE4FF8pwKgsRKVcOTGylCtvvF_XykJx-OxgQ7_nUzu7AAEE1-iuLODjEGevcxdn9ObI0ULQE5dtajq13DK1FahF/s400/biphasic.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Underdosing has been suggested to explain many of the negative results in clinical photobiomodulation trials (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9893504">Tunér&Hode 1998</a>). The ineffectiveness of overdosing has also been demonstrated, especially in dozens of experimental studies (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22461763">Huang et al. 2011</a>). Thus, biphasic dose-response appears to be a very significant issue in photobiomodulation. </span></div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Low-to-moderate doses of light are often described as stimulating and high doses as inhibitory, because some markers that can be increased by low doses of light, have been shown to decrease with excessive light doses. </span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">The exact mechanism of biphasic dose-response is not known, but it might be related to excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS): <i>“The Janus nature of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may act as a beneficial signaling molecule at low concentrations and a harmful cytotoxic agent at high concentrations, may partly explain the observed responses in vivo”</i> (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22461763">Huang et al. 2011</a>)</span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">In some reviews articles, photobiomodulation is said to have a hormesis-like effect: <i>“The hormetic response of both LLLT and MB consists of an increase in the effect at a low dose, followed by a decrease in the same effect with an intermediate dose, until the effect is equal to a control-type effect. With doses increasing beyond the hormetic zone, the effect decreases even further, until it is below the control effect.”</i> (<a href="https://www.gwern.net/docs/nootropics/2013-rojas.pdf">Rojas&Gonzalez-Lima 2013</a>)</span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><u>12.4. Treatment devices</u></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">In the past, the photobiomodulation light sources were mostly laser-based, expensive and only available to clinicians. Nowadays, the situation has improved and many companies are selling much cheaper LED devices directly to patients.</span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">In the table below, I list some of the photobiomodulation devices that I’m aware of. <span style="color: #cc0000;">(A note: As of 2019, this table is not really up-to-date anymore.)</span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-4481-30f2-efdd-afdd5e5aecf7">
</span>
</span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 11.25pt;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="79"></col><col width="29"></col><col width="48"></col><col width="32"></col><col width="52"></col><col width="31"></col><col width="317"></col><col width="41"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 19pt;"><td colspan="8" style="background-color: #9bbb59; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation devices (for consumers)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Device</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">💡</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">λ</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">nm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Φ</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mW</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mW/cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 3.6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">cm</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 3.6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comments</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Price</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B-Cure</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">808</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">67.5</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.5</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+ Decent parameters</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+ Device is small and battery-powered</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">~$700</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LightWorks LW2</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">660</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">850</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">718</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">455</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">25</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">29</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+ Decent parameters</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+ Large spot size</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">± Device emits both red light and NIR simultaneously</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">~$400</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Handy Cure</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">635</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">875</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">905</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">60-90</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15-23</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+ Decent parameters</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+ Device is small and battery-powered</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">± Device emits both red light and NIR simultaneously</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">~$400</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 17pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://redlightman.com/product/infrared-mini-830/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Infrared Mini 830</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">830</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">200 (10cm)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20 (70cm)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+ Decent parameters</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">~$400</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://redlightman.com/product/red-mini-670/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Red Mini 670</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">200 (0cm)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20 (60cm)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Decent parameters</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">~$90</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/281894963171" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NIR torch</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">850</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">200 (0cm)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10 (6cm)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+ Cheap and small (see my </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VW6Wu-vg4Fs" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">YouTube video)</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Very small spot size</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">~$20</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Halogen lamps</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Broad</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">spectrum</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+ Halogen and incandescent lamps emit red light and NIR, so they could theoretically be suitable for photobiomodulation</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Broad spectrum light hasn’t been studied significantly. Research has been done with monochromatic light (eg. 670 or 830 nanometers).</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- It might be very difficult to find the right dose</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">$5</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sunlight</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Broad</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">spectrum</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 0.75pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+ In some studies, sunlight has been associated with better health outcomes, which could be related to the red light/NIR exposure.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Broad spectrum light hasn’t been studied significantly. Research has been done with monochromatic light (eg. 670 or 830 nanometers).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Free</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are some arguments about the efficacy of laser vs. LED lights in photobiomodulation. In the past, photobiomodulation was called </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>low-level laser therapy</i></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (LLLT)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and basically all of the research was conducted with low-level lasers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nowadays there is an overwhelming evidence showing that photobiomodulation doesn’t require coherent light and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are suitable for photobiomodulation, though laser light might have a better penetration depth into the tissue, because it produces so-calle</span></span>d <a href="http://www.laser.nu/lllt/Faq1.htm#Does%20the%20coherence">laser speckles</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>“Most of the early work in this field was carried out with various kinds of lasers, and it was thought that laser light had some special characteristics not possessed by light from other light sources such as sunlight, fluorescent or incandescent lamps and now LEDs. However all the studies that have been done comparing lasers to equivalent light sources with similar wavelength and power density of their emission, have found essentially no difference between them.” </i>(<a href="http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/biophy.2017.3.337">Hamblin 2017</a>)</span></span></div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Since the light intensity decreases when the device is used from longer distance, it might sometimes be useful to have a measurement device to examine the light intensity from various distances. I’m using Tenmars TM-206 device, which costed approximately $50 in eBay. However, it should noted that the device <a href="https://gembared.com/blogs/musings/what-is-the-real-intensity-of-my-led-panel-the-dark-deception-of-red-light-therapy?fbclid=IwAR1e4d9pdSlc1OHMYEyhunz_GbFmUuBwgMXc7UurGiIBQLi9pg1Ficr0uig">might overestimate</a> the irradiance of near-infrared wavelengths up to 2-fold.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGD8LiUqM0U8CzRgdurb4k-XYapo0s146uWnz8pnWQNrytUN2JNqJVyqhhSQD_35jZhNNz-o1TLX34ZZthjfrLVGqLJdcrZ2HRy8DZAjxP6O84SAao5XjG92cUay18J2ZEn-B-IhgcI0P0/s1600/tenmars.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="293" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGD8LiUqM0U8CzRgdurb4k-XYapo0s146uWnz8pnWQNrytUN2JNqJVyqhhSQD_35jZhNNz-o1TLX34ZZthjfrLVGqLJdcrZ2HRy8DZAjxP6O84SAao5XjG92cUay18J2ZEn-B-IhgcI0P0/s200/tenmars.png" width="136" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tenmars TM-206</td></tr>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><u>12.5. Sunlight</u></span><br />
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“Wherever primitive races abandon nakedness for clothing, at once the tendency to disease, mortality, and degeneracy notably increases, though it must be remembered that the use of clothing is commonly accompanied by the introduction of other bad habits.” - Havelock Ellis (1909)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In many epidemiological studies, sunlight exposure and low latitude have been correlated with improved health, eg. decreased mortality, lower cholesterol levels and lower cancer incidence. The effects of sunlight have usually been attributed to increased synthesis of Vitamin D, but since sunlight also contains high amounts of red and near-infrared light, the beneficial effects could also be due to photobiomodulation</span></span> (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24697969">Lindqvist et al. 2014</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20619913">Lindqvist et al. 2010</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269856">Grant&Mohr 2009</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8935479">Grimes et al. 1996</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18704704">Wong 2008</a>).</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In a way, photobiomodulation could possibly be described as a way to substitute for the lack of daylight. If modern humans would start spending their days mostly in outdoors without shirts, our direct exposure to light would probably increase up to 100,000-fold and would be comparable to the doses used in photobiomodulation therapies (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26745730">Barolet et al. 2016</a>, <a href="https://iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/iub.359">Karu 2010</a>).</span></span></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="158"></col><col width="161"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 19pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #4bacc6; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 3.968503937007875pt 3.968503937007875pt 3.968503937007875pt 3.968503937007875pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light intensity in different contexts</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Place or context</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Irradiance (mW/cm2)</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bedroom</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.01</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sunlight</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5 - 20</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20 - 5000</span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><u>12.6. Incandescent/halogen/heat lamps</u></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">In the beginning of 20th century, some physicians used incandescent lamps in the treatment of various ailments such as diabetes, obesity, chronic fatigue, insomnia, baldness and cachexia (<a href="https://archive.org/details/39002011140895.med.yale.edu">Kellogg 1910</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/lightenergyitsp00cleagoog">Cleaves 1904</a>). Since incandescent lamps produce large amounts of red and near-infrared light, spectrum being comparable to sunlight, it is likely that their possible beneficial effects could be due to photobiomodulation.</span><br />
<br />
However, since the amount of therapeutic wavelengths is difficult to measure with broad-spectrum lamps, it might be very difficult to find the optimal dosage. Therefore, I would not recommend incandescent, halogen or heat lamps for photobiomodulation purposes until there will be more scientific research about their usage.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhccGyDneZfOuaBzHwlEjmwRBVsmYg8gM0vNXz5FqQtjbV3BseOWU7O9byt0PqOVTveRO6Z-av7MU_EThlzxJtLak9D6r167RzVoTfI1dOd6Zu-p-VTXd8bIln6GJa35NYK5nmqKR4pxQXX/s1600/cleaves.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="735" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhccGyDneZfOuaBzHwlEjmwRBVsmYg8gM0vNXz5FqQtjbV3BseOWU7O9byt0PqOVTveRO6Z-av7MU_EThlzxJtLak9D6r167RzVoTfI1dOd6Zu-p-VTXd8bIln6GJa35NYK5nmqKR4pxQXX/s400/cleaves.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Margaret Cleaves' 1904 book <a href="https://archive.org/details/lightenergyitsp00cleagoog" style="font-style: italic;">Light energy, its physics, physiological action<br />and therapeutic applications</a> has some interesting chapters about</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">incandescent lamp therapy.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">13. Photobiomodulation science: 7 facts</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fact 1: The amount of photobiomodulation research has been growing exponentially. At the moment, approximately 400 new scientific articles are being published annually.</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpFhVAMCGTt0Z2iogrW2CDOG8Qf6A_wLkarNgfr2eK1ZQ28UuVHSHQK0RCOjeXAjuFJOTtY3ZFL2ZXsveFF-ubf5S8mBAVUXm94iTrgp09BapNKbrS3H_BhPfP7JBIjRbpvsGm9KZ4ZezS/s1600/PBM-yearly-articles.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="662" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpFhVAMCGTt0Z2iogrW2CDOG8Qf6A_wLkarNgfr2eK1ZQ28UuVHSHQK0RCOjeXAjuFJOTtY3ZFL2ZXsveFF-ubf5S8mBAVUXm94iTrgp09BapNKbrS3H_BhPfP7JBIjRbpvsGm9KZ4ZezS/s400/PBM-yearly-articles.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fact 2: Photobiomodulation has dozens of different names. In the past, there was no consensus of the name of this treatment, so many different ones were used:</span></span></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="161"></col><col width="179"></col><col width="156"></col><col width="162"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">660nm LED light source</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser light irradiation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-level light</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobioactivation</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">670nm light</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser phototherapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-level light therapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">λ780 nm laser light</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser therapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-power laser therapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiostimulation (PBM therapy)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">830nm laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser treatment</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photo-enhancement</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">810-nm diode laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED-based red light photo-stimulation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-power laser stimulation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photoradiation</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CLASS IV laser therapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED-light</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-power laser treatment</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photostimulation</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cold laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LED phototherapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low power red laser light (LPRLL)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Physiotherapy laser</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Far-red light</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light-emitting diode irradiation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-level phototherapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Singlet oxygen energy (SOE light)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 9pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Far red/near infrared light</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light-Emitting Diode Phototherapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low reactive-level laser therapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Short pulsed nonablative infrared laser irradiation</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Helium-neon laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low dose laser irradiation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MID-laser therapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Soft laser</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">He-Ne laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-energy Helium-Neon laser irradiation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Monochromatic phototherapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Therapeutic photobiomodulation</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">High fluence low-power laser irradiation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-energy laser irradiation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nanoparticle-emitted light</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transcranial infrared laser therapy</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Intravascular red laser therapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low energy light irradiation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Narrow-band light</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transcranial Laser Stimulation</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Intravascular Low-Power Laser Illumination</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-intensity laser irradiation (LILI)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Narrow-band red light phototherapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transcranial laser therapy</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Intravascular low-power red laser light</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-intensity laser therapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Near infra-red</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transcranial low level laser (light) therapy</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Irradiation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-level laser</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Near-infrared light</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Visible light</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser 904 nm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-level laser energy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Near-infrared light treatment</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Water-filtered infrared-A</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser acupuncture</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-left: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-right: solid #9bbb59 1pt; border-top: solid #9bbb59 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-level laser therapy</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Polarized light therapy</span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fact 3: </span></span></span>Over 120 decent scientific journals (impact factor at least 3.0), and approximately 700 journals in total, have published at least one paper on photobiomodulation!<br />
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Some top journals are included, eg. <a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)61522-1/abstract">The Lancet</a>, <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/100/6/3439.short">PNAS</a>, <a href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/103/2/296.long">Circulation</a>, <a href="http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/109/5/2250.long">Blood</a>, <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.24542/full">Annals of Neurology</a> and <a href="http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/8/349/349ra101">Science Translational Medicine</a>. Click <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1m3y9RIfTtlQ086onMOmlc4rZLNfGx7MIekeo52ANgPk/edit?usp=sharing">here</a> for a detailed list about the articles published in the high-impact journals. </div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-445a-c180-77a2-d97bb5c82c31"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-445c-671e-f225-b0e2f00d987d"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fact 4: Photobiomodulation has also been mentioned in news feature articles published in the top journal</span></span>s <a href="https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7114/full/443901a.html">Nature</a> and <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/04/diamond-dishes-could-boost-ivf-success-rates">Science</a>.</span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>“Eells and her colleagues found that NIR phototherapy counters methanol poisoning, which injures the retina and optic nerve, often causing blindness. The toxic metabolite is formic acid, which inhibits cytochrome oxidase. ‘In a rat model, NIR phototherapy is able to restore virtually normal retinal function, at least as judged by the electroretinogram,’ says Eells.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>And neurobiologist Margaret Wong-Riley and her colleagues at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee have shown that NIR phototherapy can also oppose the effects of cyanide on cell cultures. Cyanide poisons by binding to cytochrome oxidase. Wong-Riley’s team showed that phototherapy could halve the rate of apoptosis in cultured neurones, even when given before cyanide treatment. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>But can NIR phototherapy relieve not just acute toxicity, but more chronic inflammatory conditions? The signs augur well. Eells and her colleagues have shown that NIR phototherapy could cut the rate of apoptosis by 50% in a rat model of retinitis pigmentosa, in which photoreceptors die by apoptosis during postnatal development causing retinal degeneration and blindness” </i>(<a href="https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7114/full/443901a.html">Nature 2006</a>) </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>“Previous studies have shown that exposing cells to a particular wavelength of light, 670 nanometers, toward the red end of the visible spectrum, causes their energy-producing mitochondria to boost production of adenosine triphosphate, which powers the cells.”</i> (<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/04/diamond-dishes-could-boost-ivf-success-rates">Science 2017</a>)</blockquote>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fact 5: There are five scientific journals that have published a very large amount of photobiomodulation research. These journals are also feature many other light-related subjects in addition to photobiomodulation.</span></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="92"></col><col width="297"></col><col width="85"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 13pt;"><td colspan="3" style="background-color: #4bacc6; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation: important scientific journals</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Publisher</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Journal Title</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Impact Factor</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wiley</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Journal of Biophotonics </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.8</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Elsevier</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.0</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Springer</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lasers in Medical Science</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.5</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wiley</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lasers in Surgery and Medicine</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.1</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mary Ann Liebert</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photomedicine and Laser Surgery</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.6</span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fact 6: Photobiomodulation research has been published in 71 different countries.</span></span></span><br />
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="124"></col><col width="348"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 13pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #4bacc6; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation research countries</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Amount of articles</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Country</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1000+</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">400+</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">United States (in 33 different states)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100+</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">China, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Russia, Turkey</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">50-99</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Australia, Canada, Germany, India, Spain, Taiwan, UK</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10-49</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Less than 10</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Finland, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mexico, Monaco, Nepal, Pakistan, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Singapore, Slovenia, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Yemen, Yugoslavia</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">
</span>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">
</span>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fact 7: Hall of Fame of the photobiomodulation research is presented below:</span></div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">
</span>
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<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="97"></col><col width="90"></col><col width="153"></col><col width="73"></col><col width="251"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 10pt;"><td colspan="5" style="background-color: #4bacc6; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation: notable researchers</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Name</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Position</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Speciality</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Research focus</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 4pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://uwm.edu/healthsciences/directory/eells-janis/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Janis Eells</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Biosciences</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation and retinal degeneration.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://dental.buffalo.edu/faculty/faculty_directory/oral-biology-faculty/praveen-arany.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Praveen Arany</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Assistant professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University at Buffalo</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oral biology</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">TGFß1 in photobiomodulation mechanisms.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://wellman.massgeneral.org/faculty-hamblin-pi.htm" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Michael Hamblin</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Assistant professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Harvard Medical School</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dermatology</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation and the brain. Has written dozens of articles and edited photobiomodulation-related books.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.isan.troitsk.ru/dls/karu.htm" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tiina Karu</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Russian Academy of Sciences</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Biophysics</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation and cell function.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/people/academics/profiles/jonathan.stone.php" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jonathan Stone</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The University of Sydney</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neurobiology</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation and Parkinson’s disease.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/people/academics/profiles/john.mitrofanis.php" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">John Mitrofanis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The University of Sydney</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Anatomy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation and Parkinson’s disease.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/valter-kocsi-k" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Krisztina Valter-Kocsi</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Assistant professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Australian National University</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Anatomy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation and retinal degeneration.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.uj.ac.za/contact/Pages/Heidi-Abrahamse-.aspx" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Heidi Abrahamse</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Johannesburg</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiology</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation and stem cells.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioo/research/academics/jeffery" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Glen Jeffery</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University College London (UCL)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neurosciences</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation, mitochondria and retina.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.uib.no/personer/Jan.Magnus.Bjordal" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jan Bjordal</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Bergen</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Physiatry</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation, muscle and exercise.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/psychology/faculty/fg" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Francisco Gonzalez-Lima</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The University of Texas</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neurosciences</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation, brain and cognition.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/staff/profiles/clinical-sciences/cooper-paul.aspx" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Paul Cooper</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Birmingham</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oral biology</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation and oral physiology.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://en-lifesci.tau.ac.il/profile/urio" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Uri Oron</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tel Aviv University</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation and heart.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.usuhs.edu/content/juanita-j-anders-phd" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Juanita Anders</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USUHS</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation, nerves and pain.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.otago.ac.nz/physio/otago089721.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">David Baxter</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dean</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Otago</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Physiotherapy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation, wound healing and Achilles tendon.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://newscenter.sdsu.edu/provost/about.aspx" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chukuka Enwemeka</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Provost</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">San Diego State University</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation, wounds and injuries.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://ufba.academia.edu/AnonioPinheiro" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Antonio Pinheiro</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Federal University of Bahia</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation and bone tissue.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://scholar.google.fi/scholar?q=margaret+naeser+laser&btnG=&hl=fi&as_sdt=0%2C5" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Margaret Naeser</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Research professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Boston University</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neurology</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation and traumatic brain injury.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.mcw.edu/Neurology/Faculty/Harry-Whelan-MD.htm" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Harry Whelan</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Medical College of Wisconsin</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neurology</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation and wound healing.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.mcw.edu/Cell-Biology/Margaret-Wong-Riley-PhD.htm" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Margaret Wong-Riley</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Professor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Medical College of Wisconsin</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oral biology</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation and nerves.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://tuner.nu/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jan Tunér</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dentist</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dentistry</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt 1.4173228346456694pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation treatment parameters. Has written many reviews and books on the subject.</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
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<b>14. The ongoing clinical trials</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
I checked the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> database to see whether there are any ongoing clinical trials examining the health effects of photobiomodulation. The amount of active trials was not high, but there were dozens of studies that are still recruiting participants:</div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-a47794b2-4411-bef0-01de-bdcf8b3161e9"><br /></span>
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<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 2.25pt;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="222"></col><col width="59"></col><col width="235"></col><col width="57"></col><col width="80"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.669291338582678pt;"><td colspan="5" style="background-color: #9bbb59; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ongoing PBM/LLLT clinical trials</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Treatment indication</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Country</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Responsible party</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Status</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt 2.834645669291339pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Identifier</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02725762?term=photobiomodulation&recrs=d&rank=2" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degeneration</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Canada</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LumiThera, Inc.</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Active</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02725762</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02528552?term=lllt&recrs=df&draw=2&rank=11" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Androgenetic alopecia</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Theradome, Inc.</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Active</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02528552</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02688426?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=6" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cardiovascular diseases</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Federal University of Health Science of Porto Alegre</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02688426</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02000908?term=photobiomodulation&recrs=d&rank=1" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Minnesota</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Active</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02000908</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02851173?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=3" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cognitive enchancement</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Texas at Austin</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02851173</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02582593?term=photobiomodulation&recrs=a&rank=7" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cognitive function</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Florida</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02582593</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02749929?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=3&rank=12" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Colles’ Fracture</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Norway</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Bergen</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02749929</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03014024?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=13" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Colles’ Fracture</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Norway</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Bergen</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT03014024</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 14.25pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03160027?term=photobiomodulation&recrs=a&rank=2" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dementia</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of California</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT03160027</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03023761?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=36" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Endodontic re-treatment pain</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Iran</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shahid Beheshti University</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT03023761</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02529657?term=lllt&recrs=df&draw=1&rank=2" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Failed Back Surgery Syndrome</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Nove de Julho</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Active</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02529657</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02948634?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=41" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fibromyalgia</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02948634</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02995070?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=18" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gingival recession (connective tissue graft)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Uni. Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02995070</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01782378?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=89" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gulf War Veterans Illnesses</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">VA Office of Research and Development</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT01782378</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03044106?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=87" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hamstring injury</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of North Carolina</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT03044106</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02636764?term=lllt&recrs=df&draw=2&rank=14" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Knee osteoarthritis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Nove de Julho</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Active</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02636764</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03072004?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=5" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Leprosy neuropathy</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Federal University of Uberlandia</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT03072004</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02529670?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=24" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low Back Pain</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Nove de Julho</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02529670</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02898233?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=1" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Major Depressive Disorder</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Texas at Austin</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02898233</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02959307?term=photobiomodulation&recrs=a&rank=6" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Major Depressive Disorder</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Massachusetts General Hospital</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02959307</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Migraine</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The San Francisco Clinical Research Center</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02969642</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03163810?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=29" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Erchonia Corporation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT03163810</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03066336?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=50" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Onychomycosis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Erchonia Corporation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT03066336</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02682992?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=8" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oral mucositis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Pittsburgh</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02682992</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02723604?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=11" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oral mucositis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02723604</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02696408?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=14" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oral mucositis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">France</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Institut de Cancérologie de la Loire</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02696408</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01772706?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=40" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oral mucositis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">France</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Institut Cancerologie de l'Ouest</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT01772706</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 10.5pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02181439?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=27" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orthodontic tooth movement</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">France</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nantes University Hospital</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02181439</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03202355?term=photobiomodulation&recrs=a&rank=5" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orthodontic tooth movement</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Biolux Research Ltd.</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT03202355</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02954133?term=photobiomodulation&recrs=a&rank=3" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orthodontic tooth movement (w/ Invisalign)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Biolux Research Ltd.</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02954133</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02898025?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=25" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoarthritis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02898025</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03000426?term=photobiomodulation&recrs=a&rank=4" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Palatal Wound</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Uni. Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT03000426</span></div>
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<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02789735" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pelvic girdle pain</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sweden</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Uppsala University</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02789735</span></div>
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<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02352038?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=19" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Periodontitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hong Kong</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The University of Hong Kong</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02352038</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02926352?term=photobiomodulation&recrs=a&rank=10" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Phobias (fear extinction)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Texas at Austin</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02926352</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03015116?term=photobiomodulation&recrs=a&rank=1" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plantar Fascitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Germany</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Landstuhl Regional Medical Center</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT03015116</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02296697?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=16" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pressure ulcer</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02296697</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02738268?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=7" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Radiodermatitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Belgium</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hasselt University</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02738268</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02384434?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=20" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Radiodermatitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Pittsburgh</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02384434</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02910492?term=670nm&recrs=a&rank=3" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Skin rejuvenation</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cutera Inc.</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02910492</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03031223?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=10" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spinal Cord Injuries</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Nove de Julho</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT03031223</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02971215?term=lllt&recrs=df&draw=1&rank=6" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Subacromial Impingement</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spain</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Castilla-La Mancha</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Active</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02971215</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03257748?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=28" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Temporomandibular disorder</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Nove de Julho</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02839967</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03257748?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=28" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Temporomandibular disorder</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Nove de Julho</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT03257748</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02928809?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=39" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Temporomandibular disorder</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Nove de Julho</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02928809</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02602431?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=42" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tooth extraction (third molar)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Sao Paulo</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02602431</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02233413?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=2" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traumatic brain injury</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Massachusetts General Hospital</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02233413</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02356861?term=photobiomodulation&recrs=a&rank=8" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traumatic brain injury (and PTSD)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">VA Office of Research and Development</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02356861</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03229330?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=15" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Venous ulcers</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT03229330</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02416531?term=lllt&recrs=df&draw=1&rank=7" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Nove de Julho</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Active</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02416531</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02877004?term=LLLT&recrs=a&draw=1&rank=4" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Weight Loss</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USA</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mayo Clinic</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recruiting</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCT02877004</span></div>
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</tbody></table>
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This seems like a decent amount of effort from the scientific community, to investigate the effects of photobiomodulation in humans.<br />
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<b>15. Criticisms and obstacles of photobiomodulation</b><br />
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In their article <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281708244_Low_level_laser_light_therapy_and_photobiomodulation_The_path_forward" style="font-style: italic;">Low level laser (light) therapy and photobiomodulation: The path forward</a>, a group of important photobiomodulation researchers summarized some reasons hampering the application of photobiomodulation in the medical community:<br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>"The reasons for this skepticism and disbelief are many and various and differ depending on who you are talking to. Biomedical scientists often refer to a lack of mechanism, and the absence of agreement on dosimetry and parameters. Physicians often claim there is a lack of large clinical trials and not enough systematic reviews. Hospital and insurance administrators cannot agree on coverage and reimbursement. Finally (and regrettably) there has been marketing hype, over-promising and frank misinformation from some of the companies making devices (lasers, LED arrays, mixed clusters) that are used in the LLLT industry."</i><br />
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Many skeptic websites and blogs also have claimed that photobiomodulation (LLLT) is mostly a form of quackery. These sites include <a href="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/lower-level-lasers-n-rays-in-action/">Science-Based Medicine</a>, <a href="http://www.skepticnorth.com/2013/02/low-level-laser-placebo/">Skeptic North</a>, <a href="http://skeptvet.com/Blog/2010/05/cold-laser-therapy/">SkeptVet</a>, <a href="https://www.devicewatch.org/reports/lllt.shtml">Device Watch</a> and also the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-level_laser_therapy">Wikipedia page on LLLT</a>. These criticisms present some of the weaknesses of the photobiomodulation (PBM) research fairly, but since most of the PBM research has been published since the 2010, most of these criticisms are outdated and I would trust recent systematic reviews more than these articles that are mostly based on some quick internet searches.<br />
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Some skeptics claim that the effects of photobiomodulation might be based on thermal effects of red or near-infrared radiation. This is a question that has also been examined by the scientific community. Thermal effects of low-level light therapy are usually negligible and some experimental temperature-controlled studies also confirm the existence of athermal effects. Therefore, nowadays the biological effects of PBM are considered to be mostly of athermal nature (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15684747">Lanzafame et al. 2004</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21219241">Joensen et al. 2011</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22758634">Jung&Grune 2012</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25987340">Grandinétti Vdos et al. 2015</a>).<br />
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The quality of randomized, blinded and placebo-controlled photobiomodulation studies is currently somewhat poorer than it could be. Especially these aspects could be improved:<br />
<ul>
<li>While the application of placebo is common the PBM literature, some minor methodological deficiencies have been revealed (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18955233">Relf et al. 2008</a>). </li>
<li>Treatment parameter reporting also fails somewhat often (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26953553">Tunér&Jenkins 2016</a>). </li>
<li>Regarding the randomisation, most trials apparently fail in the <a href="http://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/chapter_8/8_10_2_assessing_risk_of_bias_in_relation_to_adequate_or.htm">allocation concealment</a>, which is quite an important methodological aspect in the assessment of study quality (risk of bias). These aspects should be improved in the future trials.</li>
</ul>
Marketing of photobiomodulation devices has also been often somewhat deceptive and has included a lot of empty promises regarding the efficiency of PBM in the treatment of various diseases. Recently a LLLT salesman Larry Lytle <a href="https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/crime/2018/01/26/rapid-city-man-pleads-guilty-medical-laser-scheme/1069838001/">pleaded guilty</a> for misleading marketing of "QLaser" devices, agreeing to repay customers more than $16 million.<br />
<br />
A major obstacle in the application of PBM in the medical treatments has been the high price of PBM treatment devices. However, since the LED-based devices for in-home usage are becoming more popular, this aspect is probably going to improve a lot in the near future.<br />
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">16. Summary</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Red light and near-infrared irradiation produce measurable changes locally in cells/tissues/organs. This form of light therapy is called </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">photobiomodulation</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (PBM)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.
</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Animal studies show that photobiomodulation therapy could be beneficial for over 100 different diseases. Evidence from human studies is also emerging in a fast pace.
</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Over 3800 photobiomodulation papers have been published in PubMed-indexed journals, over 120 of which have a good impact factor (> 3.0). Research has been conducted in at least 71 different countries.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thanks for reading. If this article got you interested in photobiomodulation, please consider joining our</span></span></span> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/414712655404400/" style="vertical-align: baseline;">discussion group in Facebook</a>.<span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></span></div>
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Best,<br />
Vladimir Heiskanen<br />
Dental student (University of Helsinki)<br />
Finland<br />
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Appendix 1: Recommended reading</span></span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="180"></col><col width="462"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9bbb59; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Book recommendations</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Author/Editor</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Book title</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Riegel and Godbold</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Therapy-Veterinary-Medicine-Ronald-Riegel/dp/1119220114" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: Photobiomodulation (2017)</span></a></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hamblin, de Sousa and Agrawal</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Low-Level-Therapy-Michael-Hamblin/dp/9814669601" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Handbook of Low-Level Laser Therapy (2016)</span></a></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hode and Tunér</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.prima-books.com/LaserPhototherapy.php" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laser phototherapy: Clinical practice and scientific background (2016)</span></a></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hamblin and Huang</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.crcpress.com/Handbook-of-Photomedicine/Hamblin-Huang/p/book/9781439884690" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Handbook of Photomedicine (2013)</span></a></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="179"></col><col width="462"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 11pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9bbb59; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scientific review articles</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Journal</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Article title</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AIMS Biophysics</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frontiers in Neuroscience</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2015.00500/full" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Turning On Lights to Stop Neurodegeneration: The Potential of Near Infrared Light Therapy in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease (2016)</span></a></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BBA Clinical</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27752476" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shining light on the head: Photobiomodulation for brain disorders (2016)</span></a></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Biochemical Pharmacology</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23806754" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neurological and psychological applications of transcranial lasers and LEDs (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (</span><a href="https://www.gwern.net/docs/nootropics/2013-rojas.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Annals of Biomedical Engineering</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22045511" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The nuts and bolts of low-level laser (light) therapy (2012)</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">News features</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Source</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Article title</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The Australian</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/weekend-australian-magazine/let-there-be-light/news-story/7a35f2886a153ff69696caf333a7a611" style="text-decoration: none;">Let There Be Light</a> (2017)</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Massachusetts General Hospital</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.massgeneral.org/News/pressrelease.aspx?id=1967" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Low-level laser therapy may improve treatment of dangerous bleeding disorder (2016)</span></a></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Wisconsin Academy</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.wisconsinacademy.org/magazine/light-medicine" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Light As Medicine? (2014)</span></a></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">University of Sydney</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://inspired.sydney.edu.au/shining-a-red-light-on-parkinsons-disease/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Shining a (red) light on Parkinson’s disease (2013)</span></a></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ScienceDaily</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110811083820.htm" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Lasers stimulate stem cells and reduce heart scarring after heart attack, study suggests (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Nature</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7114/full/443901a.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Cell biology: Power games (2006)</span></a></div>
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<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Scientific American</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1pt; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-light-saves-sight/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Red Light Saves Sight (2003)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-6216-18f3-b32b-7567aff441e5"></span></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Appendix 2: Photobiomodulation on social media</b></span><br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 7.5pt;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="66"></col><col width="63"></col><col width="511"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 14.401574803149607pt;"><td colspan="3" style="background-color: #4bacc6; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation on social media</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Site</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Category</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Title</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Facebook</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Group</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/414712655404400/?ref=br_rs" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and Photobiomodulation (PBM) Discussions</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Facebook</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Page</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/photobiomodulation/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Facebook</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Page</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/NAALTpage/?ref=br_rs" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NAALT - North American Association for Photobiomodulation Therapy</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Facebook</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Page</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d2eaf1; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/shinewithlight/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shine With Light</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 14pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Facebook</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Page</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-left: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-right: solid #78c0d4 1pt; border-top: solid #78c0d4 1pt; padding: 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt 1.7007874015748032pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/inlightmed/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In Light Medical</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ae6dccb-5423-8cfd-fd54-0b44e12fead6"></span><br /></span>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
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Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com18tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-87786914231242074652015-09-14T02:23:00.002-07:002020-03-19T15:18:33.137-07:00Hypothyroidism: Could it be treated with LIGHT?<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>(This article has been updated in 10/2018)</i></span><br />
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<b>1. Preface</b><br />
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One of the most popular articles of my blog has been about the therapeutic effects <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2015/05/the-therapeutic-effects-of-red-and-near.html">red and near-infrared light</a>. An <a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/2015/06/the-benefits-of-near-infrared-light/">edited version</a> the article has also been published at Perfect Health Diet blog.</div>
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Hundreds of studies have shown that red or near-infrared light can be used in the treatment of various medical conditions. According to some of the studies, it could possibly...</div>
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<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20842007">reduce pain in various conditions</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3986893/">prevent hair loss</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24249354">improve exercise performance and muscle recovery</a></li>
<li>increase the benefits of exercise: <a href="http://suppversity.blogspot.fi/2015/02/low-level-laser-therapy-lllt-almost.html">muscle gain</a> and <a href="http://suppversity.blogspot.fi/2015/08/phototherapy-doubles-fat-loss-11-vs-6.html">fat loss</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25198431">reduce the complications of cancer treatments</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18588438">improve vision in patients with age-related macular degeneration</a></li>
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The treatment is officially called <i>photobiomodulation</i> (PBM). It was previously called <i>low-level laser therapy</i> (LLLT), because most of the research was conducted with laser light sources. Nowadays it is considered <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30044464">proven</a> that the positive effects of red and near-infrared light do not require lasers, and therefore many photobiomodulation research groups are currently using LEDs.</div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzk7NyZfqCqjZVs4WijotF2kqBhRdK-4q7bL_25GD1hpuQXIdDAeMeyF5AzlwfWu76qqQ6o2J1L9EC9hoJpqbfB6HbVmpF14Uw-LHYJSNt0UKdYoAdOqyMHzyV11nouTZ5qbM1BZQ-3Eg/s1600/lllt-selkakipu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzk7NyZfqCqjZVs4WijotF2kqBhRdK-4q7bL_25GD1hpuQXIdDAeMeyF5AzlwfWu76qqQ6o2J1L9EC9hoJpqbfB6HbVmpF14Uw-LHYJSNt0UKdYoAdOqyMHzyV11nouTZ5qbM1BZQ-3Eg/s320/lllt-selkakipu.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PBM treatment often looks like this. However, the beam</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">size varies a lot (1mm2 - 32cm2) in different studies.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Image source: <a href="http://spinalstenosis.org/blog/low-level-light-therapy-osteoarthritis-work-all/">SpinalStenosis</a>)</span></td></tr>
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Photobiomodulation (PBM) is based on the research showing that red light and near-infrared radiation can boost cellular energy metabolism by activating the enzyme complex called <i>cytochrome c oxidase</i>. This energy-boosting effect can apparently protect tissues from stress and inflammation.<br />
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<b>2. PBM and hypothyroidism</b></div>
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Many interesting results have been published regarding the treatment of hypothyroidism with PBM. Here's my short summary of the results.<br />
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1) In a Brazilian pilot study (2010), 47% of the hypothyroid patients receiving 10 treatment sessions of PBM with near-infrared laser light maintained normal thyroid hormone levels without thyroid medication (levothyroxine; <i>LT4</i>) at the end of the 9-month follow-up.<br />
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Other benefits were also noted: TPOAb levels decreased by 39%, echogenicity index (EI) increased by 22% and normalization of thyroid volume was noted in three of the seven patients with abnormal thyroid volume.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKhBTIt2qQPiAUGmRpBdLh1d1BD_F_UgxfgRgQQQrioisafJ1t7FOTrvNUo8jt6RYxrsCF33b4J5wL2JuHSPUfk466cCG_a0cqGUseYx84_AVR7bYlOivxSyMDQgftzgTHQtmOdpEpYUg0/s1600/hofling-pilot.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="73" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKhBTIt2qQPiAUGmRpBdLh1d1BD_F_UgxfgRgQQQrioisafJ1t7FOTrvNUo8jt6RYxrsCF33b4J5wL2JuHSPUfk466cCG_a0cqGUseYx84_AVR7bYlOivxSyMDQgftzgTHQtmOdpEpYUg0/s320/hofling-pilot.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20662037">Höfling et al. 2010</a>)</td></tr>
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2) In a Brazilian randomized controlled trial (2013), 48% of the hypothyroid patients receiving 10 sessions of PBM maintained normal thyroid hormone levels without thyroid medication at the end of the 9-month follow-up.<br />
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Other benefits were also noted: TPOAb levels decreased by 49%, echogenicity index (EI) increased by 19% and normalization of thyroid volume was noted in five of the seven patients with abnormal thyroid volume. Thyroid vascularization was corrected in 16 of 22 patients who had abnormal vascularization at the baseline.<br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw1fAITWmjDwDaY7-UiC-FbZ6eq7gMNQL31ssi5iWCb15LTfhoIUcHae24NKPlD-wGbmhDYemfzFKYHjKyU8_-ZDh1ViyeqYAITL58G_YSWL8e8EaeS4iaPnpJihPf_h8ss2zDKcdyriI/s1600/hofling.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw1fAITWmjDwDaY7-UiC-FbZ6eq7gMNQL31ssi5iWCb15LTfhoIUcHae24NKPlD-wGbmhDYemfzFKYHjKyU8_-ZDh1ViyeqYAITL58G_YSWL8e8EaeS4iaPnpJihPf_h8ss2zDKcdyriI/s320/hofling.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;">LT4 = levothyroxine ; L-group = PBM/LLLT group ; P-group = placebo group<br />(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22718472">Höfling et al. 2013</a>)</span></td></tr>
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3) A Turkish randomized study (2020) recruited 350 patients found that six sessions of PBM with near-infrared light (850 nm) during three consecutive days was associated with 50% decrease in levothyroxine (LT4) medication usage, 53% increase in T3 levels and 73% decrease in TPOAb levels three months after the PBM treatments. According to the report, 28.5% of the patients had also completely stopped using the LT4 medication.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK53COW1QWsRSgrMHZvXJYHcp-qaVSXgEA795e9Q3w4oprXOAMC4xLekOKSZj-m86IpFGr7AWie2rmGzrvpOWlO5kYYD93F0OZCRqeHG7BlK2P5A1juJaU8xl9wNPKYXOpCMWy6FLrbA_o/s1600/Ercetin2020.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="113" data-original-width="427" height="84" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK53COW1QWsRSgrMHZvXJYHcp-qaVSXgEA795e9Q3w4oprXOAMC4xLekOKSZj-m86IpFGr7AWie2rmGzrvpOWlO5kYYD93F0OZCRqeHG7BlK2P5A1juJaU8xl9wNPKYXOpCMWy6FLrbA_o/s320/Ercetin2020.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">(<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32186976">Ercetin et al. 2020</a>)</span></div>
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4) In an Ukrainian dissertation study by Viktor Dubovik (2003), it was concluded that PBM can decrease medication requirements by 50-75% in people with postsurgical hypothyroidism. Antibodies for Tg and TPO were decreased after the treatment.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifi_PuNmhVTFfgnVCVCEBJhcr55TJwSDE2IZvCGvbnDUZx2NiCgpXiP1EVFwJhrmii-8RfMIQ57tiqCuzRnzcK8bPmFV_I-Luot194OxzDvO_wqI56Pth-Ka-Skj68yjMeoVekbHmpo3Ar/s1600/dubovik-thyroid.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifi_PuNmhVTFfgnVCVCEBJhcr55TJwSDE2IZvCGvbnDUZx2NiCgpXiP1EVFwJhrmii-8RfMIQ57tiqCuzRnzcK8bPmFV_I-Luot194OxzDvO_wqI56Pth-Ka-Skj68yjMeoVekbHmpo3Ar/s320/dubovik-thyroid.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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5) Another Ukrainian study by Yulia Buldygina (2002) concluded that PBM might be beneficial for hypertrophic forms of autoimmune thyroiditis. In this study, they utilized a red light (633 and 850 nm) from a laser device.<br />
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In this long-term study, they treated patients with euthyroid, subclinically hypothyroid and clinically hypothyroid hormone levels. In all groups, the decrease in TSH and TgAb was remarkable.<br />
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<i>Laser therapy allows in 92% of patients delay the development of the pathological process, and 40% - to reach its full or partial regression or prevent progression to hypothyroidism and eliminate its initial manifestations, as evidenced by normalization of thyroid stimulating hormone. [...]</i></blockquote>
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<i>Laser therapy can be used as an independent method of treatment of hypertrophic form of autoimmune thyroiditis or as an additional method that increases the effectiveness of traditional drug therapy." </i>[Translated from the original text by Google Translate]</blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpGJaHnk7YR794ZHqkKRAi0OrV_nVdSQC-IcDk6LPvazUF4yWDpsVTxOe6Rw3W2UbemxvkWKQ3tMRurheNwb0hnzeWB6X2ml4rUieUelk9kLC7bcqQfRMZ-wyKJKFn-w8TTmr-wHSzotUL/s1600/buldygina-TSH.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpGJaHnk7YR794ZHqkKRAi0OrV_nVdSQC-IcDk6LPvazUF4yWDpsVTxOe6Rw3W2UbemxvkWKQ3tMRurheNwb0hnzeWB6X2ml4rUieUelk9kLC7bcqQfRMZ-wyKJKFn-w8TTmr-wHSzotUL/s320/buldygina-TSH.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Consecutive PBM treatments were able to decrease TSH levels in (1) euthyroid,<br />(2) subclinically hypothyroid and (3) overtly hypothyroid patients with hypertrophic<br /> form of autoimmune thyroiditis. The most pronounced effect was seen after 4 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">courses (each course included 10-15 treatment sessions). </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0jp9s8utqsdXTMSOE9ORGmR766X7vSiX17QQEaKkN4MTBhxNM52zwrJMYHgrbkUCAqWj2Uk8uN8Hk-y9oxs6PcQsNuVRVIzhzc-Oj4-F6JTtySrILnxLg6-6l8k9eX4eOFeFatsFJCxY/s1600/buldygina-thyroid-gland-volume.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="87" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0jp9s8utqsdXTMSOE9ORGmR766X7vSiX17QQEaKkN4MTBhxNM52zwrJMYHgrbkUCAqWj2Uk8uN8Hk-y9oxs6PcQsNuVRVIzhzc-Oj4-F6JTtySrILnxLg6-6l8k9eX4eOFeFatsFJCxY/s320/buldygina-thyroid-gland-volume.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Consecutive PBM treatments decreased thyroid gland volume<br />
(left side and right side) in euthyroid patients with hypertrophic<br />
form of autoimmune thyroiditis.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUKLXMXA18q1mLLpn2yWE_cbvolnR1axsr7M38WtCP30VP9zw1Hz012z9lotmwjDARxkeEaLqTC5dyS1fzQXze30yk2txWQkDmVCLpUozcQE_Sjw-yvLBeVQ_cmMch8TL1ppfaRubaYtQ/s1600/buldygina-2002-TgAb-english.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUKLXMXA18q1mLLpn2yWE_cbvolnR1axsr7M38WtCP30VP9zw1Hz012z9lotmwjDARxkeEaLqTC5dyS1fzQXze30yk2txWQkDmVCLpUozcQE_Sjw-yvLBeVQ_cmMch8TL1ppfaRubaYtQ/s320/buldygina-2002-TgAb-english.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">During this ~2-year study, the TgAb levels of the patients decreased<br />
dramatically. [Image translated/edited by me]</td></tr>
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6) Ukrainian study by Katerina Misura (2006) showed that PBM can improve the treatment results in hypothyroid patients who also suffer from cardiovascular disease. These patients don't usually take adequate amounts of oral thyroxine, because of the possibility of severe cardiovascular symptoms.<br />
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Both groups received various drugs including levothyroxine, lovastatin and aspirin, but intervention group also received PBM treatment. In this group, significant improvements in thyroid hormone and cholesterol levels were observed.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnv2HtWK2nIWUJpHgvstgAJ3dOanj4EmXrc5q_hBGaP4c4jbRzJ33VjwVlUtwo1WxNULv8HWD7V0bVsS5WJrReuyGGXG794dieDMMT6e9ypSs9rAdTKQlSDhFzh2oex_hq8Y4Et0RQN4YI/s1600/misura-thyroid-hormones.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnv2HtWK2nIWUJpHgvstgAJ3dOanj4EmXrc5q_hBGaP4c4jbRzJ33VjwVlUtwo1WxNULv8HWD7V0bVsS5WJrReuyGGXG794dieDMMT6e9ypSs9rAdTKQlSDhFzh2oex_hq8Y4Et0RQN4YI/s320/misura-thyroid-hormones.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In PBM group, TSH decreased 53% and T4 increased 95% in 3 months.<br />
In the control group, the hormone concentrations remained unchanged.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4VeUGg1dfDA59GvUI9TtID_mL8XIW3vDuu4dE0usoIUxSAHsF157MGn_Yl5BckJ_ABLfy05390CsCkKNmmj8F-KP7M97cKHwM4k-ty6eqiNwe3UI5Qg1Fn-JprDK6x6vBdDC0qoZdY5aS/s1600/misura-thyroid-hormones-cholesterol.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4VeUGg1dfDA59GvUI9TtID_mL8XIW3vDuu4dE0usoIUxSAHsF157MGn_Yl5BckJ_ABLfy05390CsCkKNmmj8F-KP7M97cKHwM4k-ty6eqiNwe3UI5Qg1Fn-JprDK6x6vBdDC0qoZdY5aS/s320/misura-thyroid-hormones-cholesterol.png" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In PBM group (n=27), total cholesterol decreased from 8.23 to 6.09 in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">3 months. In the control group, the decrease was much less pronounced (8.20 -> 7.67).</span></td></tr>
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7) In a Russian dissertation study (2010), 17% of the hypothyroid patients receiving PBM on the thyroid area could discontinue thyroid medication, and 38% could decrease the dose by 25-50µg.</div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn-ayCmBuVvzTTMloKOJ5sffkTnL1e72PbOI1OA-qlpP-LwDwxqGRMGqAbXVDhwySW7AwFZTYK_2nbMOYd4AzEH1U4yKIUDJ-GSPVzZo_6_GB_gA4bI3RZDRaUYKLbwLENkPSPVSBGNEU/s1600/russian-thyroid-antibodies.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn-ayCmBuVvzTTMloKOJ5sffkTnL1e72PbOI1OA-qlpP-LwDwxqGRMGqAbXVDhwySW7AwFZTYK_2nbMOYd4AzEH1U4yKIUDJ-GSPVzZo_6_GB_gA4bI3RZDRaUYKLbwLENkPSPVSBGNEU/s320/russian-thyroid-antibodies.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Groups 2 and 4 received PBM on their thyroid glands, while</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">group 5 served as a control group. This table shows PBM's</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">effect on thyroid antibodies (TPO, Tg).</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_v0AknIx0Z_qmiJwN6aO-SSn5mlrw7-PHg4kFaZtkoIJCR35IYmRYC9UCeTv6e7sDZNqR58XIxbf21FkHTu97z_FjlrNlJYedG0PgIuCKOfoFS-CXjgoj16P-y0vnW4pgw5ZjHmeU-HZU/s1600/krivova-thyroid-symptoms.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_v0AknIx0Z_qmiJwN6aO-SSn5mlrw7-PHg4kFaZtkoIJCR35IYmRYC9UCeTv6e7sDZNqR58XIxbf21FkHTu97z_FjlrNlJYedG0PgIuCKOfoFS-CXjgoj16P-y0vnW4pgw5ZjHmeU-HZU/s320/krivova-thyroid-symptoms.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Some symptoms decreased after treating hypothyroid patients<br />with PBM: Discomfort in the region of thyroid gland, dry skin,<br />constipation, lethargy/drowsiness and fatigue.</span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 10.24px;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;"><br /></span></td></tr>
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8) In an Russian report (2014), the treatment of 347 subclinically hypothyroid women was described.<br />
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Their baseline TSH averaged at 9.1 mIU/L, but after ten sessions of PBM, the TSH was normalized in 337 (97%) of these women. Their TSH averaged at 2.2 mIU/L after the PBM treatments.</div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyCGgBrdqXGXgKCnWJLURhi2s-Ej0qdsxGIsvhkiaOVUzWGKYaHvmyb3ASW-kVF86hg_Nq7F5h6TVgWUYOZqCik-UPFgCQNcEHiXs_94mpdnYg03EXilpzcnAVQXXyKgpeToeev6zbxQ0/s1600/puzin-subclinical-thyroid-lllt.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyCGgBrdqXGXgKCnWJLURhi2s-Ej0qdsxGIsvhkiaOVUzWGKYaHvmyb3ASW-kVF86hg_Nq7F5h6TVgWUYOZqCik-UPFgCQNcEHiXs_94mpdnYg03EXilpzcnAVQXXyKgpeToeev6zbxQ0/s320/puzin-subclinical-thyroid-lllt.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The paper says: "The infrared spectrum of the laser radiation is effective</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">and safe treatment for patients with SH </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(subclinical hypothyroidism)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">due to autoimmune thyroiditis[...]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">In our opinion, it is the method of choice in the treatment</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">of the pathology, especially in the elderly."</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(Puzin 2014)</span></td></tr>
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9) A Russian study by Alexander Poljakov (1997) includes some data of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis patients who underwent a thyroid surgery.<br />
<br />
Photobiomodulation (PBM) with near-infrared light (890 nm) from a laser source was found to improve thyroid hormone levels of these patients. It was also mentioned that the patients treated with PBM require half as much thyroxine as usually.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIISS0RgQwKoIRHFw4eClP7nKit3LD8rO-nrgZhe6Lyef1w9Xbr9ZIKXt3Jp9a6Jfd7QEjYwfVKZiVHe8F4B6ObJ318093ILR-wWSeObR4ChD7BVkV3vM286qhyw6NoODjTuGiKpBol8_i/s1600/lllt-thyroid-poljakov.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIISS0RgQwKoIRHFw4eClP7nKit3LD8rO-nrgZhe6Lyef1w9Xbr9ZIKXt3Jp9a6Jfd7QEjYwfVKZiVHe8F4B6ObJ318093ILR-wWSeObR4ChD7BVkV3vM286qhyw6NoODjTuGiKpBol8_i/s320/lllt-thyroid-poljakov.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In the laser group, T3 and T<span style="font-size: x-small;">4 levels were significantly increased</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">at 6 months and 5 years after the operation, while the levels</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">tended to decrease in the "standard treatment" group. </span></td></tr>
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<br />
10) Ukrainian researchers also conducted an animal study, in which they they induced experimental autoimmune thyroiditis to rabbits (n=40). Apparently, photobiomodulation (PBM) reversed most of the thyroiditis-associated changes to the thyroid tissue.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr7P55hW8MdkZIVD1vcTHDroODdodx5D-Ql-pE52b_SjjxU0uACumVzUuDq_HERuJjalA0FcaQvK-dxV8QnwWyaO7cFp6HpsE-3zxQgSHNc5eIxY8Khz1pgfUAuEACyJ_iO9xGl5dDCmnw/s1600/gopkalova-dubovik-rabbits.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr7P55hW8MdkZIVD1vcTHDroODdodx5D-Ql-pE52b_SjjxU0uACumVzUuDq_HERuJjalA0FcaQvK-dxV8QnwWyaO7cFp6HpsE-3zxQgSHNc5eIxY8Khz1pgfUAuEACyJ_iO9xGl5dDCmnw/s320/gopkalova-dubovik-rabbits.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">KG = control group; EAIT = experimental autoimmune thyroiditis;</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">LT = low-level laser therapy; Klein index = Average diameter of 100 follicles</span></td></tr>
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<br />
<br />
(Note: Since most of the reports cited are in Russian/Ukrainian language, I hope that I'll find a native person to proofread and confirm my summaries. I'm only half-Russian, and I cannot read these languages perfectly.)<br />
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<b>3. Conclusions</b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4GMvDQdxu_1GKxi7BMgDPQuUCuZ-yMLMxfXbYRptW8swm540KfSYgVDvoVmIe2csPkkJJ67OXddfrW15V1AqhkbKsnPd52n7KZChdpt6YTu88lvwUHUY0NkUlXXMh6cEbEA_v3NLKV8s/s1600/hofling2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="63" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4GMvDQdxu_1GKxi7BMgDPQuUCuZ-yMLMxfXbYRptW8swm540KfSYgVDvoVmIe2csPkkJJ67OXddfrW15V1AqhkbKsnPd52n7KZChdpt6YTu88lvwUHUY0NkUlXXMh6cEbEA_v3NLKV8s/s320/hofling2.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22718472">Höfling et al. 2013</a>)</span></td></tr>
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I would say these results are <u>very impressive</u>. I'm not aware of any other treatment that could improve several markers related to hypothyroidism and even allow some patients to discontinue their thyroid medication. This would make PBM (previously "<i>LLLT</i>") a very appealing future treatment to hypothyroid patients.<br />
<br />
Since ~400 papers on PBM are being published annually, I guess that it won't take many years until we know much more about possibilities in the use of light in the treatment of hypothyroidism and many other diseases.<br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
<b>4. Addendum: </b><b>How can we apply these results in real life? </b><br />
<br />
These photobiomodulation (PBM) studies were all conducted with a laser device (<i>Thera Lase</i> in Brazil; <i>Mustang 2000</i> in Russia/Ukraine). The usage of lasers has been very common in PBM, which was previously called <i>low-level laser (light) therapy</i> (LLLT).<br />
<br />
However, the current evidence suggests that laser lights are not required for photobiomodulation. in other words, LED lights can be used for photobiomodulation as well. Preliminary evidence also suggests that even the typical sources of broadband light (eg. halogen lamps, incandescent lamps, heat lamps) might work for photobiomodulation (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30044464">Heiskanen&Hamblin 2018</a>).<br />
<br />
Actually, 110 years ago there were <a href="https://archive.org/details/39002011140895.med.yale.edu">some books</a> that recommended the light of incandescent bulbs in the treatment of various diseases such as obesity, diabetes, balding and chronic fatigue. The authors of those books understood it's the red/infrared part of the light that is responsible for these beneficial health effects.<br />
<br />
I would assume that the main reason why the researchers have favoured laser in the past, is the fact that it is easy to control several dose parameters accurately when you are using laser light instead of light bulbs: wavelength, power output, power density, spot size, pulsing, total energy per spot...<br />
<br />
As a conclusion, I would say that it's possible that red and near-infrared LEDs and even ordinary incandescent/heat/halogen bulbs could have these beneficial effects since they emit the right wavelengths (red light and near-infrared). However, as I've explained in my <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.com/2017/05/the-therapeutic-effects-of-red-and-near.html">comprehensive article about PBM</a>, I think one needs to be careful about the dosing, as photobiomodulation is characterized by the biphasic dose response, where either too little or too much light might be ineffective.</div>
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<b>5. References</b><br />
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<div class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">
[1] Lasers Surg Med. 2010 Aug;42(6):589-96. Low-level laser therapy in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a pilot study. Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Juliano AG, Cerri GG, Romão R, Yoshimura EM, Chammas MC. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20662037">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20662037</a><br />
<br />
[2] Lasers Med Sci. 2013 May;28(3):743-53. Low-level laser in the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism induced by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Juliano AG, Cerri GG, Knobel M, Yoshimura EM, Chammas MC. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22718472">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22718472</a><br />
<br />
ISRN Endocrinol. 2012;2012:126720. Assessment of the effects of low-level laser therapy on the thyroid vascularization of patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism by color Doppler ultrasound. Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Juliano AG, Cerri GG, Knobel M, Yoshimura EM, Chammas MC.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">[3] Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2020 Mar 18. Impact of Photobiomodulation on T3/T4 Ratio and Quality of Life in Hashimoto Thyroiditis. Ercetin C, Sahbaz NA, Acar S, Tutal F, Erbil Y. </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32186976">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32186976</a><br />
<br />
[4] Dubovik V. The postoperative rehabilitation of the autoimmune thyroiditis patients with the use of lowintensive laser radiation. <a href="http://librar.org.ua/sections_load.php?s=medicine&id=5298">http://librar.org.ua/sections_load.php?s=medicine&amp;id=5298</a> [I also paid for an Ukrainian translator to make an English copy of the Ukrainian article, so I have an English PDF]<br />
<br />
Gopkalova I, Dubovik V, Danilevsky V. Effectiveness of using laserotherapy in the treatment of autoimmune thyreoiditis. CAOL 2003. Institute of Endocrine Pathology Problems of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine (IEPP)<br />
<br />
[5] Buldygina Y. Possibilities of low-intensive laser radiation in treatment of hypertrophic form of autoimmune thyroiditis. – Manuscript. Dissertation for degree of candidate of medical science by speciality 14.01.14 – endocrinology. – V.P. Komissarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of AMS Ukraine, Kiev, 2002.<br />
<br />
[6] Misura E.V. A complex method for treating patients with autoimmune thyroiditis in presence of hypothyroidism and accompanying coronary disease. - Manuscript. The dissertation competing for a scientific degree of Candidate of Medical Science in specialty 14.01.14 – Endocrinology. V. Danilevsky Institute of Endocrine Pathology Problems of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkov, 2006.<br />
<br />
[7] Вера Александровна Кривова: Неинвазивная гемолазеротерапия в системе реабилитации больных аутоиммунным тиреодитом (Диссертация, 2010) [A Russian dissertation] <a href="http://www.dissercat.com/content/neinvazivnaya-gemolazeroterapiya-v-sisteme-reabilitatsii-bolnykh-autoimmunnym-tireoditom">http://www.dissercat.com/content/neinvazivnaya-gemolazeroterapiya-v-sisteme-reabilitatsii-bolnykh-autoimmunnym-tireoditom</a><br />
<br />
[8] Д.А. ПУЗИН: Лазеротерапия в лечении субклинического гипотиреоза различной этиологии (2014) <a href="http://www.medprem.ru/rimg/files/rekomendacii_po_primeneniya.pdf">http://www.medprem.ru/rimg/files/rekomendacii_po_primeneniya.pdf</a><br />
<br />
[9] Поляков АВ. Применение низкоинтенсивного лазерного излучения в комплексном лечении хронического аутоиммунного тиреоидита (1997) <a href="http://medical-diss.com/medicina/primenenie-nizkointensivnogo-lazernogo-izlucheniya-v-kompleksnom-lechenii-hronicheskogo-autoimmunnogo-tireoidita">http://medical-diss.com/medicina/primenenie-nizkointensivnogo-lazernogo-izlucheniya-v-kompleksnom-lechenii-hronicheskogo-autoimmunnogo-tireoidita</a><br />
<br />
[10] Dubovik V. The postoperative rehabilitation of the autoimmune thyroiditis patients with the use of lowintensive laser radiation. <a href="http://librar.org.ua/sections_load.php?s=medicine&id=5298">http://librar.org.ua/sections_load.php?s=medicine&amp;id=5298</a><br />
<br />
Gopkalova I, Dubovik V. Reparative regeneration processes of thyroid gland and timus at experimental autoimmune thyroiditis after laserotherapy. (2010) <a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=5634184">http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=5634184</a></div>
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Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com46tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-20043522424884611492015-06-09T11:15:00.002-07:002015-06-09T11:36:32.979-07:00A guest post on Perfect Health Diet: The Benefits of Near-Infrared Light<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
I'm happy to announce that the edited version of my article on red light has been published in one of my all-time favourite health blogs.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/">Perfect Health Diet - The Benefits of Near Infrared Light</a></div>
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Since the new version is much shorter than the original, some people might also find the original version useful. It has nearly 200 scientific references, and a lot of discussion on the topic.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2015/05/the-therapeutic-effects-of-red-and-near.html">Valtsu's - The Therapeutic Effects of Red and Near-Infrared Light (2015)</a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEGuicXtJtOI3QOtOVQdWvlczrRRgjVxxRxtkEQZIXLgBHQ95J3Qnz9HoiK3ck3oIsjAAy7m_q4zWMBYdhlcBFr9-MFtrE5LSRqHtyycyKzmXwC8C3eEKs4aG0MwSsLBKVPgvRgHtQmN9f/s1600/PHD-red-light.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEGuicXtJtOI3QOtOVQdWvlczrRRgjVxxRxtkEQZIXLgBHQ95J3Qnz9HoiK3ck3oIsjAAy7m_q4zWMBYdhlcBFr9-MFtrE5LSRqHtyycyKzmXwC8C3eEKs4aG0MwSsLBKVPgvRgHtQmN9f/s400/PHD-red-light.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The edited version @ Perfect Health Diet</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjmWr1bc4E4SaHtDvqGebzNtk_fsU-p3J5uX4hAs4P1tfmsXWw5ga_UjF5b22y9z2f2au-Xfd_M_vPrQFW-ilO1x3_x7htLk9L3ax8pHTl-4vZaxTInK3DVc3nO2Q6UP-ZN8H8FYxb6RD9/s1600/valtsus-red-light.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjmWr1bc4E4SaHtDvqGebzNtk_fsU-p3J5uX4hAs4P1tfmsXWw5ga_UjF5b22y9z2f2au-Xfd_M_vPrQFW-ilO1x3_x7htLk9L3ax8pHTl-4vZaxTInK3DVc3nO2Q6UP-ZN8H8FYxb6RD9/s400/valtsus-red-light.png" width="346" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The original version @ Valtsu's</td></tr>
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<br />Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-54668894894527278392015-06-03T10:23:00.000-07:002015-06-03T10:23:32.567-07:00A Facebook Page<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/valtsus?fref=ts">Facebook - Vladimir Heiskanen</a></div>
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If you like to read my articles, consider also following me on Facebook. That's where I might also post some additional stuff related to my research. :)</div>
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<br />Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-10914929411428292902015-05-15T22:57:00.004-07:002017-06-06T22:31:41.320-07:00The Therapeutic Effects of Red and Near-Infrared Light (2015)<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>New 2017 version of this article has been published.</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b><a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2017/05/the-therapeutic-effects-of-red-and-near.html">Check it out</a>.</b></i></div>
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<i><b>-Vladimir</b></i></div>
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i>
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<i>"Penetrating red light is possibly the fundamental anti-stress factor for all organisms. The chronic deficiency of such light is, I think, the best explanation for the deterioration which occurs with aging."</i> - Raymond Peat</div>
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<b>1. Preface</b><br />
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About two years ago, I spent a lot time reading <a href="http://raypeat.com/about.shtml">Ray Peat's</a> articles, trying to make sense of his various ideas regarding health. In many of his articles, Peat wrote that red light is healthy and even crucial for well-being, because it can activate mitochondrial respiration.<br />
<br />
For example, in his article <i>Aging Eyes, Infant Eyes, and Excitable Tissues (2006),</i> he wrote:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>"Old observations such as Warburg’s, that visible light can restore the activity of the 'respiratory pigments,' showed without doubt that visible light is biochemically active. By the 1960s, several studies had been published showing the inhibition of respiratory enzymes by blue light, and their activation by red light."</i></blockquote>
Peat didn't give many references to justify his claims, but after doing some searches on PubMed, I realized that there are literally thousands of papers supporting his views.<br />
<br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">An <a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/2015/06/the-benefits-of-near-infrared-light/">edited version</a> of this article has also been published at Perfect Health Diet.</span></i><br />
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<b>2. How could red light improve metabolism?</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Certain wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation directly increase energy (ATP) in the tissues, and the activation of cytochrome c oxidase (Cox), the mitochondrial respiratory enzyme discovered by Nobel laureate Otto Warburg, seems to be the main mechanism.[1-6]<br />
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On the molecular level, red light seemingly causes the photodissociation of nitric oxide (NO). When the cells are stressed, cells can produce NO which can bind to Cox, inhibiting its ability to bind oxygen.[2,7-11]<br />
<br />
The following citations are from a news article on <i>Nature </i>(2006):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>"Recent findings suggest that the enzyme [Warburg] identified, cytochrome oxidase, is a key player in a new understanding of how the cell's energy metabolism affects health and disease. And surprisingly they show that light has a profound effect on how the enzyme works — and could even be used to treat degenerative disease." [...]</i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>"According to cell biologist Salvador Moncada of University College London, evolution really has crafted cytochrome oxidase to bind not only oxygen but also NO. 'One effect of slowing respiration in some locations is to divert oxygen elsewhere in cells and tissues,' he says. This prevents oxygen levels sinking dangerously low." [...]</i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>"We have shown that light can indeed reverse the inhibition caused by NO binding to cytochrome oxidase, both in isolated mitochondria and in whole cells," says biochemist Guy Brown, at the University of Cambridge, UK. "And what's more, we found that light can protect cells against NO-induced cell death." </i>[11]</blockquote>
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<br />
The most relevant wavelengths seem to be 600-1070nm --- in other words, red light and the penetrating shorter wavelengths of near-infrared radiation (NIR).[1,2]<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwoLqdgLaW4Adlc3aGkbnHLcyXcqW6PmXjCFKs5uBWfrUaDUUJsvjbSa-Gek_pEIx6F7KpXsOVdgrmv0y2gKvFw2yQmcY7tdjDii2BMG0dqVgo5DzNyTIVK_0eYcv6QaGXFU7tBAAZlcNU/s1600/500px-Electromagnetic-Spectrum-edit4.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwoLqdgLaW4Adlc3aGkbnHLcyXcqW6PmXjCFKs5uBWfrUaDUUJsvjbSa-Gek_pEIx6F7KpXsOVdgrmv0y2gKvFw2yQmcY7tdjDii2BMG0dqVgo5DzNyTIVK_0eYcv6QaGXFU7tBAAZlcNU/s1600/500px-Electromagnetic-Spectrum-edit4.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Our eyes are </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">able to see 400-700nm<br />radiation (blue, green </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">and red light).<br />Therapeutic effects </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">come from 600-1070nm<br />radiation (red and </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">near-infrared light).</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Within this range, some wavelengths seem to have better effects than others. For example, in one study, 665nm and 810nm rays were beneficial, while 730nm and 980nm were not.[12]<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
There are important differences in the penetrating power of the different wavelengths. Visible red light doesn't penetrate tissue very well, but near-infrared does that quite well. If near-infrared is directed to the skin, the power seems to decrease 1000-fold by every 2-3 centimetres. However, a worm study shows that even those very small doses seem to have an effect on the cellular level.[13-15]<br />
<br />
Later in this article, I will also show that light apparently also has an systemic effect, which probably spreads through the circulation to the whole body.<br />
<br />
When it comes to Peat's claims about blue light, high intensities can inhibit the same enzyme (Cox), and this can lead to retinal damage and other problems.[11,16]<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
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<b>3. The health effects of red light and near-infrared radiation: The research history</b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcNvW5vHq6mCKHN4tPjOgVTW55CfYrnQLKLuk_JtQlN7J6EuyNj5JCVo5pQzlreilPeavLjBqSs67AK6zabfFQxNhxYHffAplwrrrPfnc7a47IQ1WXhNYpgxQLweT6AyYaqUF5QzVdKFQN/s1600/light-therapeutics-cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcNvW5vHq6mCKHN4tPjOgVTW55CfYrnQLKLuk_JtQlN7J6EuyNj5JCVo5pQzlreilPeavLjBqSs67AK6zabfFQxNhxYHffAplwrrrPfnc7a47IQ1WXhNYpgxQLweT6AyYaqUF5QzVdKFQN/s200/light-therapeutics-cover.jpg" width="140" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">John H. Kellogg's book (1910) is</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">freely <a href="https://archive.org/details/39002011140895.med.yale.edu">available</a> on Archive.org</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">website.</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>John Kellogg and incandescent lamp therapy (1910):</b> The therapeutic use of red light is not a new phenomenon. The very earliest reports on the topic have been published in the 19th century, the most well-known article being <i>The Red Light Treatment of Small-Pox </i>(1895) by Niels Finsen, who also got the 1903 Nobel Prize in medicine, for his research regarding the health effects of light (especially ultraviolet radiation).[17]<br />
<br />
In 1910, John Harvey Kellogg published his 200-page book Light Therapeutics, which included a large amount of information about the therapeutic usefulness of light therapy with incandescent light bulbs and arc lights. According to his book, light therapy can be effectively used for diabetes, obesity, chronic fatigue, insomnia, baldness, cachexia and many other health problems.[18]<br />
<br />
Similar therapeutic usage was also reported in Margaret A. Cleaves' book <i><a href="https://archive.org/details/lightenergyitsp00cleagoog">Light energy, its physics, physiological action and therapeutic applications</a></i> (1904) and Leopold Freund's book <i><a href="https://archive.org/details/elementsgeneral00freugoog">Elements of general radio-therapy for practitioners</a></i> (1904).<br />
<br />
In the next decades after Kellogg's, Cleaves' and Freund's books, the information was apparently forgotten. However, some elderly people have told me that in their youth, some doctors used to recommend infrared lights for some therapeutic purposes (such as pain after dental operations).<br />
<br />
<b>The invention of laser light (1960-):</b> In the beginning of 60's, the first red-light emitting lasers were invented. A couple of years after that, Endre Mester from Hungary reported that red laser light could improve hair growth on mice. Quickly after that it was also found that red laser light could accelerate wound healing in animals - and in '70s the first human trials were being done.[2] (At the same time, <a href="https://books.google.fi/books?id=LVj4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=fenyo+marta+endre+mester&source=bl&ots=kb3-HbIsiv&sig=jLpssIPomxkeOlhA7PQLmvFirI4&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=OKJ2Vc6uKOPRywOJtoGoAQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=fenyo%20marta%20endre%20mester&f=false">Marta Fenyo</a> started focusing on polarized light therapy after working with Mester.)<br />
<br />
In the '80s and '90s most of the research was conducted in the Soviet Union. There was many kinds of effects studied. For example, some studies reported protective effect against x-rays and other studies focused on heart disease.[19-22]<br />
<br />
<b>Modern study of light/LLLT: </b>In the Western countries, research on red light didn't really start before the 21th century, and most of the interesting studies have been released within the last five years (2010-2015). A dramatic amount of clinical research is being conducted nowadays: In 2014, more than 400 PubMed titles on the topic were published.<br />
<br />
In most of the studies on red light or near-infrared therapy, a low-power laser device (output often less than 100mW) has been used, therefore the widely used abbreviation <i>LLLT</i> (<i>low-level laser therapy).</i><br />
<br />
Many studies have also been conducted with LED's or other light sources. One can find also relevant studies by using keywords such as <i>narrow-band light therapy, phototherapy, photobiomodulation, photobiostimulation, low-level light therapy, laser acupuncture, water-filtered infrared-A, near-infrared light, visible light, polarized-light therapy,</i> or <i>light-emitting diode irradiation</i>. Despite different ways of generating the light, the wavelength used in the studies always fits between 600 and 1070 nanometres, because that is the effective range.<br />
<br />
The studies have most often been conducted using a monochromatic light source (eg. 630, 633, 660, 670, 780, 808, 810, 890, 904, 940, 1064 or 1072nm). The parameters such as light dose, power output, pulsing or diameter of the light ray usually varies in the different studies because different devices are being used. There is no general consensus on which parameter is the most reliable, but many have yielded positive results.<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>4. The health effects of red light and near-infrared radiation: The extent of research</b><br />
<br />
Today, PubMed keyword <i>LLLT </i> returns more than 4000 scientific papers. Hundreds of clinical trials have been conducted, and dozens of systematic reviews can also be found.<br />
<br />
Here is a list of some health issues that have been reported to improve by light therapy (usually low-level laser). In some cases, the effects are still disputed, while other results are confirmed by meta-analyses.<br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 90pt;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="199"></col><col width="212"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 16px;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9bbb59; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation indications (human studies)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15px;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371497" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Achilles tendinitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25660439" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muscle pain</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22615511" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acne</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24160904" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neuropathic foot ulcer</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18588438" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degeneration</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23579335" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neck pain</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24701539" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aphthous ulcer</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27363734" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nipple pain</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23709010" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bell’s palsy</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25198431" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oral mucositis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23355338" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Body contouring</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25800534" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orthodontic pain</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24649935" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bone fractures (hand)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25914044" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoarthritis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15145195" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Burn scars</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27543213" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Postherpetic neuralgia</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27495063" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carpal tunnel syndrome</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172370" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pressure ulcer</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775206" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chronic joint disorders</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116013" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Radiation dermatitis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24717149" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dentin hypersensitivity</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15570642" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Raynaud’s phenomenon</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23200785" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Depression</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20920649" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Restenosis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306161" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Erythema</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16235295" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rheumatoid arthritis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://valtsuhealth.blogspot.fi/2014/05/fibromyalgian-ja-cfsn-oireiden.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fibromyalgia</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25450903" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shoulder tendinopathy</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25271097" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frozen shoulder</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17566756" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Skin ageing</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26690359" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hair loss</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27649961" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sternotomy (recovery)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14709221" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hand-foot-and-mouth disease</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26463915" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stroke</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22047597" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Herpes labialis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25491183" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Temporomandibular disorders</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://valtsuhealth.blogspot.fi/2015/09/voiko-lahi-infrapuna-lievittaa-tai.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hypothyroidism</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508839" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tennis elbow</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26667480" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low back pain</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9865208" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Venous leg ulcer</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25432632" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lymphedema</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #e6eed5; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3982191" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wound healing</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 8px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25417170" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muscle g</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">rowth</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-left: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-right: solid #b3cc82 1px; border-top: solid #b3cc82 1px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977100" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Xerostomia</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-71d99680-406a-650a-d90c-b48ec3a90211"></span><br />
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Many animal studies have also been conducted:<br />
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="199"></col><col width="210"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15px;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #f79646; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photobiomodulation indications (animal studies)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22674405" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Achilles tendinitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23524249" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laryngitis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27081265" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acne</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22827550" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Liver cirrhosis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27056078" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acute pain</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20932182" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Liver regeneration</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27635634" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Adipose tissue inflammation</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26155904" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lung injury</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26427443" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Age-related macular degeneration</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25122099" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muscle injury</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24158722" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Allergic asthma</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2014/384816/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muscle loss (sarcopenia)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26793049" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alzheimer’s disease</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119457" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nerve injury</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23933663" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arthritis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">O</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21219239" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">steomyelitis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22474473" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Atherosclerosis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12626762" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Methanol toxicity (eyes)</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666974" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Auditory neuropathy</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26703077" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Multiple sclerosis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23155359" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bone graft incorporation</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26930372" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Myocardial infarct</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26759725" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bone fracture</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19530909" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Myonecrosis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26853699" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Burns</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24634001" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neuropathic pain</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27475897" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cancer</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18926854" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Opiate addiction</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25101535" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Colitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27105906" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oral mucositis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26322981" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">COPD</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27220395" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoarthritis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24871130" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dentin regeneration</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22138375" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoporosis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27367569" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Depression</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22845797" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Periodontitis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26426815" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diabetes (eyes)</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26793049" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Parkinson’s disease</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20356759" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diabetes</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (kidney)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15684747" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pressure ulcer</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21948400" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Endophthalmitis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20202857" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Radiation damage</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378263" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Exercise performance</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22538842" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rheumatoid arthritis</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26690359" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hair loss</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27561854" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spinal cord injury</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25797186" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hearing loss</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23806754" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stroke</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22936461" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Heart failure</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24231378" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Temporomandibular inflammation</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23167284" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hemarthrosis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27464749" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thrombocytopenia</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27001179" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hyperalgesia</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23583341" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tinnitus</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25211315" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hypertension</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25966949" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traumatic brain injury</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23134313" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kidney fibrosis</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde4d0; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27579876" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wound infection</span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360312" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kidney injury</span></a></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #f9b074 1px; border-left: solid #f9b074 1px; border-right: solid #f9b074 1px; border-top: solid #f9b074 1px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-71d99680-406a-91df-83a5-d27b0e7898c6"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>5. The health effects of red light and near-infrared radiation: A few examples of the clinical study results</b><br />
<b><br />5.1. Age-related macular degeneration</b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
German clinicians conducted a retrospective analysis of 200 elderly subjects with age-related macular degeneration (most of them also had cataracts). The subjects were treated using a LLLT device emitting near-infrared light (780nm). The light was targeted to their eyes, through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctiva">conjunctiva</a>.[65]<br />
<br />
The subjects were treated four times during two weeks. Placebo group was given a mock treatment.<br />
<br />
In the LLLT group, the visual acuity was improved in 95% of the subjects. Most of them were able to see a few rows lower on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snellen_chart.svg">Snellen chart</a>. The improved vision was maintained for 3-36 months after treatment. LLLT also appeared to improve edema, bleeding, metamorphosia, scotoma and dyschromatopsia in some patients.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>5.2. Knee Osteoarthritis</b><br />
<br />
Hungarian researchers studied the use of near-infrared LLLT in knee osteoarthritis patients, in a double-blinded placebo controlled trial (830nm).[73]<br />
<br />
Intervention group got infrared treatment on their affected joint twice a week, over a period of four weeks. The placebo group got a similar treatment of 100-fold lower intensity.<br />
<br />
In the intervention group, the pain scores were (on a scale from 1 to 10):</div>
<div>
- 5.75 before the treatment</div>
<div>
- 1.71 after the last treatment session</div>
<div>
- 1.18 two months after completing the therapy<br />
<br />
In the placebo group, the pain scores were:</div>
<div>
- 5.62 before treatment</div>
<div>
- 4.13 after the last treatment session</div>
<div>
- 4.12 two months after completing the therapy<br />
<br />
Some other studies on this issue haven't been nearly as successful, but as discussed below, it might be related to dose parameters or some other methodological factors in the studies.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>5.3. Labial herpes</b><br />
<div>
<br />
The researchers of University of Vienna Medical School studied the usage of red light on labial herpes in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.[61]<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5cIxDbd3tPNvLfgmWzHNszm71dmJmZDbeKsM369VynUJMIYH2JZyiYx4ECSmqoqdXRgBzwnskw0nLrzd54BMq8miymLbk_TRwwpZq9qCfzkUR3CTRDDdgtQnf8bu1I5BBqX1LBluX2Zek/s1600/herpes-lllt-recurrence.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5cIxDbd3tPNvLfgmWzHNszm71dmJmZDbeKsM369VynUJMIYH2JZyiYx4ECSmqoqdXRgBzwnskw0nLrzd54BMq8miymLbk_TRwwpZq9qCfzkUR3CTRDDdgtQnf8bu1I5BBqX1LBluX2Zek/s200/herpes-lllt-recurrence.png" width="152" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">There was a<span style="font-size: x-small;"> 12-fold difference in the median time until</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">the recurrence of herpes symptoms between the groups.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(Schindl&Neumann 1999)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The subjects were treated in a recurrence-free period. The intervention group were treated for 10 minutes daily for two weeks with visible red light (low-level laser).<br />
<br />
Placebo group got a similar treatment, but the laser wasn't turned on. The subjects wore masks, so that they couldn't see whether they were given the real treatment.<br />
<br />
The patients were instructed to return to the department at the time of symptom recurrence. The median recurrence-free interval in the laser-treated group was 37.5 wk compared with 3 wk in the placebo group.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>5.4. Wisdom teeth extraction</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
A 2013 Italian study focused on patients who had their lower third molar removed surgically. The patients were assigned to a LLLT or control group. The active group received near-infrared light to the extraction site and on cheek (980nm).[92]<br />
<br />
The pain level and edema were measured 24h after the surgery. The subjects in the active group had much less pain and edema compared to the control group.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7DKtnswaL3WRQ5ZmnMMZQ9Nq7fPB6c0tkysydh3LCRTr9IcCtAbNpeS5i_3CFwZch_sSTIm7WkvEPF_IsQWYc_DIzx9GJbaV8D0kMYqWHbCLqJ7D01nW-lwmcDr3nC3OFgkQIOInwXn2W/s1600/visual-analog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7DKtnswaL3WRQ5ZmnMMZQ9Nq7fPB6c0tkysydh3LCRTr9IcCtAbNpeS5i_3CFwZch_sSTIm7WkvEPF_IsQWYc_DIzx9GJbaV8D0kMYqWHbCLqJ7D01nW-lwmcDr3nC3OFgkQIOInwXn2W/s320/visual-analog.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The patients receiving low-level laser therapy reported that their<br />
level of pain was 3.75/10 on the next day after surgery.<br />
In the control group, the score was 7.1/10.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
A couple of other studies on this issue have been published. If we look at the all of the data critically, it isn't completely conclusive, but still very promising.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>5.5. Hypothyroidism</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
This 2013 randomized, placebo-controlled study involving 43 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis-induced hypothyroidism was conducted in São Paolo, Brazil.[37]<br />
<br />
The active group received ten treatment sessions (twice a week) involving the near-infrared irradiation of the skin area close to their thyroid glands (830nm). The placebo group received red light treatment of very low intensity[37]<br />
<br />
After 10 treatment sessions, the thyroxine (T4) medication was discontinued in both groups. During the next 9 months, the medication was slowly re-introduced if the thyroid hormone levels didn't normalize without medication.<br />
<br />
In the control group, hypothyroidism remained after the discontinuation of T4 and the final dosage after the reintroduction of medication was actually higher than before the discontinuation.<br />
<br />
However, in the active group, 48% of the patients maintained normal thyroid hormone levels without any medication. The rest also could decrease their dosage a little.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Average T4 dose in the active group (baseline -> 9 months): 93µg -> 39µg</i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Average T4 dose in the placebo group (baseline -> 9 months): 90µg -> 107µg</i></div>
<br />
In the active group, some other positive changes were also noticed (thyroid volume, TPO antibodies and echogenicity index).<br />
<br />
In my personal opinion, this is a very remarkable result. The Brazilian researcher had also conducted a pilot study before this randomized study, with equally positive results. Similar effects have also been reported in some Russian and Ukrainian dissertations (not translated to English).[36-43]<br />
<br />
If you are interested in this topic, see also my more recent article <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2015/09/hypothyroidism-could-it-be-treated-with.html">Hypothyroidism: Could it be treated with LIGHT?</a>.</div>
</div>
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b><b><br /></b><br />
<b><br /></b><b>6. The systemic anti-inflammatory effect</b><br />
<b><br /></b>Usually the red/near-infrared is applied locally to the treatable tissue. If the patient suffers from knee osteoarthritis, then the light is going to be shone on the knee, and so on.<br />
<br />
However, light also has systemic effects which seem to be transmitted mainly by circulation of blood. The researcher <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=zhevago+NA">Natalya Zhevago</a> has conducted an interesting study, in which the patients got some <a href="http://www.zepter.com/MainMenu/Products/Medical/Bioptron/Bioptron2.aspx">visible light and infrared</a> to the sacral area (low back).[86] The light was quite similar to sunlight, except that it didn't contain UV radiation or blue light, and the infrared portion was polarized. According to one study, polarization of light enchances the metabolic effect slightly.[87]<br />
<br />
The subjects' blood was analyzed after the treatment. The results were interesting. Subjects' pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 etc.) were <i>dramatically</i> reduced in the subjects, especially in those with initially high values. Also, the concentrations anti-inflammatory cytokines increased.[86]<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>A dramatic decrease in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines <b>TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ</b> was revealed: at 0.5 h after exposure of volunteers (with the initial parameters exceeding the norm),<b> the cytokine contents fell, on average, 34, 12, and 1.5 times</b>[...]</i></blockquote>
<br />
Another research group reported that polarized light protects rabbits from atherosclerosis when targeted on the outside surface of ear.[88]<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>"<b>Lovastatin (0.002% in diet) or daily 5-min or 20-min PLT [polarized-light therapy] on the outside surface of ears </b>was started 2 weeks after induction of hypercholesterolemia.<b> </b>[...] [T]he anti-atherosclerotic activity of PLT was superior to lovastatin: <b>5-min and 20-min PLT decreased the plaque area to 42.2% and 26.4%, respectively." "Importantly, 5-min PLT also exerted a remarkable efficacy in LDL reduction"</b></i></blockquote>
<br />
The possible mechanisms of these systemic effects hasn't been studied widely yet. One research group conducted an interesting <i>in vitro</i> study and suggested that the effect might be mediated by some growth factors.[89]<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>In the present study, increased growth factors by indirect irradiation stimulate the ERK phosphorylation in the presence of LPS. Especially, indirect 635 nm irradiation can affect MAPK activation and is correlated with the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.</i><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</blockquote>
The effects observed by Zhevago were quite opposite to the typical effects of UV radiation, which increases TNF-α, IL-6 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. Sun-exposure is also related to increased IL-6 levels.[90,91]<br />
<br />
In human studies, large doses of IL-6 and TNF-α have been demonstrated to suppress peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism by decreasing T3 and increasing rT3.[92,93] We could also speculate, whether lack of sufficient therapeutic light could be one cause of the "rT3 dominance" and hypothyroid symptoms. In two studies, half of the hypothyroid patients getting near-infrared treatment did not require any medication through the 9-month follow-up after the treatment period, somewhat establishing the importance of light for thyroid health.[36,37] Moreover, in a Russian study (<a href="http://www.healinglightseminars.com/laser-research-library/diabetes/">Kovalyova 2002</a>), the diabetic patients' total cholesterol was apparently reduced from 7.98 to 5.31 in one month, a change also seen in thyroid treatments.[32-35,94]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>7. Light sources (laser, LED, light bulbs, heat lamps, sunlight, therapeutic devices)</b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>"Many people who came to cloudy Eugene to study, and who often lived in cheap basement apartments, would develop chronic health problems within a few months. Women who had been healthy when they arrived would often develop premenstrual syndrome or arthritis or colitis during their first winter in Eugene."</i> - Ray Peat</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Laser and LED:</b> Nowadays red light and near-infrared are studied mostly with low-level laser devices (LLLT), but many researchers also use light-emitting diodes (LED) or other light sources.<br />
<br />
<b>The coherence and pulsing of light (Laser vs. other sources): </b>Although most of the researchers have been using <i>coherent</i> light (laser), it seems that coherence is not a requirement for the beneficial effects. This is logical considering the studies utilizing light-emitting diodes. The idea is also supported by Kellogg's reports, which were based on the usage of incandescent bulbs and arc lights.[2,95]<br />
<br />
However, it is possible that non-coherent light sources might work best with different parameters than laser (power density, total energy, etc.). According to some data I've seen, laser might reach deep tissues better than other types of light.<br />
<br />
Laser devices also often emit pulsed light, but it's not clear whether pulsing is very meaningful.[96]<br />
<br />
Here are some quotes from an accomplished Estonian LLLT researcher Tiina Karu:<br />
<br />
<i>"[T]he stimulative action of various bands of visible light at the level of organisms and cells was known long before the advent of the laser. Also, specially designed experiments at the cellular level have provided evidence that coherent and noncoherent light with the same wavelength, intensity, and irradiation time provide the same biological effect [11-13]. Successful use of LED's in many areas of clinical practice also confirms this conclusion."</i><br />
-<a href="http://www.isan.troitsk.ru/dls/publ/300.pdf">Tiina Karu</a> (2003)<br />
<br />
<i>"According to action spectra, optimal wavelengths are 820-830, 760, 680, and 620 nm. Large volumes and deeper layers of tissues can successfully irradiated by laser only (e.g. inner and middle ear diseases, injured siatic or optical nerves, deep inflammations etc.). The LED's are excellent for irradiation of surface injuries."</i><br />
-<a href="http://www.laserhealthsystems.com/Dr.%20Tiina%20Karu%20Presentation.htm">Tiina Karu</a> (year?)<br />
<br />
<b>Sunlight:</b> When I was writing my Circadian Rhythms essay, I used to think about the possible explanations of the therapeutic effects of walking outdoors. Sunlight can increase the production of vitamin D and it can also suppress melatonin, but now we have a brand new mechanism that could explain why it's good to spend time outdoors.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ3pr96vojsCx80s7c9uGOCyilD-QlsYE70D433ymiSL_CtDUF296fd5ifRMFku3RO8NBePJQjNahfz8nEK9jbMDURC-jyjsEDA6VqxaRJVjxvkv_E4vzbSpyafETaSb8BLsOSO4Hx2TUF/s1600/latitude-cholesterol-seven-countries.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ3pr96vojsCx80s7c9uGOCyilD-QlsYE70D433ymiSL_CtDUF296fd5ifRMFku3RO8NBePJQjNahfz8nEK9jbMDURC-jyjsEDA6VqxaRJVjxvkv_E4vzbSpyafETaSb8BLsOSO4Hx2TUF/s320/latitude-cholesterol-seven-countries.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">There is an interesting correlation between latitude</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">and mean blood cholesterol levels.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(Grimes et al. 1996)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
A review article on this subject states that in central Europe, the amount of IR-A radiation is limited to 20mW/cm2, which is actually quite a good amount compared to the power output of usual laser devices. However, the sunlight is not monochromatic, which probably increases the dose requirements.[1]<br />
<br />
Especially in Northern countries, it seems that sunlight is correlated to better health. In some countries, the average cholesterol level of population depends largely on the season.<br />
<br />
In the Great-Britain, for example, the changing of winter into summer has been shown to decrease cholesterol by 0.8mmol/L (30mg/dl). Also, there seems to be a significant correlation between latitude and cholesterol levels.[97-102]<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>"In all groups, we found a strong seasonal effect, with 5%–10% higher [total cholesterol] concentrations in winter compared to the summer."[102]</i></blockquote>
<br />
While providing a significant amount of terapeutic wavelengths, sunlight also contains some harmful UV-radiation and blue light, which might decrease the benefits a little bit.<br />
<br />
<b>Incandescent, halogen and heat lamps: </b>These types of indoor lamps also provide a significant amount of red light and near-infrared. Some of these lamps have internal reflectors, so the light is targeted at one direction.<br />
<br />
Heat lamps by <a href="http://www.infraphil.info/Philips_Infraphil-PAR38E.pdf">Philips</a> or <a href="http://www.osram.com/osram_com/products/lamps/specialty-lamps/infrared-lamps/index.jsp?mkturl=uv-ir">Osram</a> have quite a good spectrum with low amount of blue light, but a large amount of their power is emitted as warming IR-B radiation, and only ~12% of the power is emitted as the therapeutic wavelengths (600-1070nm). However, the heat lamps are often high power (up to 250W), so they still emit quite a significant amount of therapeutic wavelengths and might have health effects<i>.<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYsGvmMqoYshp170_UJs16Wd1mOkYaPebafWWnzT1GX-SX6S8zzOFE-oRR31KQNVuUKMhtVsIlYDSaEOOVniqZbAxRxi4JX4UzB5aSi1TxIYgksKlvxOlOcN5116Ec4Sar5JeYyN7rM6wt/s1600/redlight-sources.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYsGvmMqoYshp170_UJs16Wd1mOkYaPebafWWnzT1GX-SX6S8zzOFE-oRR31KQNVuUKMhtVsIlYDSaEOOVniqZbAxRxi4JX4UzB5aSi1TxIYgksKlvxOlOcN5116Ec4Sar5JeYyN7rM6wt/s320/redlight-sources.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">4100K halogen lamp seems to be good source of the<br />
therapeutic wavelengths. Sunlight and incandescent/heat<br />
lamps also provide significant amounts of 600-1070nm<br />
light. (Image source: <a href="http://heelspurs.com/led.html">Heelspurs</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</i><br />
<br />
Incandescent lamps and especially halogen lights seem to emit quite a significant amount of their energy as therapeutic wavelengths (up to 35%). They are also quite cheap, which might make them a wise choice for light therapy. In my country, the price of Osram halogen lamps (30-40W) with reflector is about 5€ (~5-6 dollars).<br />
<br />
However, there is probably no scientific research testing these kinds of lamps, so it's not proven whether they really work. The preliminary reports by Kellogg were very promising, but as I already mentioned, nowadays almost every research group uses either laser or LED, probably because they don't emit any heat and they are monochromatic or at least the bandwidth is quite narrow.<br />
<br />
<b>Energy saving lamps:</b> Because of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-out_of_incandescent_light_bulbs">phase-out of incandescent lamps</a>, it will soon be increasingly difficult to buy incandescent lamps. It's somewhat sad that they are going to be replaced with compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamps_and_health#SCENIHR_study_and_report">emit some UV</a> but only low amounts of protective red and near-infrared light. This is the reason why some of the researchers, such as <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Funk+RH">Richard Funk</a> and <a href="http://www.international-light-association.eu/PDF/Artificial%20Light%20and%20Health%20PLDC07.pdf">Alexander Wunsch</a>, who also appeared in the <a href="http://users.skynet.be/fc298377/EN_bulbfiction.htm">Bulb Fiction documentary</a>, have stated that increase in the CFL usage might be harmful to eyes.<br />
<br />
<b>Infrared saunas:</b> The possible benefits of infrared saunas aren't usually based on this aforementioned mechanism, because even the shortest-wave infrared saunas don't go below 1400nm.<br />
<br />
However, the warming effect of far-infrared might also have some beneficial effects.[103]<br />
<br />
<div>
<b>Infrared lamps:</b><br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
</div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc7jdLsEDGTo_G-RrJC9rjhOsFV7a-j-yeJyz2PXY54DE3kdQ9XQjIIPvt9YLX3gK7dzGmrzp1utvO7v2Rmej_-y6IjWB3SqC6BCkIG1rh3dWWsJzbE1YkSbwtTS__WZw-6rzbk2r2pbYv/s1600/halogeenilamppucombo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc7jdLsEDGTo_G-RrJC9rjhOsFV7a-j-yeJyz2PXY54DE3kdQ9XQjIIPvt9YLX3gK7dzGmrzp1utvO7v2Rmej_-y6IjWB3SqC6BCkIG1rh3dWWsJzbE1YkSbwtTS__WZw-6rzbk2r2pbYv/s200/halogeenilamppucombo.jpg" width="131" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In theory, a cheap incandescent or halogen<br />
lamp with an internal reflector could<br />
provide all the pro-metabolic effects,<br />
yet nobody has studied the issue <br />
(since Kellogg).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Some lamps are being sold as "infrared lamps". For example, Beurer models IL30 and IL50 seem to be quite popular models in my country. According to one source, they emit 780-1400nm wavelengths, so they might be suitable. However, no scientific data exists on these.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Therapy devices:</b> The good aspect of lasers and LED lights is that the wavelength can be narrowly chosen (monochromatic light). For example, 830nm has proven good in many studies, and the wavelength is invisible to the eyes. Therefore it'd theoretically make a good and non-disturbing therapy device.<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
Here is a list of some commercial light devices, some of which have been used in LLLT/light therapy studies: <a href="http://www.anodynetherapy.com/professional/infrared.html">Anodyne</a>, <a href="http://www.bioptron.com/Light/Bioptron-Light-Therapy.aspx#what-is-light">Bioptron</a>, <a href="http://www.hairmax.com/">HairMax LaserComb</a>, <a href="http://omnilux.com.au/medical.html">Omnilux</a>, <a href="http://www.noveonlaser.com/">Noveon NaiLaser</a>, <a href="http://biolight-equine.se/en/om-tekniken/produkten/">Biolight</a>, <a href="http://www.warp-light.com/WARP_products.shtml">Quantum Warp</a>, <a href="http://www.syrolight.com/biobeam-940">Syrolight BioBeam</a>, <a href="http://www.asalaser.com/hilterapia/products/hiro-30">HIRO 3.0</a>, <a href="http://www.amdlasers.com/?pages=lite">Picasso Lite</a>, <a href="http://www.helbo.de/en/dentist-information/the-therapy-system.html">HELBO® TheraLite Laser</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=super+lizer">Super Lizer</a>, <a href="http://biophotas.com/products/celluma-users.aspx">BioPhotas Celluma</a>, <a href="http://www.tinnitool.com/en/therapie_moeglichkeiten/">TinniTool EarLaser</a> and <a href="http://www.magicray.ru/ENG/outfit/mustang.html">Mustang 2000</a>.<br />
<br />
The problem with commercial devices is the fact that they are expensive yet a typical halogen spot lamp (eg. <a href="http://www.osram.com/osram_com/products/lamps/halogen-lamps/halogen-spot/classic-superstar-r50/index.jsp?productId=ZMP_1045783">Osram Classic Superstar R50</a> or R63) could theoretically be as good therapeutically, since the lamps also provide a great amount of the healthy wavelengths.<br />
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>8. Does it really work? Trying to understand the contradictory results:</b><br />
<b><br />Negative results: </b>Even though most of the studies on LLLT have reported positive effects, there have been many studies in which LLLT didn't bring any better results than placebo.<br />
<br />
Swedish researchers <a href="http://www.tuner.nu/curriculum-vitae">Jan Tuner</a> and <a href="http://www.laserworld.org/lllt/galllery_reference/ref_hode.htm">Lars Hode</a> have published an article <i>It's All in the Parameters: A Critical Analysis of Some Well-Known Negative Studies on Low-Level Laser Therapy</i>, in which they explained why, in many cases, the negative results can be explained by the bad parameters used in the study.[104-106]<br />
<br />
One typical factor is using a very low dose or power density (eg. 0.004J, 0.005J/cm2), though in some cases <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3315174/">too high dose</a> might also block the beneficial effect. Sometimes the problem might arise from targeting the light at the wrong place, using non-effective wavelenghts (eg. 730, 980nm), using the patient as his own control (not taking the systemic effect into account), using an inappropriate control group, or using a malfunctioning device (see below).<br />
<br />
One year ago, I tried to discuss some of the LLLT studies with one scientist who works with the doctors who write national recommendations on medical treatments of various diseases. We looked on studies, in which they treated osteoarthritis with LLLT. Most of the results were positive, but in one study condicted in University of Ottawa didn't report a beneficial effect even though the parameters seemed generally "good" on the paper. I couldn't explain this effect to the officer, but later I understood that the light dose they gave to the patients was quite low (0.12J per joint). This is a possible explanation for the negative results of this study.[105,107]<br />
<br />
Osmangazi University also conducted a study with negative results.[108] The parameters were similar to the aforementioned Hungarian study with great results.[73] I couldn't find a simple explanation for the negative result, but it could be related to the fact that the diameter of the laser ray was 1mm, and if such a small ray is directed at the wrong point of the joint, then there might be no effect. In one systematic review it was noted that usually the studies using greater ray had better results.[73,108,109]<br />
<br />
<b>"Lack of evidence": </b>LLLT isn't still a widely known subject, and therefore many probably think there is no research on the subject. However, a PubMed search with keyword <i>LLLT</i> provides 4000 results, and many meta-analyses have already been published.<br />
<br />
Here are some examples of the recent systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25432632">Breast cancer-related lymphedema (2015)</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24249354">Exercise performance and recovery (2015)</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25198431">Oral mucositis (2014)</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20842007">Pain relief (2010)</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25450903">Shoulder tendinopathy (2015)</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25491183">Temporomandibular disorders (2015)</a><br />
<br />
However, despite the existence of many high-quality RCT trials and good meta-analyses, there is also a really huge amount of problematic research with a high risk of methodological bias. Because of some low-quality studies, <a href="https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/lower-level-lasers-n-rays-in-action/">some people</a> think that all research on LLLT is bad:<br />
<br />
<i>"Like acupuncture, there is a huge literature (4000 on the Pubmeds) of mostly poorly done studies, some showing effect, some not. The Cochrane reviews were not supportive of laser therapy, but note the studies are uniformly lousy."</i><br />
<br />
I think the quality problem is most obvious in the older studies, while nowadays the research has better quality standards. In an 2014 meta-analysis examining the effects LLLT on oral mucositis, most of the studies published after 2011 were of high quality, while older studies had more methodological issues.[72]<br />
<br />
<i>"Like acupuncture, better studies demonstrate decreasing effects."</i><br />
<br />
This is also untrue. In a recent meta-analysis on LLLT and shoulder tendinopathy, the average PEDro score of in the studies reporting positive results was 7.5, while the score was 7.6 in the studies reporting negative results.[152]<br />
<br />
Also, half of the studies reporting negative results were conducted using a malfunctioning laser device (Roland Pagani) that emitted less than 1% of the output power stated by the manufacturer. Therefore, it can be actually said the studies that reported positive effects were actually better quality.<br />
<br />
When I tried to read Wikipedia article on LLLT, I found it difficult to understand the claim that LLLT<i> "may be mildly effective, but in most cases no better than placebo in relieving [...] osteoarthritis, [...] acute and chronic neck pain"</i>, since the systematic reviews referenced in Wikipedia article were showing moderate-quality evidence of the beneficial effect.[110-112]<br />
<br />
<b>Meta-analyses:</b> When reading meta-analyses on LLLT, some problems might arise. One problem is that so much research is being published nowadays, that there usually exists new data on the subject of the meta-analysis you're reading.<br />
<br />
Also, the studies are very heterogenic because the different research groups are using different parameters (wavelength, power, power density, pulsing, dose, treatment time). In one systematic review, in one study patients received 0.3J of light energy per joint, while in another study the dose was 480J per joint (1600-fold difference). Only the latter study reported positive results. However, this doesn't mean that higher energy is better in every case. Some studies have reported a biphasic dose-response curve.[7,113]<br />
<br />
In some meta-analyses, there might also be problems related to cherry picking or data synthesis.[114]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>9. Light therapy: Animal studies</b><br />
<br />
Red light and near-infrared have also been extensively studied using different animal models. Here is a short list of some research on the subject. The results have been generally very positive:<br />
<br />
<b>Rats:</b><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwAQDK45de9rx0Z1Opucg14hcf_SrtFR_qo4xX8EeRlSpU4pqtkWljRqjcW27fQNveNApuIWFlkY_tyD1Nrz_7d_3c674X8W_L2COwdjbcg1IcHQ9R3lCow06NZBLLRsAokHzgxAiPDKvs/s1600/rojas_gonzalez-lima_lllt2011.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwAQDK45de9rx0Z1Opucg14hcf_SrtFR_qo4xX8EeRlSpU4pqtkWljRqjcW27fQNveNApuIWFlkY_tyD1Nrz_7d_3c674X8W_L2COwdjbcg1IcHQ9R3lCow06NZBLLRsAokHzgxAiPDKvs/s320/rojas_gonzalez-lima_lllt2011.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The 2011 review article is mostly focused on how light<br />could affect brains. Most of the research data </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">is from<br /> animal studies.</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(<a href="http://www.collegeofsyntonicoptometry.com/articles/LLLT-of-eye-and-brain.pdf">Rojas&Gonzalez-Lima 2011</a>) </span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Acute joint inflammation [115]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Bone metabolism [116]</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Burns [117-120]</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Cortical metabolic capacity and memory retention[121]</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Diabetic retinopathy [122]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Diabetic kidney [123]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Heart failure-related inflammation [124]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Hypertension [125]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Kidney injury [126]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Laryngitis [127]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Lung injury [153]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Methanol-induced eye injury [128]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Myocardial infarction (infarct size) [129]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Palatal wound healing [130]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Peripheral nerve regeneration [131]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Reflux laryngitis [132]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Rheumatoid arthritis [133]</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Skeletal muscle injury [134]</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Tendon healing [135]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Traumatic brain injury [136]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Zymosan-induced arthritis [137]</span><br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Mice:</b><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Encephalomyelitis [138]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Snake venom poisoning [139]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Traumatic brain injury [140]</span><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
<b>Dogs:</b><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Hair regrowth (non-inflammatory alopecia) [141]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Myocardial infarction [142]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Recovery from surgery (hemilaminectomy) [143]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sperm motility [144]</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><b>Rabbits:</b><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Embolic stroke [145]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Wound healing [146]</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>10. Conclusions</b><br />
<b><br /></b>Nowadays, the knowledge of the physiological effects of light is mainly limited to blue light's effects on circadian rhythm, yet the importance of red and near-infrared light is also likely to be a very important factor.<br />
<br />
<div>
Research indicates that red light and near-infrared appear to have quite a wide range of therapeutic effects. Light is very cheap to produce, so there is a possibility that in future, red light would be used as a very cost-effective treatment for various wounds, injuries and chronic diseases.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>11. Join the new Facebook group!</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
I recently created a FB group, in which we can discuss all kinds of things related to LLLT and photobiomodulation.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7LkFIKEkSubnO7bPvL9i0YPyvHH2FLbtlgFv0EBD0yR7EeZYoh7i7CB0WV5YwJhw7F0ahOHs-dCEHySUs1J6p6Fjh78P05cjfgr7sxxZUXhxf_vawEQfoYElbV03zFeb1LKL-U7hS3b3U/s1600/LLLT-facebook.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7LkFIKEkSubnO7bPvL9i0YPyvHH2FLbtlgFv0EBD0yR7EeZYoh7i7CB0WV5YwJhw7F0ahOHs-dCEHySUs1J6p6Fjh78P05cjfgr7sxxZUXhxf_vawEQfoYElbV03zFeb1LKL-U7hS3b3U/s400/LLLT-facebook.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/414712655404400/" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and Photobiomodulation (PBM) Discussions</span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b>
<b>References</b><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">[</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20681024" style="font-family: inherit;">1</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">] IUBMB Life. 2010 Aug;62(8):607-10. </span><b style="font-family: inherit;">Multiple roles of cytochrome c oxidase in mammalian cells under action of red and IR-A radiation.</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Karu TI. </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">"This article reviews the current knowledge in photobiology and photomedicine about the influence of monochromatic, quasimonochromatic, and bread-band radiation of red-to-near infrared (IR-A) part on solar spectrum upon mammalian cells and human skin. The role of cytochrome c oxidase as the photoacceptor and photosignal transducer is underlined and its photosensitivity at certain circumstances is discussed. The role of ATP as a critical signaling molecule is discussed."</i></span></div>
<div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div>
<div style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: normal;">[</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22045511" style="line-height: normal;">2</a><span style="line-height: normal;">] Ann Biomed Eng. 2012 Feb;40(2):516-33. </span><b style="line-height: normal;">The nuts and bolts of low-level laser (light) therapy.</b><span style="line-height: normal;"> Chung H, Dai T, Sharma SK, Huang YY, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR. <i>"</i></span><i>Within the cell, there is strong evidence to suggest that LLLT acts on the mitochondria to increase adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the induction of transcription factors. Several transcription factors are regulated by changes in cellular redox state."</i></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal;">
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7769534">3</a>] J Photochem Photobiol B. 1995 Mar;27(3):219-23. <b>Irradiation with He-Ne laser increases ATP level in cells cultivated in vitro.</b> Karu T, Pyatibrat L, Kalendo G. <i>"A monolayer of HeLa cells was irradiated with an He-Ne laser (632.8 nm[...]"</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922088">4</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2008 Oct;26(5):451-3. <b>Intracellular ATP level increases in lymphocytes irradiated with infrared laser light of wavelength 904 nm.</b> Benedicenti S, Pepe IM, Angiero F, Benedicenti A. <i>"The amount of ATP in irradiated cell cultures was 10.79 +/- 0.15 microg/L (SD; n = 10), and in non-irradiated cell cultures it was 8.81 [...] This significant increase is probably due to laser irradiation; it cannot be attributed to any thermal effect"</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837048">5</a>] Brain Res. 2010 Jan 8;1306:100-5. <b>Transcranial near infrared laser treatment (NILT) increases cortical adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) content following embolic strokes in rabbits.</b> Lapchak PA, De Taboada L. <i>"Transcranial near infrared laser therapy (NILT) improves behavioral outcome following embolic strokes in embolized rabbits and clinical rating scores in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients [...] Five minutes following embolization, rabbits were exposed to 2 min of NILT using an 808 nm laser source, which was driven to output either continuous wave (CW), or pulsed wave modes (PW) [...]</i></span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Embolization decreased cortical ATP content in ischemic cortex by 45% compared to naive rabbits, a decrease that was attenuated by CW NILT which resulted in a 41% increase in cortical ATP content compared to the sham embolized group (p>0.05)."</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21116053">6</a>] </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;23(3):521-35. <b>Transcranial laser therapy attenuates amyloid-β peptide neuropathology in amyloid-β protein precursor transgenic mice.</b> De Taboada L, Yu J, El-Amouri S, Gattoni-Celli S, Richieri S, McCarthy T, Streeter J, Kindy MS. <i>"TLT showed an increase in ATP levels, mitochondrial function, and c-fos suggesting an overall improvement in neurological function."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20011653">7a</a>] Dose Response. 2009 Sep 1;7(4):358-83. <b>Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy.</b> Huang YY, Chen AC, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR. <i>"The use of low levels of visible or near infrared light for reducing pain, inflammation and edema, promoting healing of wounds, deeper tissues and nerves, and preventing cell death and tissue damage has been known for over forty years since the invention of lasers." </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22461763">7b</a>] Dose Response. 2011;9(4):602-18. <b>Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy - an update.</b> Huang YY, Sharma SK, Carroll J, Hamblin MR.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9309686">8</a>] Mol Cell Biochem. 1997 Sep;174(1-2):189-92. <b>Nitric oxide inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and mitochondrial respiration: implications for inflammatory, neurodegenerative and ischaemic pathologies.</b> Brown GC. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>"Nitric oxide (NO) at high levels is cytotoxic, and may be involved in a range of inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular/ischaemic pathologies. The mechanism of NO-induced cytotoxicity is unclear. Recently we and others have found that low (nanomolar) levels of NO reversibly inhibit mitochondrial respiration by binding to the oxygen binding site of cytochrome oxidase in competition with oxygen."</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>"These results suggest that any cell producing high levels of NO will inhibit its own respiration and that of surrounding cells, and make the respiration rate sensitive to the oxygen level. This inhibition of energy metabolism may contribute to cytotoxicity or cytostasis in some pathologies."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11239484">9</a>] Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Mar 1;1504(1):46-57. <b>Regulation of mitochondrial respiration by nitric oxide inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase.</b> Brown GC. <i>"Cultured cells expressing the inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS) can acutely and reversibly inhibit their own cellular respiration and that of co-incubated cells due to NO inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, but after longer-term incubation result in irreversible inhibition of cellular respiration due to NO or its derivatives."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17066004">10</a>] Nature. 2006 Oct 26;443(7114):901-3. <b>Cell biology: power games.</b> Lane N.</span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.nick-lane.net/mitochondria.pdf">11</a>] Nick Lane: <b>Are mitochondria the alpha and omega of retinal disease?</b> (2006) <i>"In his Nobel speech of 1931, the great German biochemist Otto Warburg described his insights into the molecular mechanisms of cellular respiration. Warburg had made use of an extraordinary titbit of knowledge, which anyone placing their head in a car’s exhaust fumes might care to reflect on in their final moments: carbon monoxide (CO) doesn’t cause irreversible suffocation – it doesn’t permanently block cell respiration.A flash of light can dissociate CO from the respiratory enzymes and kick-start cellular respiration all over again. But don’t try it at home. Warburg realised that there must be an interaction between light and the (then) unknown enzyme responsible for consuming oxygen in cellular respiration, now labelled cytochrome oxidase."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>"Karu and others have shown that NO donors can reverse the effects of NIR phototherapy" [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15739174">Karu et al. 2005</a>]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22275301">12</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2012 Mar;44(3):218-26. <b>Low-level laser therapy for closed-head traumatic brain injury in mice: effect of different wavelengths.</b> Wu Q, Xuan W, Ando T, Xu T, Huang L, Huang YY, Dai T, Dhital S, Sharma SK, Whalen MJ, Hamblin MR. <i>"The effectiveness of 810 nm agrees with previous publications, and together with the effectiveness of 660 nm and non-effectiveness of 730 and 980 nm can be explained by the absorption spectrum of cytochrome oxidase, the candidate mitochondrial chromophore in transcranial LLLT."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23441909">13</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2013 Apr;31(4):163-8. <b>Penetration of laser light at 808 and 980 nm in bovine tissue samples.</b> Hudson DE, Hudson DO, Wininger JM, Richardson BD. <i>"Laser light at 808 and 980 nm (1 W/cm(2)) was projected through bovine tissue samples [...] For 808 nm, 1 mW/cm(2) was achieved at 3.4 cm, but for 980 nm, 1 mW/cm(2) was achieved at only 2.2 cm depth of tissue." [See also: </i><a href="http://www.laser.nu/lllt/pdf/Penetration.pdf">Lars Hode: Penetration of light into living tissue</a>]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23077622">14</a>] PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47460. <b>Transcranial red and near infrared light transmission in a cadaveric model.</b> Jagdeo JR, Adams LE, Brody NI, Siegel DM. <i>"Our results demonstrate that near infrared measurably penetrates soft tissue, bone and brain parenchyma in the formalin preserved cadaveric model, in comparison to negligible red light transmission in the same conditions."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21146998">15</a>] J Photochem Photobiol B. 2011 Feb 7;102(2):156-60. <b>Increased mobility and stem-cell proliferation rate in Dugesia tigrina induced by 880nm light emitting diode.</b> Wu HP, Persinger MA. <i>"The present study indicated that neoblast proliferation [18] can also be reproduced by using non-coherent light NIR (880 nm) sources with power-densities about a 1000-fold less than conventional low-power lasers. This supports the growing number of studies that shows LEDs have photobiostimulation effects comparable to lasers [19–21]. Contemporary photobiostimulation studies using low-power lasers or LEDs have demonstrated numerous effects associated with increased cellular proliferation, maturation, and activity [2,4,10]. These effects have been most consistently observed for fibroblast and osteoblast cultures [4,22] and have been attributed to an increase in mitochondrial activity following light stimulation in the near infrared range [9,10,23]."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>"These findings suggest that non-coherent light sources with power-densities about 1000 times lower than contemporary low-power laser settings remain effective in generating photobiostimulation effects and warrants further investigation on stem-cell proliferation induced by near-infrared light emitting diodes."</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424541">16</a>] Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Feb;90(2):237-41. <b>A hypothesis to suggest that light is a risk factor in glaucoma and the mitochondrial optic neuropathies.</b> Osborne NN, Lascaratos G, Bron AJ, Chidlow G, Wood JP.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2509016/">17</a>] Br Med J. 1895 Dec 7;2(1823):1412-4. <b>The Red Light Treatment of Small-Pox.</b> Finsen NR.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="https://archive.org/details/39002011140895.med.yale.edu">18</a>] John H. Kellogg: <b>Light therapeutics; a practical manual of phototherapy for the student and the practitioner, with special reference to the incandescent electric-light bath</b> (1910)</span><br />
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[<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00842496">19</a>] Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine April 1987, Volume 103, Issue 4, pp 548-550 <b>Stimulation of post-traumatic regeneration of skeletal muscles of old rats after x-ray irradiation</b> N. V. Bulyakova, M. F. Popova </span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1973307">20</a>] Sov Med. 1990;(3):12-5. <b>[Helium-neon laser therapy in the combined treatment of unstable stenocardia].</b> [Article in Russian] Korochkin IM, Kapustina GM, Babenko EV, Zhuravleva NIu. <i>"He-Ne laser therapy included in complex of therapeutic methods for patients with unstable angina pectoris is a highly effective treatment modality; it helps essentially reduce the risk of acute myocardial infarction in these patients."</i><i> [633nm laser]</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8928439">21</a>] Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 1996 Mar-Apr;(2):3-5. <b>[The laser therapy of patients with hypertension in combination with coronary insufficiency].</b> [Article in Russian] Kniazeva TA, Badtieva VA, Zubkova SM. <i>"Hypertensive patients with coronary insufficiency have received infrared (lambda = 0.85 microns) laser radiation to the skin. The treatment is shown to have antianginal, antihypertensive effects, to improve cardiac performance, myocardial contractility, to increase myocardial, coronary and aerobic reserves. This clinicofunctional efficacy is accompanied by positive shifts in lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation activity, antioxidant defense, hemocoagulation and microcirculation."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12380522">22</a>] Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 2002 Jul-Aug;(4):9-11. <b>[Use of infrared laser therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease associated with diabetes mellitus type 2 in health resort].</b> [Article in Russian] Zin'kovskaia TM, Zavrazhnykh LA, Golubev AD. <i>"Infrared laser therapy (300 Hz) combined with balneotherapy and patients' education is more effective than standard sanatorium rehabilitation in patients with ischemic heart disease associated with diabetes mellitus type 2. 81.8% patients showed good response manifesting in less frequent anginal attacks, episodes of pain and painless ischemia and lower doses of antianginal drugs. Systolic and diastolic arterial pressure lowered by 18 and 10 mm Hg on the average, respectively."</i></span></span></div>
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3352636/">23</a>] Indian J Dermatol. 2012 Mar;57(2):128-30. <b>Comparison of Red and Infrared Low-level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris.</b> Aziz-Jalali MH, Tabaie SM, Djavid GE. <i>"Ten weeks after treatment acne lesion were significantly decreased in the side treated by 630 nm LLLT (27.7±12.7 to 6.3±1.9) [...], but this decrease was not significant in the site treated by 890 nm LLLT (26.9±12.4 to 22.2±8.5) (P>0.05)."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371497">24</a>] Br J Sports Med. 2006 Jan;40(1):76-80; discussion 76-80. <b>A randomised, placebo controlled trial of low level laser therapy for activated Achilles tendinitis with microdialysis measurement of peritendinous prostaglandin E2 concentrations.</b> Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RA, Iversen VV. <i>"Infrared (904 nm wavelength) LLLT (5.4 J per point, power density 20 mW/cm2) and placebo LLLT (0 J) were administered to both Achilles tendons in random blinded order.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>[...] Prostaglandin E2 concentrations were significantly reduced 75, 90, and 105 minutes after active LLLT compared with concentrations before treatment (p = 0.026) and after placebo LLLT (p = 0.009). Pressure pain threshold had increased significantly (p = 0.012) after active LLLT compared with placebo"</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708800">25</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2010 Feb;28(1):3-16. <b>Low level laser treatment of tendinopathy: a systematic review with meta-analysis.</b> Tumilty S, Munn J, McDonough S, Hurley DA, Basford JR, Baxter GD. <i>"This study found conflicting evidence as to the effectiveness of LLLT in the treatment of tendinopathy. Ten high quality and two low quality RCTs with positive outcomes, compared with ten high quality and three low quality RCTs with negative outcomes, were found. However, there is strong evidence from the 12 positive studies of a correlation between use of recommended dosages and a positive outcome."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.healinglightseminars.com/laser-research-library/cardiovascular-disease/">26</a>] Babushkina et al: <b>Results Of 10-Year Use Of Low Intensity Laser Therapy And Conventional Treatment Of Patients With Stenocardia </b><i>"During the observation period there were 54 deaths: 8,9% in the main and 18,7% in the control group."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24701539">27</a>] J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 Feb;8(2):218-21. <b>Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers - a sham controlled, split mouth follow up study.</b> Aggarwal H, Singh MP, Nahar P, Mathur H, Gv S. <i>"Complete resolution of the ulcers in the active group was 3.05 ± 1.10 days as compared to 8.90 ± 2.45 days in the sham control group. Immediately, post the LLLT application, complete pain relief was observed in 28 of the 30 patients of the active group." [810nm laser, Picasso Lite 0.5W]</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20950190">28</a>] Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2014 May;117(5):590-4. <b>Recurrent aphthous stomatitis and pain management with low-level laser therapy: a randomized controlled trial.</b> Albrektson M, Hedström L, Bergh H. <i>"A randomized single-blinded placebo-controlled trial was conducted with LLLT (wavelength, 809 nm; power, 60 mW; pulse frequency, 1800 Hz; duration, 80 seconds per treatment; dose, 6.3 J/cm(2)) in 40 patients with RAS. The intervention group was treated with LLLT on 3 occasions, with a 1-day interval. The control group was treated similarly, without any laser power. </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>[...] VAS rating decreased (day 0 until day 2) from 84.7 to 31.5 (LLLT) and from 81.7 to 76.1 (placebo) (P &lt; .0001). LLLT also relieved the difficulty of drinking, eating, and brushing teeth."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20014253">29</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2009 Dec;41(10):799-809. <b>Low-level laser therapy as a non-invasive approach for body contouring: a randomized, controlled study.</b> Jackson RF, Dedo DD, Roche GC, Turok DI, Maloney RJ. <i>"Participants in the treatment group demonstrated an overall reduction in total circumference across all three sites of -3.51 in. (P &lt; 0.001) compared with control subjects who revealed a -0.684 reduction"</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23355338">30</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2013 Jan;45(1):1-7. <b>Independent evaluation of low-level laser therapy at 635 nm for non-invasive body contouring of the waist, hips, and thighs.</b> McRae E, Boris J. <i>"These data further validate the clinical efficacy and safety of LLLT at 635 nm."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19675696">31</a>] Ger Med Sci. 2006 Jul 11;4:Doc05. <b>Influence of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) on reduction of local fat and body weight by physical exercise.</b> Möckel F, Hoffmann G, Obermüller R, Drobnik W, Schmitz G.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[32] Jackson et al: <b>Reduction in Cholesterol and Triglyceride Serum Levels Following Low-Level Laser Irradiation: A Noncontrolled, Nonrandomized Pilot Study</b> (2010) [<a href="http://www.erchonia.com/file/Jackson_Reduction%20in%20Cholesterol%20and%20Triglyceride%20Serum%20Levels%20Following%203LT_AJCS_2010.pdf">pdf</a>] <i>"Participants assigned to the test group were treated with a 5 independent diode laser scanner device, emitting 635 nm (red) laser light, with each diode generating 17 mW output" "The procedure administration phase extended over 2 consecutive weeks, with each participant receiving 6 total procedure administrations"</i><i> [LDL 103.68 -> 96.53]</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[33] Maloney et al: <b>The reduction in cholesterol and triglyceride serum levels following low-level laser irradiation: a non-controlled, non-randomized pilot study</b> (2009) [<a href="http://healthy-aging.advanceweb.com/Article/ASLMS-Industry-Coverage-Could-Low-Level-Laser-Light-Lower-Cholesterol.aspx">news</a>] </span><br />
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[<a href="http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kompleksnaya-korrektsiya-dislipidemiiu-bolnyh-ibs-s-metabolicheskim-sindromom">34</a>] ДОНЦОВ А.B.: <b>КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ КОРРЕКЦИЯ ДИСЛИПИДЕМИИУ БОЛЬНЫХ ИБС С МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКИМ СИНДРОМОМ</b> (2013)</span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.healinglightseminars.com/laser-research-library/diabetes/">35</a>] <b>Ambulatory Application of Combined Laser Therapy in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Dyslipidemia.</b> Laser Partner, 17.5.2002 T.V. Kovalyova</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20662037">36</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2010 Aug;42(6):589-96. <b>Low-level laser therapy in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a pilot study.</b> Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Juliano AG, Cerri GG, Romão R, Yoshimura EM, Chammas MC. <i>"We noted all patients' reduced LT4 dosage needs, including 7 (47%) who did not require any LT4 through the 9-month follow-up. The LT4 dosage used pre-LLLT (96 +/- 22 microg/day) decreased in the 9th month of follow-up (38 +/- 23 microg/day; P &lt; 0.0001)."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22718472">37</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2013 May;28(3):743-53. <b>Low-level laser in the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism induced by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.</b> Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Juliano AG, Cerri GG, Knobel M, Yoshimura EM, Chammas MC. <i>"The results showed a significant difference in the mean levothyroxine dose required to treat the hypothyroidism between the L group (38.59 ± 20.22 μg/day) and the P group (106.88 [...] These findings suggest that LLLT was effective at improving thyroid function, promoting reduced TPOAb-mediated autoimmunity and increasing thyroid echogenicity in patients with CAT hypothyroidism."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1251243&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D1251243">38</a>] CAOL 2003, 16-20 September 2003, Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine. <b>Effectiveness of using laserotherapy in the treatment of autoimmune thyreoiditis.</b> I. Gopkalova, V. Dubovik, V. Danilevsky <i>"According to ultra-sonic examinations and thermography data decreasing of sizes of gland and centre of lymphoid infiltration was found practially with all patients. [890nm laser]</i></span><br />
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[39] ДУБОВИК ВІКТОР МИКОЛАЙОВИЧ: <b>ПІСЛЯОПЕРАЦІЙНА РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЯ ХВОРИХ НА АУТОІМУННИЙ ТИРЕОЇДИТ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ НИЗЬКОІНТЕНСИВНОГО ЛАЗЕРНОГО ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЯ</b> [Dubovik V. <b>The postoperative rehabilitation of the autoimmune thyroiditis patients with the use of lowintensive laser radiation.</b>] "The dissertation on competition of scientific degree of the medical sciences candidate on speciality 14.01.14" <i>"At performance of the clinical part of work 60 patients with the hypertrophic form of the autoimmune thyroiditis before operation, during two years of the postoperative term and after application of the laser therapy were surveyed. The operation has negative influences on disease: in the remote postoperative term the depression of the thyroid function due to the activization of autoimmune process is observed. The realization of laser treatment after 2 years after operation has allowed to improve function of the thyroid gland, to reduce its volume, to lower indexes of antithyroid autoantibodies and to normalize the cellular parameters of immunodefense. Such changes are found out in one month after end of the laser therapy, reach the maximal exhibiting in three months, and in six months the beginning of inhibition of immunecorrective action is observed. The realization of repeated sessions of the laser therapy allows achieving the clinical- immunological remission of disease and is recommended in six months after the previous course." ["Doses of thyroid hormones in such treatment at (50 - 75)% lower than those commonly used." (Translated from the original language.)]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=923572">40</a>] Proc. SPIE 4166, Laser Florence '99: A Window on the Laser Medicine World, 319 (June 28, 2000); doi:10.1117/12.389505 <b>Use of the immunomodulative influence of low-level laser radiation in the treatment of an autoimmune thyroiditis</b> V. A. Mikhailov ; O. A. Alexandrova ; I. N. Denisov <i>["Mikhailov et al13 performed a study on patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Forty two patients were were treated with 10 applications of 2.4 J/cm2 via an 890nm laser and targeted the thymus projection zone, vascular junction, and the thyroid gland. A control group of similar size was given L-thyroxin, 100 mg/day. All laser-treated patients experienced a decrease in the feeling of squeezing in the area around the thyroid and a decrease in facial edema. The thyroid gland became softer on palpation and smaller on ultrasound examination. There was also a decreased number of patients that caught winter colds in the laser group. The immunoregulatory index (Th/Ts) normalized from 7.5 to 4.2%. The laser effects were still noticeable in 78% of the laser patients four months after treatment. This index was only slightly changed in the control group." src: <a href="http://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/printpdf/4357">Kneebone 2010</a>]</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9771137">41</a>] Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 1998 May-Jun;(3):15-6. <b>[The treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis using low-intensity laser radiation].</b> [Article in Russian] Mikhaĭlov VA, Denisov IN, Aleksandrova OIu, Poliakov AV.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.dissercat.com/content/neinvazivnaya-gemolazeroterapiya-v-sisteme-reabilitatsii-bolnykh-autoimmunnym-tireoditom">42</a>] Вера Александровна Кривова: <b>Неинвазивная гемолазеротерапия в системе реабилитации больных аутоиммунным тиреодитом</b> (Диссертация, 2010) [A Russian dissertation]</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://medical-diss.com/medicina/primenenie-nizkointensivnogo-lazernogo-izlucheniya-v-kompleksnom-lechenii-hronicheskogo-autoimmunnogo-tireoidita">43</a>] Александр Вацлавич Поляков: <b>Применение низкоинтенсивного лазерного излучения в комплексном лечении хронического аутоиммунного тиреоидита</b> (</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Диссертация, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">1997) [A Russian dissertation]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23200785">44</a>] Neuroscience. 2013 Jan 29;230:13-23. <b>Transcranial infrared laser stimulation produces beneficial cognitive and emotional effects in humans.</b> Barrett DW, Gonzalez-Lima F. <i>"This treatment consisted of applying light of a specific wavelength (1064 nm) that intersects with the absorption spectrum of cytochrome oxidase, using a laser diode supplied by Cell Gen Therapeutics, LLC (Model CG-5000 laser, HD Laser Center, Dallas, TX, USA)" "The PANAS showed that while participants generally reported more positive affective states than negative, overall affect improved significantly in the treated group due to more sustained positive emotional states as compared to the placebo control group."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19995444">45</a>] Behav Brain Funct. 2009 Dec 8;5:46. <b>Psychological benefits 2 and 4 weeks after a single treatment with near infrared light to the forehead: a pilot study of 10 patients with major depression and anxiety.</b> Schiffer F, Johnston AL, Ravichandran C, Polcari A, Teicher MH, Webb RH, Hamblin MR. <i>"The treatment consisted of applying PBM in the form of a light emitting diode (LED) array (Marubeni America Corp, Santa Clara, CA) with a peak wavelength of 810 nm with a full width half maximum of 40 nm, delivering an irradiance of 250 mW/cm2 when applied at 4 mm from the skin. The treatment consisted of exposure to the light for 4 minutes (total delivered fluence per site of 60 J/cm2) at each of 2 sites on the forehead that correspond to the 10-20 EEG sites, F3, and F4. Based on a penetration of 3.7% of the light to the dura, we calculated that 2.1 J/cm2 was delivered to each of the treated areas of the brain."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>"Mean percentage reductions in HAM-D scores were 54.3% ± 26.1 at 2 weeks post-treatment and 23.0% ± 27.1 at 4-weeks post-treatment." [<a href="http://www.clinicalpsychiatrynews.com/specialty-focus/depression/single-article-page/apa-transcranial-near-infrared-light-could-be-useful-in-depression/a1874c0483deac0e402fda644b23feab.html?utm_source=News_CPN-sf150601_final&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Transcranial+near-infrared+light+could+prove+useful+for+depression">Clinical Psychiatry News</a>]</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10418699">46</a>] Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Jul 15;46(2):239-46. <b>Prophylactic treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) by using light visors: bright white or infrared light?</b> Meesters Y, Beersma DG, Bouhuys AL, van den Hoofdakker RH. <i>"Infrared light is just as effective as bright white light. Both are more effective than the control condition."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22648444">47</a>] Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012 Oct;286(4):947-52. <b>Skin adhesive low-level light therapy for dysmenorrhoea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial.</b> Shin YI, Kim NG, Park KJ, Kim DW, Hong GY, Shin BC. <i>"The pain reduction rate was 83 % in the active LLLT group, whereas there was only a slight and temporary reduction in pain in the placebo LLLT group."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12215864">48</a>] Rheumatol Int. 2002 Sep;22(5):188-93. <b>Effects of low power laser and low dose amitriptyline therapy on clinical symptoms and quality of life in fibromyalgia: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial.</b> Gür A, Karakoc M, Nas K, Cevik R, Sarac J, Ataoglu S. <i>"Two physical therapist investigators used standard technique with a Ga-As laser (20 W maximum output per pulse, 904 nm, 200 ns maximum pulse duration, 2.8 kHz pulse frequency, 11.2 mW average power, and 1 cm2 surface (class IIIb Laser Product, Frank Line IR 30, Fysiomed, Belgium)."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">"Significant improvements were indicated in all clinical parameters in the laser group (P=0.001) [...] A significant difference was observed in clinical parameters such as pain intensity (P=0.000) and fatigue (P=0.000) in favor of the laser group over the other groups"</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11845369">49</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2002;17(1):57-61. <b>Efficacy of low power laser therapy in fibromyalgia: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial.</b> Gür A, Karakoç M, Nas K, Cevik R, Saraç J, Demir E. <i>"Our study suggests that laser therapy is effective on pain, muscle spasm, morning stiffness, and total tender point number in fibromyalgia and suggests that this therapy method is a safe and effective way of treatment in the cases with fibromyalgia."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24801056">50</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2014 Nov;29(6):1815-9. <b>Low-level laser therapy to treat fibromyalgia.</b> Ruaro JA, Fréz AR, Ruaro MB, Nicolau RA. <i>"The LLLT group was treated with a GaAlAs laser (670 nm, 4 J/cm(2) on 18 tender points) three times a week over 4 weeks. [...] After LLLT or sham treatment, the number of tender points was significantly reduced in both groups [...] However, all other fibromyalgia symptoms showed significant improvements after LLLT compared to placebo</i>"</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928615">51</a>] Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012 Sep;14(9):799-803. <b>Low-level lasers as an adjunct in periodontal therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus.</b> Obradović R, Kesić L, Mihailović D, Jovanović G, Antić S, Brkić Z. <i>"A split-mouth design was applied; on the right side of jaws GaAlAs LLLT (670 nm, 5 mW, 14 min/day) (model Mils 94; Optica Laser, Sofia, Bulgaria) was applied for five consecutive days." </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>"It can be concluded that LLLT as an adjunct in periodontal therapy reduces gingival inflammation in patients with DM and periodontitis."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22222990">52</a>] Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012 Aug;31(8):1911-5. <b>Chronic gingivitis: the prevalence of periodontopathogens and therapy efficiency.</b> Igic M, Kesic L, Lekovic V, Apostolovic M, Mihailovic D, Kostadinovic L, Milasin J. <i>"Group A was subjected to basic gingivitis therapy, and group B underwent basic therapy along with adjunctive LLLT. A statistically significant difference between the values of plaque-index (PI) and sulcus bleeding index (SBI) before and after therapy was confirmed in both groups [...], though more pronounced in group B"</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22311659">53</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2013 Jan;28(1):19-24. <b>A histological evaluation of a low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to periodontal therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus.</b> Obradović R, Kesić L, Mihailović D, Antić S, Jovanović G, Petrović A, Peševska S. <i>"All patients received oral hygiene instructions and full-mouth conservative periodontal treatment. In groups 3 and 6, LLLT was applied (670 nm, 5 mW, 2 J/cm(2), 16 min, 5 days). Histologic findings of gingival tissue treated with LLLT showed expressed healing, as is evident by the absence of inflammatory cells. Tissue edema could not be seen, and the number of blood vessels was reduced. In the gingival lamina, propria pronounced collagenization and homogenization were present. It can be concluded that LLLT has shown efficacy in the treatment of periodontitis in diabetics."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233558">54</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2012 Mar;30(3):160-6. <b>Effect of adjunctive low level laser therapy (LLLT) on nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis.</b> Makhlouf M, Dahaba MM, Tunér J, Eissa SA, Harhash TA. <i>"SRP combined with LLLT [830nm] improved radiographic bone density and short-term PPD reduction in patients with chronic periodontitis,"</i><i> [SRP = scaling and root planing]</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19366270">55</a>] Clin Drug Investig. 2009;29(5):283-92. <b>HairMax LaserComb laser phototherapy device in the treatment of male androgenetic alopecia: A randomized, double-blind, sham device-controlled, multicentre trial.</b> Leavitt M, Charles G, Heyman E, Michaels D. <i>"The HairMax LaserComb is a hand-held Class 3R lower level laser therapy device that contains a single laser module that emulates 9 beams at a wavelength of 655 nm (+/-5%). The device uses a technique of parting the user's hair by combs that are attached to the device."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>"Of the 110 patients who completed the study, subjects in the HairMax LaserComb treatment group exhibited a significantly greater increase in mean terminal hair density than subjects in the sham device group (p &lt; 0.0001)."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24078483">56</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2013 Oct;45(8):487-95. <b>The growth of human scalp hair mediated by visible red light laser and LED sources in males.</b> Lanzafame RJ, Blanche RR, Bodian AB, Chiacchierini RP, Fernandez-Obregon A, Kazmirek ER. <i>"The active group received a "TOPHAT655" unit containing 21, 5 mW lasers (655 ± 5 nm), and 30 LEDS (655 ± 20 nm), in a bicycle-helmet like apparatus. [...] </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>Baseline hair counts were 162.7 ± 95.9 (N = 22) in placebo and 142.0 ± 73.0 (N = 22) and active groups respectively (P = 0.426). Post Treatment hair counts were 162.4 ± 62.5 (N = 19) and 228.7 ± 102.8 (N = 22), respectively (P = 0.0161)" [<a href="http://www.igrowlaser.com/research/clinical-trial/">pics!</a>]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124964">57</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2014 Oct;46(8):601-7. <b>The growth of human scalp hair in females using visible red light laser and LED sources.</b> Lanzafame RJ, Blanche RR, Chiacchierini RP, Kazmirek ER, Sklar JA. <i>"The percent hair increase over the duration of the study was 11.05 ± 48.30 (N = 18) for the sham group and 48.07 ± 17.61 (N = 24) for the active group" [655nm laser, 655nm LED]</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24474647">58</a>] Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014 Apr;15(2):115-27. <b>Efficacy and safety of a low-level laser device in the treatment of male and female pattern hair loss: a multicenter, randomized, sham device-controlled, double-blind study.</b> Jimenez JJ, Wikramanayake TC, Bergfeld W, Hordinsky M, Hickman JG, Hamblin MR, Schachner LA. <i>"Our results suggest that low-level laser treatment may be an effective option to treat pattern hair loss in both men and women."</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25191036">59</a>] Int J Trichology. 2014 Apr;6(2):45-9. doi: 10.4103/0974-7753.138584. <b>Use of low-level laser therapy as monotherapy or concomitant therapy for male and female androgenetic alopecia.</b> Munck A, Gavazzoni MF, Trüeb RM. <i>"Of 32 patients (21 female, 11 male), 8 showed significant, 20 moderate, and 4 no improvement. Improvement was seen both with monotherapy and with concomitant therapy."</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551662">60</a>] Dermatol Surg. 2013 Aug;39(8):1177-83. <b>Low-level light therapy for androgenetic alopecia: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, sham device-controlled multicenter trial.</b> Kim H, Choi JW, Kim JY, Shin JW, Lee SJ, Huh CH. <i>"After 24 weeks of treatment, the LLLT group showed significantly greater hair density than the sham device group. Mean hair diameter improved statistically significantly more in the LLLT group than in the sham device group." [630+660nm LED & 650nm laser]</i></span></span></div>
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10469307">61</a>] SJ Invest Dermatol. 1999 Aug;113(2):221-3. <b>Low-intensity laser therapy is an effective treatment for recurrent herpes simplex infection. Results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.</b> Schindl A, Neumann R. <i>"In this study we evaluated the influence of low-intensity laser therapy (wavelength 690 nm, intensity: 80 mW per cm2, dose: 48 J per cm2) in 50 patients with recurrent perioral herpes simplex infection (at least once per month for more than 6 mo) in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial design. [...]</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>The median recurrence-free interval in the laser-treated group was 37.5 wk (range: 2-52 wk) and in the placebo group 3 wk (range: 1-20 wk)."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22047597">62</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2012 Jan;30(1):37-40. <b>The effect of 670-nm low laser therapy on herpes simplex type 1.</b> Muñoz Sanchez PJ, Capote Femenías JL, Díaz Tejeda A, Tunér J. <i>"In the study group, the patients were offered treatment with a Lasermed 670 DL, a 670-nm diode laser [...] The control group was offered indicated treatment with antivirals (acyclovir cream and tablets) and other palliative therapies, such as an anesthetic cream and advice to avoid spicy and hot food."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>"</i><i>After day 7 no patients in the laser group had any visible signs of HSV-1 blisters, whereas in the control group 77 patients still had vesicles, 29 had crust formation, and 10 had secondary infections.</i><i>"</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803270">63</a>] Oncol Nurs Forum. 2013 Jul;40(4):383-93. <b>A pilot randomized trial evaluating low-level laser therapy as an alternative treatment to manual lymphatic drainage for breast cancer-related lymphedema.</b> Ridner SH, Poage-Hooper E, Kanar C, Doersam JK, Bond SM, Dietrich MS. <i>"Treatment was administered using a RianCorp LTU 904, FDA-approved, Class 1 laser." "LLLT with bandaging may offer a time-saving therapeutic option to conventional MLD."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538293">64</a>] J Surg Res. 2011 Jan;165(1):82-90. <b>Treatment of post-mastectomy lymphedema with laser therapy: double blind placebo control randomized study.</b> Ahmed Omar MT, Abd-El-Gayed Ebid A, El Morsy AM. <i>[904nm]</i></span></div>
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18588438">65</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2008 Jun;26(3):241-5. <b>Low-level laser therapy improves vision in patients with age-related macular degeneration.</b> Ivandic BT, Ivandic T. <i>"LLLT significantly improved visual acuity (p &lt; 0.00001 versus baseline) in 162/182 (95%) of eyes with cataracts and 142/146 (97%) of eyes without cataracts. The prevalence of metamorphopsia, scotoma, and dyschromatopsia was reduced. In patients with wet AMD, edema and bleeding improved. The improved vision was maintained for 3-36 mo after treatment. Visual acuity in the control group remained unchanged. No adverse effects were observed in those undergoing therapy."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19886021">66</a>] Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 2009 Sep-Oct;(5):37-9. <b>[Effect of infrared low-intensity laser therapy on orbital blood circulation in children with progressive short sightedness].</b> [Article in Russian] Shurygina IP, Khadzhieva MR. <i>"Indirect action of LIIRR on the orbital region promoted stabilization of short-handedness in 78.8% of the treated patients." [</i><i>Irina Petrovna Shurygina: </i><i><b>Влияние инфракрасной низкоинтенсивной лазерной терапии на состояние орбитального кровотока у детей с прогрессирующей близорукостью.</b>]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16806710">67</a>] Pain. 2006 Sep;124(1-2):201-10. Epub 2006 Jun 27. <b>The effect of 300 mW, 830 nm laser on chronic neck pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.</b> Chow RT, Heller GZ, Barnsley L. <i>"The mean VAS pain scores improved by 2.7 in the treated group and worsened by 0.3 in the control group"</i> <i>[In Law et al. meta-analysis, this paper was given PEDro score of 10/10, indicating good methodological quality] </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913903">68</a>] Lancet. 2009 Dec 5;374(9705):1897-908. <b>Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials.</b> Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RA, Bjordal JM. <i>"We show that LLLT reduces pain immediately after treatment in acute neck pain and up to 22 weeks after completion of treatment in patients with chronic neck pain."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19125084">69</a>] J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009 Jan;31(1):33-7. <b>Low-level infrared laser therapy in chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in children.</b> Kuhn A, Porto FA, Miraglia P, Brunetto AL. <i>"On day 7 after OM diagnosis, 1/9 of patients remained with lesions in laser group and 9/12 of patients in the placebo-control group (P=0.029)."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22884841">70</a>] Radiother Oncol. 2012 Sep;104(3):349-54. <b>Low level laser therapy for concurrent chemoradiotherapy induced oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients - a triple blinded randomized controlled trial.</b> Gautam AP, Fernandes DJ, Vidyasagar MS, Maiya AG, Vadhiraja BM. <i>"In our study patients in laser group experienced moderate pain, whereas in placebo progressed toward the severe pain during the last 4 weeks of CCRT." [632nm laser]</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24044799">71</a>] Radiother Oncol. 2013 Nov;109(2):297-302. <b>Phase III trial of low-level laser therapy to prevent oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiation.</b> Antunes HS, Herchenhorn D, Small IA, Araújo CM, Viégas CM, Cabral E, Rampini MP, Rodrigues PC, Silva TG, Ferreira EM, Dias FL, Ferreira CG. <i>"A diode InGaAlP (660nm-100mW-1J-4J/cm(2)) was used. [...] A six-fold decrease in the incidence of grades 3-4 OM was detected in the LLLT group compared to the placebo; (6.4% versus 40.5%)."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25198431">72</a>] PLoS One. 2014 Sep 8;9(9):e107418. <b>Effect of prophylactic low level laser therapy on oral mucositis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</b> Oberoi S, Zamperlini-Netto G, Beyene J, Treister NS, Sung L.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19530911">73</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2009 Aug;27(4):577-84. <b>The effect of low-level laser in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.</b> Hegedus B, Viharos L, Gervain M, Gálfi M. <i>"Our results show that LLLT reduces pain in KOA and improves microcirculation in the irradiated area."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14677160">74</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2003;33(5):330-8. <b>Efficacy of different therapy regimes of low-power laser in painful osteoarthritis of the knee: a double-blind and randomized-controlled trial.</b> Gur A, Cosut A, Sarac AJ, Cevik R, Nas K, Uyar A. <i>"Our study demonstrated that applications of LPLT in different dose and duration have not affected results and both therapy regimes were a safe and effective method in treatment of knee OA."</i><i> [904nm laser]</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1727843">75</a>] J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992 Jan;40(1):23-6. <b>Improvement of pain and disability in elderly patients with degenerative osteoarthritis of the knee treated with narrow-band light therapy.</b> Stelian J, Gil I, Habot B, Rosenthal M, Abramovici I, Kutok N, Khahil A. <i>"Fifty patients with degenerative osteoarthritis of both knees were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: red (15 patients), infrared (18 patients), and placebo (17 patients). Infrared and placebo emitters were double-blinded."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>"Pain reduction in the red and infrared groups after the treatment was more than 50% in all scoring methods (P less than 0.05). There was no significant pain improvement in the placebo group. We observed significant functional improvement in red- and infrared-treated groups (p less than 0.05), but not in the placebo group." [probably 660nm and 940nm light, I'm not sure whether narrow-band is a different thing than LED... I guess the product they used was Syrolight BioBeam 940]</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">[</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23912778" style="font-family: inherit;">76</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">] Lasers Med Sci. 2014 Mar;29(2):749-55. </span><b style="font-family: inherit;">Effect of low-level laser therapy in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis: a single-blinded randomized clinical study.</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Alghadir A, Omar MT, Al-Askar AB, Al-Muteri NK. </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">"The LLLT device used was a Ga-As diode laser with a power output of 50 mW, a wavelength of 850 nm, and a diameter beam of 1 mm. Eight points were irradiated and received dosage of 6 J/point for 60 s, with a total dosage of 48 J/cm(2) in each session. The placebo group was identical but treated without emission of energy. [...] Active laser group showed significant differences in pain intensity at rest and movement, knee function, and ambulation duration when compared with the placebo group"</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17760698">77</a>] J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007 Sep;6(3):189-94. <b>The use of light-emitting diode therapy in the treatment of photoaged skin.</b> Baez F, Reilly LR. <i>"Thirteen subjects with wrinkles or fine lines in the periorbital and nasolabial region and those presenting Glogau scale photodamage grade II-III received nine 20-min duration light treatments using the Omnilux LED system. The treatments combined wavelengths of 633 and 830 nm at fluences of 126 and 66 J/cm(2), respectively. Sun-damage reduction was assessed at 6, 9, and 12 weeks by clinical photography and patient satisfaction scores. [...]</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>The majority of subjects displayed "moderate" (50%) or "slight" (25%) response to treatment at investigator assessment. Treatment of the periorbital region was reported more effective than the nasolabial region. At 12-week follow-up, 91% of subjects reported improved skin tone, and 82% reported enhanced smoothness of skin in the treatment area."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16414908">78</a>] J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2005 Dec;7(3-4):196-200. <b>A study to determine the efficacy of combination LED light therapy (633 nm and 830 nm) in facial skin rejuvenation.</b> Russell BA, Kellett N, Reilly LR. <i>"52% of subjects showed a 25%-50% improvement in photoaging scores by week 12; 81% of subjects reported a significant improvement in periorbital wrinkles on completion of follow-up."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11169174">79</a>] Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2001 Feb;17(1):32-8. <b>Effects of phototherapy on pressure ulcer healing in elderly patients after a falling trauma. A prospective, randomized, controlled study.</b> Schubert V. <i>"Both groups were given the same standard ulcer therapy. One group was also given phototherapy with pulsed monochromatic infrared (956 nm) and red (637 nm) light. [...] Patients treated with pulsed monochromatic light had a 49% higher ulcer healing rate, and a shorter time to 50% and to 90% ulcer closure compared with controls. Their mean ulcer area was reduced to 10% after 5 weeks compared with 9 weeks for the controls." [Biolight(TM) International AB, Sweden]</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160985">80</a>] Vojnosanit Pregl. 2008 Dec;65(12):906-12. <b>The effects of polarized light therapy in pressure ulcer healing.</b> Durović A, Marić D, Brdareski Z, Jevtić M, Durdević S. <i>"There were significant differences between the groups at the end of the treatment regarding the surface of pressure ulcer (E: 10.80 +/- 19.18; C: 22,97 +/- 25,47; p = 0.0005)" [Bioptron 2]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15204000">81</a>] J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2004 Jun;6(2):96-102. <b>Defocused diode laser therapy (830 nm) in the treatment of unresponsive skin ulcers: a preliminary trial.</b> Kubota J. <i>"Defocused 830 nm diode laser therapy was well tolerated, and was very effective in the treatment of this small number of compromised skin ulcers of different aetiologies and in a large range of patient ages."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182016">82</a>] J Athl Train. 2012 Nov-Dec;47(6):673-8. <b>Red light and the sleep quality and endurance performance of Chinese female basketball players.</b> Zhao J, Tian Y, Nie J, Xu J, Liu D. <i>"The red-light treatment participants lay in the supine position, and continuous illumination was performed using noncoherent red light from a whole-body red-light treatment machine (Shanghai Dayou PDT Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China) with an average wavelength of 658 nm and light dose of 30 J/cm2."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>"The 14-day whole-body irradiation with red-light treatment improved the sleep, serum melatonin level, and endurance performance of the elite female basketball players"</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306161">83</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2008 Feb;40(2):106-12. <b>LED photoprevention: reduced MED response following multiple LED exposures.</b> Barolet D, Boucher A. <i>"Thirteen healthy subjects and two patients with polymorphous light eruption (PLE) were exposed to 5, 6, or 10 LED treatments (660 nm) on an EXPERIMENTAL anterior thigh region."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i><i>"Reduction of erythema was considered significant when erythema was reduced by >50% on the LED-treated side as opposed to CONTROL side. A significant LED treatment reduction in UV-B induced erythema reaction was observed in at least one occasion in 85% of subjects, including patients suffering from PLE. Moreover, there was evidence of a dose-related pattern in results. Finally, a sun protection factor SPF-15-like effect and a reduction in post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation were observed on the LED pre-treated side."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i>[see also: </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>J Invest Dermatol. 1998 Oct;111(4):629-33. <b>Non-coherent near infrared radiation protects normal human dermal fibroblasts from solar ultraviolet toxicity.</b> Menezes S, Coulomb B, Lebreton C, Dubertret L. "This study describes the induction by non-coherent infrared radiation (700-2000 nm), in the absence of rising temperature, of a strong cellular defense against solar UV cytotoxicity as well as induction of cell mitosis. [...] Living organisms on the Earth's surface are bathed by infrared radiation every day, before being submitted to solar UV. Thus, we propose that this as yet undescribed natural process of cell protection against solar UV, acquired and preserved through evolutional selection, plays an important role in life maintenance.</i></span><i style="font-size: small;">"]</i><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19196113">84</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2009 Feb;27(1):21-4. <b>The effect of low-level laser therapy on trismus and facial swelling following surgical extraction of a lower third molar.</b> Aras MH, Güngörmüş M.</span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22843310">85</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2013 May;28(3):845-9. <b>Effect of low-level laser therapy after extraction of impacted lower third molars.</b> Ferrante M, Petrini M, Trentini P, Perfetti G, Spoto G. <i>"Group test showed improvement in the interincisal opening and remarkable reduction of trismus, swelling and intensity of pain on the first and the seventh postoperative days."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16706691">86</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2006 Apr;24(2):129-39. <b>Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine content in human peripheral blood after its transcutaneous (in vivo) and direct (in vitro) irradiation with polychromatic visible and infrared light.</b> Zhevago NA, Samoilova KA. <i>"Exposure of a small area of the human body to light leads to a fast decrease in the elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine plasma content and to an increase in the the anti-inflammatory factor concentration, which may be an important mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of phototherapy. These changes result from transcutaneous photomodification of a small volume of blood and a fast transfer of the light-induced changes to the entire pool of circulating blood."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://waset.org/publications/6623/effect-of-polarization-and-coherence-of-optical-radiation-on-sturgeon-sperm-motility">87</a>] Barulin, Nikolai V., and Vitaly Yu Plavskii. "<b>Effect of Polarization and Coherence of Optical Radiation on Sturgeon Sperm Motility.</b>" Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. No. 67. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2012. <i>[Sperm motility: 1) Control group: 120, 2) Circularly polarized radiation: 230, 3) Linearly polarized radiation 250, 4) Unpolarized radiation: 200]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22474473">88</a>] Lab Anim Res. 2012 Mar;28(1):39-46. <b>Anti-hypercholesterolemic and anti-atherosclerotic effects of polarized-light therapy in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet.</b> Park D, Kyung J, Kim D, Hwang SY, Choi EK, Kim YB. <i>"The PLT equipment is consisted of a 60 W tungsten lamp and a lens coated with polarized film in a stainless tube with 6-cm internal diameter. The polarized film [...] was designed to block ultraviolet and infrared lights, permitting penetration of only 400-760 nm light [...] The distance between light source and polarized-light lens was set at 10 cm to adjust the light intensity and energy density exposed to the skin to be 50 mW/cm2 and 60 J/cm2"</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25066944">89</a>] J Oral Pathol Med. 2015 Feb;44(2):94-102. <b>Anti-inflammatory effect of 635 nm irradiations on in vitro direct/indirect irradiation model.</b> Lim W, Choi H, Kim J, Kim S, Jeon S, Zheng H, Kim D, Ko Y, Kim D, Sohn H, Kim O. <i>"</i><i>Thus, we suggest that not only direct exposure with 635 nm light, but also indirect exposure with 635 nm light can inhibit activation of pro-inflammatory mediators and may be clinically useful as an anti-inflammatory tool."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005488">90</a>] J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Apr;129(4):994-1001. <b>UVB and proinflammatory cytokines synergistically activate TNF-alpha production in keratinocytes through enhanced gene transcription.</b> Bashir MM, Sharma MR, Werth VP. <i>"In conclusion, TNF-alpha expression in primary keratinocytes is upregulated transcriptionally by UVB and IL-1alpha."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497121">91</a>] BMC Psychiatry. 2013 Mar 5;13:75. <b>The effect of sunlight exposure on interleukin-6 levels in depressive and non-depressive subjects.</b> Levandovski R, Pfaffenseller B, Carissimi A, Gama CS, Hidalgo MP. <i>"The amount of time that participants are exposed to sunlight is directly related to their IL-6 levels."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7962327">92</a>] J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Nov;79(5):1342-6. <b>Effects of acute and chronic interleukin-6 administration on thyroid hormone metabolism in humans.</b> Stouthard JM, van der Poll T, Endert E, Bakker PJ, Veenhof CH, Sauerwein HP, Romijn JA.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2229314">93</a>] J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990 Dec;71(6):1567-72. <b>Tumor necrosis factor: a putative mediator of the sick euthyroid syndrome in man.</b> van der Poll T, Romijn JA, Wiersinga WM, Sauerwein HP.</span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13796871">94</a>] Lancet. 1959 Aug 22;2(7095):149-52. <b>Prophylaxis of ischaemic heart-disease by thyroid therapy.</b> BARNES BO.</span></div>
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24155530">95</a>] Laser Ther. 2011;20(3):205-15. <b>Is light-emitting diode phototherapy (LED-LLLT) really effective?</b> Kim WS, Calderhead RG.</span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20662021">96</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2010 Aug;42(6):450-66. <b>Effect of pulsing in low-level light therapy.</b> Hashmi JT, Huang YY, Sharma SK, Kurup DB, De Taboada L, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR.</span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8935479">97</a>] QJM. 1996 Aug;89(8):579-89. <b>Sunlight, cholesterol and coronary heart disease.</b> Grimes DS, Hindle E, Dyer T.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256577">98</a>] J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2008 Feb;10(2):125-9. <b>Seasonality of hypertension.</b> Al-Tamer YY, Al-Hayali JM, Al-Ramadhan EA.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15013328">99</a>] Transplant Proc. 2004 Jan-Feb;36(1):148-9. <b>Seasonal variations of blood pressure in hemodialysis and renal transplant recipients.</b> Argani H, Javanshir MR.</span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18704704">100</a>] Eur J Epidemiol. 2008;23(9):609-14. <b>Incident solar radiation and coronary heart disease mortality rates in Europe.</b> Wong A.<i> "An analysis of coronary heart disease mortality rates in Europe from a latitudinal gradient perspective has shown to have a close correlation to incident solar radiation."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3294350">101</a>] J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41(7):679-89. <b>Cyclic seasonal variation in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels: the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial Placebo Group.</b> Gordon DJ, Hyde J, Trost DC, Whaley FS, Hannan PJ, Jacobs DR, Ekelund LG. <i>[This research group is from Maryland, so the latitude is probably 37-39 degrees to north]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11475422">102</a>] Chronobiol Int. 2001 May;18(3):541-57. <b>Influence of dietary intake and physical activity on annual rhythm of human blood cholesterol concentrations.</b> Blüher M, Hentschel B, Rassoul F, Richter V. <i>"In all groups, we found a strong seasonal effect, with 5%–10% higher TC concentrations in winter compared to the summer."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18685882">103</a>] Clin Rheumatol. 2009 Jan;28(1):29-34. <b>Infrared sauna in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. A pilot study showing good tolerance, short-term improvement of pain and stiffness, and a trend towards long-term beneficial effects.</b> Oosterveld FG, Rasker JJ, Floors M, Landkroon R, van Rennes B, Zwijnenberg J, van de Laar MA, Koel GJ. </span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9893504">104</a>] J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1998 Oct;16(5):245-8. <b>It's all in the parameters: a critical analysis of some well-known negative studies on low-level laser therapy.</b> Tunér J, Hode L. <i>"A study of 1,200 papers on LLLT has resulted in 85 positive and 35 negative double-blind studies. The negative studies have been scrutinized carefully in an effort to pinpoint possible reasons for the failures. In the following, the majority are double-blind studies, but some non-blinded and animal studies have been included to give typical examples of pitfalls." </i><i>[Read also: </i><a href="http://www.laserannals.com/2012/03/11/failed-analyses-cochrane/" style="font-style: italic;">The Cochrane LPT analyses – can they be improved?</a><i> and </i><a href="http://www.laser.nu/lllt/LLLT_critic_on_critics.htm" style="font-style: italic;">Are all the negative lllt studies really negative?</a>]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15704096">105</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2005 Mar;36(3):210-9. <b>Randomized controlled trial on low level laser therapy (LLLT) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the hand.</b> Brosseau L, Wells G, Marchand S, Gaboury I, Stokes B, Morin M, Casimiro L, Yonge K, Tugwell P.</span></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20532578">106</a>] Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Sep;29(9):1075-6. <b>Low-level laser therapy for hand arthritis-fact or fiction?</b> Tunér J, Hode L. <i>"The study by Meireles et al. [1] on the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on hand arthritis comes to the conclusion that there was no effect at the wavelength, dosage and power used in the study [...] It is obvious that the lack of clinical effect in the Meireles study is due to too low energy. [...] Dose (J/cm2 ) and energy (J) are two separate entities in laser therapy [...] </i><i>The lack of understanding of these two important parameters is, for instance, shown in the studies by Brosseau et al. [4] and Cruz et al. [5]. Brosseau reported 860 nm, 60 mW, 3 J/cm2 for finger arthritis, but the unreported energy was actually 0.12 J per point. Cruz reported 780 nm, 60 mW, 4 J/cm2 for oral mucositis, in the only negative clinical study on mucositis. The unreported energy per point after 3 s per point is 0.18 J."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16568446">107</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2006 Apr;38(4):343. <b>Wrong parameters can give just any results.</b> Hode L, Tunér J. <i>"Is laser therapy no better than placebo in osteoarthritis of the hand? This seems to be the fact after a superficial glance at the contribution by <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15704096">Brosseau et al. in 36:210–219 (2005)</a>. But looking closer, there are several alarming details in this study [...] Total energy per finger joint: (calculated with 30 mW and 1 x 4 seconds per finger joint), the energy applied to each joint is 0.12 J and that is very low [...] In short, this study has used a very low energy per point, using a previously rarely tested wavelength (860 nm) at a random pulse frequency and in the discussion failed to pinpoint some very important aspects of laser therapy. Still, the abstract claims that ‘‘LLLT’’ is no better than placebo."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15243853">108</a>] Swiss Med Wkly. 2004 May 1;134(17-18):254-8. <b>Low power laser treatment in patients with knee osteoarthritis.</b> Tascioglu F, Armagan O, Tabak Y, Corapci I, Oner C. </span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775206">109</a>] </span>Photomed Laser Surg. 2012 Aug;30(8):405-17. <b>Meta-analysis of pain relief effects by laser irradiation on joint areas.</b> Jang H, Lee H.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">"In investigations of knee pain, studies35,37 in which the irradiation size was [equal or greater than] 1 cm2 showed the effectiveness of laser treatments. Among three studies36,38,39 in which the irradiation size was [smaller than] 1 cm2, however, two studies36,38 reported ineffectiveness and one study39 reported effectiveness. In this case, the energy per point of study39 with an improved outcome (6 J) was greater than the energies of the two ineffective studies36,38 ([equal or smaller than] 3 J)."</i></span><br />
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<i style="font-family: inherit;">[the old, incorrect ref: </i><span style="font-family: inherit;">Aust J Physiother. 2003;49(2):107-16. </span><b style="font-family: inherit;">A systematic review of low level laser therapy with location-specific doses for pain from chronic joint disorders.</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Bjordal JM Couppé C, Chow RT, Tunér J, Ljunggren EA.]</span></span><br />
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[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_level_laser_therapy">110</a>] Wikipedia: <b>Low level laser therapy</b> (Luettu 29.4.2015) <i>"Despite a lack of consensus over its scientific validity, specific test and protocols for LLLT suggest it may be mildly effective, but in most cases no better than placebo, in relieving short-term pain for rheumatoid arthritis,[2] osteoarthritis,[6] acute and chronic neck pain,[7] tendinopathy,[4][8] and possibly chronic joint disorders.[5]"</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17986496">111</a>] Phys Ther. 2008 Jan;88(1):123-36. <b>Physical therapy interventions for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: an overview of systematic reviews.</b> Jamtvedt G, Dahm KT, Christie A, Moe RH, Haavardsholm E, Holm I, Hagen KB. <i>"The meta-analysis of 7 RCTs concluded that laser therapy reduced pain and improved function compared with a placebo intervention. Two major studies in this meta-analysis did not include patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Therefore, we graded the evidence down to moderate and conclude that there is moderate-quality evidence that low-level laser therapy reduces pain and improves function (Tab. 3)."</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913903">112</a>] Lancet. 2009 Dec 5;374(9705):1897-908. <b>Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials.</b> Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RA, Bjordal JM. <i>"We show that LLLT reduces pain immediately after treatment in acute neck pain and up to 22 weeks after completion of treatment in patients with chronic neck pain."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25491183">113</a>] J Oral Rehabil. 2015 Apr;42(4):291-9. <b>Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of TMDs: a meta-analysis of 14 randomised controlled trials.</b> Chen J, Huang Z, Ge M, Gao M. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16262573">114a</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2005 Oct;23(5):453-8. <b>Can Cochrane Reviews in controversial areas be biased? A sensitivity analysis based on the protocol of a Systematic Cochrane Review on low-level laser therapy in osteoarthritis.</b> Bjordal JM, Bogen B, Lopes-Martins RA, Klovning A. <i>"An imbalance of the review group was identified as reviewers tend to favor their own trial conclusions. [...] Five of the seven members of the review group have authored clinical RCTs of LLLT with negative conclusions [...] Three of the reviewers recently published an included LLLT trial with treatment time per point of only 1 sec [...] Two of the authors had also published an industry-sponsored RCT with positive conclusion on topical and oral NSAIDs for knee OA"</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i>"This Cochrane review displays omissions of relevant trial data that contradict the review conclusion. [...] Serious errors in data synthesis, omission of relevant data, and non-inclusion of eligible trials were identified, and nearly all systematically pointed in a negative direction for LLLT efficacy. [...] All of the seven pre-planned, but unperformed, subgroup analyses turned out positive in the sensitivity analysis.</i><i>"</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16566678">114b</a>] </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">J Altern Complement Med. 2006 Mar;12(2):181-3. <b>Is quality control of Cochrane reviews in controversial areas sufficient?</b> Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RA, Klovning A. <i>"Only clinicians who had performed LLLT trials, and had negative results were invited into the review group. The review was oblivious to findings published after 1993 about physiologic mechanisms and dose response patterns for LLLT. We found 18 questionable selections that favored a negative review conclusion in 17 of 18 cases. These were largely omissions of relevant positive data and selective inclusion of negative data from trials with small, ineffective doses. When existing and omitted data from relevant trials were combined, results changed from negative to significantly positive for continuous and categorical data. Subgrouping trials by location and recommended doses taken from current guidelines, revealed a highly significant effect of LLLT for treating knee OA."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24028507">115</a>] Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(5):R116. <b>Effect of low-level laser therapy on the expression of inflammatory mediators and on neutrophils and macrophages in acute joint inflammation.</b> Alves AC, Vieira R, Leal-Junior E, dos Santos S, Ligeiro AP, Albertini R, Junior J, de Carvalho P.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990218">116</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2014 Jul;29(4):1357-64. <b>The effects of low-level laser irradiation on bone tissue in diabetic rats.</b> Patrocínio-Silva TL, de Souza AM, Goulart RL, Pegorari CF, Oliveira JR, Fernandes K, Magri A, Pereira RM, Araki DR, Nagaoka MR, Parizotto NA, Rennó AC. <i>"[I]t seems that LLLT stimulated bone metabolism, decreased resorptive areas, increased RUNX-2 expression, cortical area, fracture force, BMD, and BMC."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23677436">117</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2014 Jan;29(1):313-9. <b>Effect of low-level laser therapy on types I and III collagen and inflammatory cells in rats with induced third-degree burns.</b> Fiório FB, Albertini R, Leal-Junior EC, de Carvalho Pde T. <i>"Laser irradiation (both 3 and 4 J/cm(2)) resulted in reduction in the inflammatory process and improved collagen deposition, thereby ameliorating the healing of third-degree burns." [660nm laser]</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860542">118</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2010 Oct;28(5):603-11. <b>Low-level laser therapy with a pulsed infrared laser accelerates second-degree burn healing in rat: a clinical and microbiologic study.</b> Ezzati A, Bayat M, Khoshvaghti A. <i>[890nm laser]</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882488">119</a>] J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009;46(4):543-54. <b>Low-level laser therapy with pulsed infrared laser accelerates third-degree burn healing process in rats.</b> Ezzati A, Bayat M, Taheri S, Mohsenifar Z. <i>[890nm laser]</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19698004">120</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2009 Dec;27(6):959-64. <b>Low-level laser therapy using 80-Hz pulsed infrared diode laser accelerates third-degree burn healing in rat.</b> Vasheghani MM, Bayat M, Dadpay M, Habibie M, Rezaei F. <i>"The paired Student t-test showed that the wound closure rate of laser-treated burns (17.6+/-1.86 days) was significantly longer than that of the control burns (19.6+/-0.81 days) (p=0.007)." [890nm laser]</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22850314">121</a>] J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;32(3):741-52. <b>Low-level light therapy improves cortical metabolic capacity and memory retention.</b> Rojas JC, Bruchey AK, Gonzalez-Lima F.</span></div>
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23557732">122</a>] Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 May 1;54(5):3681-90. <b>Low-intensity far-red light inhibits early lesions that contribute to diabetic retinopathy: in vivo and in vitro.</b> Tang J, Du Y, Lee CA, Talahalli R, Eells JT, Kern TS. [670nm LED]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20356759">123</a>] J Photochem Photobiol B. 2010 May 3;99(2):105-10. <b>Effects of low-level light therapy on streptozotocin-induced diabetic kidney.</b> Lim J, Sanders RA, Snyder AC, Eells JT, Henshel DS, Watkins JB 3rd. [670nm LED]</span></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22936461">124</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2013 May;28(3):1007-16. <b>Low-level laser therapy improves the inflammatory profile of rats with heart failure.</b> Hentschke VS, Jaenisch RB, Schmeing LA, Cavinato PR, Xavier LL, Dal Lago P. <i>"LLLT showed systemic and skeletal muscle anti-inflammatory effects in rats with HF."</i> <i>[660nm laser]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25211315">125</a>] Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014 Aug;103(2):161-4. <b>Hemodynamic effect of laser therapy in spontaneously hypertensive rats.</b> [Article in English, Portuguese] Tomimura S, Silva BP, Sanches IC, Canal M, Consolim-Colombo F, Conti FF, De Angelis K, Chavantes MC. <i>"The Laser Group showed reduced levels of mean blood pressure, with statistically significant reduction (169 ± 4 mmHg* vs. 182 ± 4 mmHg from the Sham Group) and reduced levels of diastolic pressure (143 ± 4 mmHg* vs. 157 ± 3 mmHg from the Sham Group), revealing a 13 and 14 mmHg decrease, respectively. Besides, there was a concomitant important decline in heart rate (312 ± 14 bpm vs. 361 ± 13 bpm from the Sham Group)."</i><i> [780nm laser]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360312">126</a>] Photochem Photobiol. 2013 Jul-Aug;89(4):953-60. <b>Laser therapy in metabolic syndrome-related kidney injury.</b> Ucero AC, Sabban B, Benito-Martin A, Carrasco S, Joeken S, Ortiz A. <i>"The main findings of this study are that the LLLT-treated rats had lower blood pressure after treatment and a better preserved glomerular filtration rate with less interstitial fibrosis upon euthanasia at the end of follow-up. This initial proof-of-concept study suggests that LLLT may modulate chronic kidney disease progression, providing a painless, noninvasive, therapeutic strategy, which should be further evaluated."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23524249">127</a>] J Photochem Photobiol B. 2013 Apr 5;121:86-93. <b>Potentiated anti-inflammatory effect of combined 780 nm and 660 nm low level laser therapy on the experimental laryngitis.</b> Marinho RR, Matos RM, Santos JS, Ribeiro MA, Smaniotto S, Barreto EO, Ribeiro RA, Lima RC Jr, Albuquerque RL Jr, Thomazzi SM. </span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12626762">128</a>] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Mar 18;100(6):3439-44. <b>Therapeutic photobiomodulation for methanol-induced retinal toxicity.</b> Eells JT, Henry MM, Summerfelt P, Wong-Riley MT, Buchmann EV, Kane M, Whelan NT, Whelan HT. <i>"Our studies document a significant recovery of rod- and cone-mediated function in LED-treated, methanol-intoxicated rats. We further show that LED treatment protected the retina from the histopathologic changes induced by methanol-derived formate. These findings provide a link between the actions of monochromatic red to near-IR light on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in vitro and retinoprotection in vivo. They also suggest that photobiomodulation may enhance recovery from retinal injury and other ocular diseases in which mitochondrial dysfunction is postulated to play a role." [670nm LED]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11578700">129</a>] Int J Cardiol. 2001 Sep-Oct;80(2-3):109-16. <b>Impact of low level laser irradiation on infarct size in the rat following myocardial infarction.</b> Ad N, Oron U. <i>"The infarct size (expressed as percent of total left ventricle area) of the LI rats was 10.1+/-5.8, which was significantly lower [...] than the infarct size of NLI rats which was 28.7+/-9.6. [...] LLLI of the infarcted area in the myocardium of experimentally induced MI rats, at the correct energy, duration and timing, markedly reduces the loss of myocardial tissue. This phenomenon may have an important beneficial effect on patients after acute MI or ischemic heart disease."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23789588">130</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2013 Jul;31(7):315-21. <b>The effects of low-level laser therapy on palatal mucoperiosteal wound healing and oxidative stress status in experimental diabetic rats.</b> Firat ET, Dağ A, Günay A, Kaya B, Karadede Mİ, Kanay BE, Ketani A, Evliyaoğlu O, Uysal E. </span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17603852">131</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2007 Jun;25(3):137-43. <b>Efficacy of 780-nm laser phototherapy on peripheral nerve regeneration after neurotube reconstruction procedure (double-blind randomized study).</b> Rochkind S, Leider-Trejo L, Nissan M, Shamir MH, Kharenko O, Alon M.</span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23613090">132</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2014 Jan;29(1):239-43. <b>Potential anti-inflammatory effect of low-level laser therapy on the experimental reflux laryngitis: a preliminary study.</b> Marinho RR, Matos RM, Santos JS, Ribeiro MA, Ribeiro RA, Lima RC Jr, Albuquerque RL Jr, Thomazzi SM. <i>"Thereafter, measurement of myeloperoxidase activity and the histopathological procedures were performed. In conclusion, we observed in this study that 105-J/cm(2) infrared laser reduced the influx of neutrophils in rats, and it improved the reparative collagenization of the laryngeal tissues." [780nm laser]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22538842">133</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2013 Feb;28(2):529-36. <b>Low-level laser therapy in different stages of rheumatoid arthritis: a histological study.</b> Alves AC, de Carvalho PT, Parente M, Xavier M, Frigo L, Aimbire F, Leal Junior EC, Albertini R. <i>"We observed that LLLT both at early and late RA progression stages significantly improved mononuclear inflammatory cells, exudate protein, medullary hemorrhage, hyperemia, necrosis, distribution of fibrocartilage, and chondroblasts and osteoblasts compared to RA group" [780nm laser]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812849">134</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2014 Mar;29(2):653-8. <b>What is the best treatment to decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine release in acute skeletal muscle injury induced by trauma in rats: low-level laser therapy, diclofenac, or cryotherapy?</b> de Almeida P, Tomazoni SS, Frigo L, de Carvalho Pde T, Vanin AA, Santos LA, Albuquerque-Pontes GM, De Marchi T, Tairova O, Marcos RL, Lopes-Martins RÁ, Leal-Junior EC. <i>"Therefore, we can conclude that 904 nm LLLT with 1 J dose has better effects than topical application of diclofenac or cryotherapy in acute inflammatory phase after muscle trauma."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23982719">135</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2014 Mar;29(2):805-11. doi: 10.1007/s10103-013-1406-2. Epub 2013 Aug 28. <b>Pulsed LLLT improves tendon healing in rats: a biochemical, organizational, and functional evaluation.</b> Guerra Fda R, Vieira CP, dos Santos de Almeida M, Oliveira LP, Claro AC, Simões GF, de Oliveira AL, Pimentel ER.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22793787">136</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2012 Sep;30(9):523-9. <b>Near-infrared photobiomodulation in an animal model of traumatic brain injury: improvements at the behavioral and biochemical levels.</b> Quirk BJ, Torbey M, Buchmann E, Verma S, Whelan HT. <i>"These results show statistically significant, preclinical outcomes that support the use of NIR treatment after TBI in effecting changes at the behavioral, cellular, and chemical levels." [670nm LED]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23933663">137</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2014 Mar;29(2):757-63. <b>Protective effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on acute zymosan-induced arthritis.</b> Carlos FP, de Paula Alves da Silva M, de Lemos Vasconcelos Silva Melo E, Costa MS, Zamuner SR. <i>"Treatment with laser significantly inhibited leukocytes influx, the release of IL-1 and IL-6 and also the activity of metalloproteinase-2 and 9, into the joint cavity."</i> <i>[660nm laser]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292010">138</a>] PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e30655. <b>Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice by photobiomodulation induced by 670 nm light.</b> Muili KA, Gopalakrishnan S, Meyer SL, Eells JT, Lyons JA. <i>"670 nm light reduced disease severity with both protocols compared to sham treated mice. Disease amelioration was associated with down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α) and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) in vitro and in vivo." [670nm LED, bandwidth 25-30nm]</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19530909">139</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2009 Aug;27(4):591-7. <b>Effect of low-level laser therapy in the myonecrosis induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom.</b> Barbosa AM, Villaverde AB, Sousa LG, Munin E, Fernandez CM, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. <i>"LLLT significantly reduced myonecrosis by 83.5% at 24 h (p &lt; 0.05) but not at 3 h, and [antivenom] therapy alone was ineffective for reducing myonecrosis at 3 and 24 h."</i> <i>[685nm laser]</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22275301">140</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2012 Mar;44(3):218-26. <b>Low-level laser therapy for closed-head traumatic brain injury in mice: effect of different wavelengths.</b> Wu Q, Xuan W, Ando T, Xu T, Huang L, Huang YY, Dai T, Dhital S, Sharma SK, Whalen MJ, Hamblin MR. <i>"The effectiveness of 810 nm agrees with previous publications, and together with the effectiveness of 660 nm and non-effectiveness of 730 and 980 nm can be explained by the absorption spectrum of cytochrome oxidase, the candidate mitochondrial chromophore in transcranial LLLT."</i></span></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25227429">141</a>] Vet Dermatol. 2015 Feb;26(1):35-9, e11. <b>Efficacy of low-level laser therapy on hair regrowth in dogs with noninflammatory alopecia: a pilot study.</b> Olivieri L, Cavina D, Radicchi G, Miragliotta V, Abramo F. <i>"At the end of the study, coat regrowth was greatly improved in six of seven animals and improved in one of seven. By morphometry, the area occupied by hair follicles was 18% in the treated sample and 11% in the untreated one (11%); haired follicles were (per area) 93% in the treated sample and only 9% in the control sample."</i><i> [470+685+830nm laser]</i></span></div>
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295753">142</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2001;28(3):204-11. <b>Attenuation of infarct size in rats and dogs after myocardial infarction by low-energy laser irradiation.</b> Oron U, Yaakobi T, Oron A, Hayam G, Gepstein L, Rubin O, Wolf T, Ben Haim S. <i>"In dogs, a 49% [...] reduction of infarct size was achieved." "However, laser applied twice at an energy density of 12 mW/cm2 did not cause a significant reduction in infarct size."</i> <i>[810nm laser]</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22783835">143</a>] J Small Anim Pract. 2012 Aug;53(8):465-9. <b>Low-level laser therapy reduces time to ambulation in dogs after hemilaminectomy: a preliminary study.</b> Draper WE, Schubert TA, Clemmons RM, Miles SA. <i>"</i><i>The time to achieve a modified Frankel score of 4 was significantly lower (P=0.0016) in the low-level laser therapy group (median 3.5 days) than the control group (median 14 days)." [810nm laser]</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15838719">144</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2005;20(1):28-34. Epub 2005 Apr 19. <b>Effect of 655-nm diode laser on dog sperm motility.</b> Corral-Baqués MI, Rigau T, Rivera M, Rodríguez JE, Rigau J. <i>"</i><i>At these parameters, the 655-nm continuous-wave diode laser improves the speed and linear coefficient of the sperm."</i></span><br />
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155955">145</a>] Stroke. 2004 Aug;35(8):1985-8. <b>Transcranial infrared laser therapy improves clinical rating scores after embolic strokes in rabbits.</b> Lapchak PA, Wei J, Zivin JA. <i>"This study shows that laser treatment improved behavioral performance if initiated within 6 hours of an embolic stroke and the effect of laser treatment is durable. Therefore, transcranial laser treatment may be useful to treat human stroke patients and should be further developed."</i> <i>[808nm laser]</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22540090">146</a>] N Am J Med Sci. 2011 Apr;3(4):193-7. <b>Effects of a low level laser on the acceleration of wound healing in rabbits.</b> Hussein AJ, Alfars AA, Falih MA, Hassan AN. <i>"The study found that low level laser therapy (II) was effective in open wounds, which showed better regeneration and faster restoration of structural and functional integrity as compared to the control group."</i> <i>[890nm, 910nm laser]</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9107312">147</a></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">] Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997 Mar 28;1319(1):5-8. <b>Cardiolipin-dependent decrease of cytochrome c oxidase activity in heart mitochondria from hypothyroid rats.</b> Paradies G, Petrosillo G, Ruggiero FM. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/681456">148</a>] J Cell Biol. 1978 Jun;77(3):887-901. <b>Biochemical and stereological analysis of rat liver mitochondria in different thyroid states.</b> Jakovcic S, Swift HH, Gross NJ, Rabinowitz M. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.jbc.org/content/138/1/219.full.pdf">149</a>] Schultze, M. O. <b>"The relation of copper to cytochrome oxidase and hematopoietic activity of the bone marrow of rats."</b> Journal of Biological Chemistry 138.1 (1941): 219-224. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9587149">150</a>] Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 May;67(5 Suppl):1041S-1045S. <b>Copper intake and assessment of copper status.</b> Milne DB.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1747-0080.12026/abstract">151</a>] Shab‐Bidar, Sakineh, et al. <b>"Dietary intakes of zinc and copper and cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study."</b> Nutrition & Dietetics 70.3 (2013): 218-226.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25450903">152</a>] </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Physiother Res Int. 2015 Jun;20(2):108-25. <b>The efficacy of low-level laser therapy for shoulder tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.</b> Haslerud S, Magnussen LH, Joensen J, Lopes-Martins RA, Bjordal JM.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26155904">153</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Aug;30(6):1757-62. <b>Effect of low-level laser therapy on lung injury induced by hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion in rats.</b> Ashrafzadeh Takhtfooladi M, Ashrafzadeh Takhtfooladi H, Sedaghatfar H, Shabani S.</span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19545621">extra</a>] Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Sep 15;47(6):850-7. <b>Inhibition of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by 635-nm irradiation in sodium nitroprusside-treated SH-SY5Y cells.</b> Lim W, Kim JH, Gook E, Kim J, Ko Y, Kim I, Kwon H, Lim H, Jung B, Yang K, Choi N, Kim M, Kim S, Choi H, Kim O. <i>"Finally, these results show that 635-nm irradiation, by promoting the scavenging of O(2)(-)"</i> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25029080">extra</a>] Biomed Tech (Berl). 2014 Dec;59(6):487-93. <b>Red light as a 12-oxo-leukotriene B₄ antagonist: an explanation for the efficacy of intensive red light in the therapy of peripheral inflammatory diseases.</b> Paschke F, Rabong C, Schuster C. <i>"The power balance demonstrates that intensive red light with a power density of 0.4 W/cm2 transfers sufficient energy to 12-Oxo-LTB4 to render it biologically inactive."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19328206">extra</a>] </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2009 Aug;47(2):256-63. <b>Enhancement of nitric oxide release from nitrosyl hemoglobin and nitrosyl myoglobin by red/near infrared radiation: potential role in cardioprotection.</b> Lohr NL, Keszler A, Pratt P, Bienengraber M, Warltier DC, Hogg N. <i>"We show both in purified systems and in myocardium that R/NIR light can decay nitrosyl hemes and release NO, and that this released NO may enhance the cardioprotective effects of nitrite."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074024">extra</a>] J Neurosci. 2008 Dec 10;28(50):13511-21. <b>Neuroprotective effects of near-infrared light in an in vivo model of mitochondrial optic neuropathy.</b> Rojas JC1, Lee J, John JM, Gonzalez-Lima F. <i>"superoxide dismutase activities were also increased in NIL-treated subjects in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting an in vivo transcranial effect of NIL."</i></span><br />
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15704098">extra</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2005 Mar;36(3):171-85. <b>Light promotes regeneration and functional recovery and alters the immune response after spinal cord injury.</b> Byrnes KR, Waynant RW, Ilev IK, Wu X, Barna L, Smith K, Heckert R, Gerst H, Anders JJ. <i>"6% of the power of a 150 mW 810 nm laser was transmitted through all of the layers of tissue between the [adult rat] dorsal skin surface and the ventral side of the spinal cord." "PBM resulted in a significant suppression [...] of IL6 expression at 6 hours post-injury, with a 171-fold decrease in expression of IL6."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25824475">extra</a>] Lasers Surg Med. 2015 Apr;47(4):296-305. <b>Effect of low-level laser therapy on chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis and salivary inflammatory mediators in head and neck cancer patients.</b> Oton-Leite AF, Silva GB, Morais MO, Silva TA, Leles CR, Valadares MC, Pinezi JC, Batista AC, Mendonça EF. "<i>One interesting finding in this study was that IL-6 concentrations were lower in the laser group than in the control group throughout the treatment."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i>
[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9764844">extra</a>] J Invest Dermatol. 1998 Oct;111(4):629-33. <b>Non-coherent near infrared radiation protects normal human dermal fibroblasts from solar ultraviolet toxicity.</b> Menezes S, Coulomb B, Lebreton C, Dubertret L. <i>"Living organisms on the Earth's surface are bathed by infrared radiation every day, before being submitted to solar UV. Thus, we propose that this as yet undescribed natural process of cell protection against solar UV, acquired and preserved through evolutional selection, plays an important role in life maintenance."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.gradymedical.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Importance_of_Coherence_in_Phototherapy.pdf">extra</a>] </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>The importance of coherence in phototherapy.</b> TomasHode, Donald Duncan, Sean Kirkpatrick, Peter Jenkins, Lars Hode. <i>"In superficial tissue, where the photon flux is high (less absorption has taken place), it is easy to reach necessary power density thresholds without the benefits of laser speckle. However, in deep tissue where the photon flux is extremely low, the increased probability of photon absorption from individual laser speckles increases the probability of reaching the necessary power density thresholds. Because of the non-coherent nature of radiation from light/IR emitting diodes speckle does not occur in the tissue with LED therapy, which may explain why head-to-head comparisons between lasers and LEDs in deep tissue seem to be in favor of lasers, and super-pulsed lasers in particular"</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22860296">extra</a>] Masui. 2012 Jul;61(7):687-92. <b>[Near infrared light irradiator using halogen lamp].</b> [Article in Japanese] Ide Y.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
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[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21214497">extra</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2011 Jun;29(6):399-404. <b>Visible light-induced healing of diabetic or venous foot ulcers: a placebo-controlled double-blind study.</b> Landau Z, Migdal M, Lipovsky A, Lubart R.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24682183">extra</a>] Br J Ophthalmol. 2014 Aug;98(8):1013-5. <b>Photobiomodulation in the treatment of patients with non-center-involving diabetic macular oedema.</b> Tang J, Herda AA, Kern TS. <i>"Daily PBM treatment for only 80 s per treatment twice daily caused a significant reduction in focal retinal thickening in all 4 treated eyes. No adverse effects attributable to therapy were noted by the patients or study investigators during the study period.</i></span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">" </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[670nm LED]</span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24631333/">extra</a>] </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Exp Eye Res. 2014 May;122:50-3. <b>Recharging mitochondrial batteries in old eyes. Near infra-red increases ATP.</b> Gkotsi D, Begum R, Salt T, Lascaratos G, Hogg C, Chau KY, Schapira AH, Jeffery G. <i>"Near infra-red (670 nm) is thought to be absorbed by cytochrome c oxidase (COX), a key element in mitochondrial respiration and it has been demonstrated that it improves mitochondrial membrane potentials in aged eyes. It also significantly reduces the impact of experimental pathology and ameliorates age related retinal inflammation. We show ATP decline with ageing in mouse retina and brain. Also, in these tissues that ATP is significantly increased by 670 nm exposure in old mice. In the retina this was associated with increased COX and reduced acrolein expression."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595370">extra</a>] Neurobiol Aging. 2013 Feb;34(2):602-9. <b>Age-related retinal inflammation is reduced by 670 nm light via increased mitochondrial membrane potential.</b> Kokkinopoulos I, Colman A, Hogg C, Heckenlively J, Jeffery G. <i>"These results provide a simple route to combating inflammation in an aging population with declining visual function and may be applicable to clinical conditions where retinal inflammation is a key feature."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21182447">extra</a>] Photomed Laser Surg. 2011 May;29(5):351-8. <b>Improved cognitive function after transcranial, light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, traumatic brain injury: two case reports.</b> Naeser MA, Saltmarche A, Krengel MH, Hamblin MR, Knight JA. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603448">extra</a>] J Photochem Photobiol B. 2013 Jun 5;123:13-22. <b>Non-invasive infra-red therapy (1072 nm) reduces β-amyloid protein levels in the brain of an Alzheimer's disease mouse model, TASTPM.</b> Grillo SL, Duggett NA, Ennaceur A, Chazot PL. <i>"Chronic IR1072 treatment of female TASTPM mice elicited significant increases in HSP60, 70 and 105 and phosphorylated-HSP27 (P-HSP27) (50-139%), together with a concomitant profound decrease in αB-crystallin, APP, tau-P, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 (43-81%) protein levels at 7 months of age."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25277249">extra</a>] Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Jan;30(1):339-46. <b>The effects of transcranial LED therapy (TCLT) on cerebral blood flow in the elderly women.</b> Salgado AS, Zângaro RA, Parreira RB, Kerppers II. <i>"TCD parameters showed improvement in the blood flow on the arteries analyzed. TCLT promoted a blood and vasomotor behavior of the basilar and middle cerebral arteries in healthy elderly women."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24795325">extra</a>] Poult Sci. 2014 May;93(5):1289-97. <b>Red light is necessary to activate the reproductive axis in chickens independently of the retina of the eye.</b> Baxter M, Joseph N, Osborne VR, Bédécarrats GY.</span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22879579">extra</a>] J Dent Res. 2012 Oct;91(10):961-6. <b>Effects of red light-emitting diode irradiation on dental pulp cells.</b> Holder MJ, Milward MR, Palin WM, Hadis MA, Cooper PR. <i>"Light exposure also rescued the inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction and increased levels of in vitro mineralization compared with control."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24871130">extra</a>] Sci Transl Med. 2014 May 28;6(238):238ra69. <b>Photoactivation of endogenous latent transforming growth factor-β1 directs dental stem cell differentiation for regeneration.</b> Arany PR, Cho A, Hunt TD, Sidhu G, Shin K, Hahm E, Huang GX, Weaver J, Chen AC, Padwa BL, Hamblin MR, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Kulkarni AB, J Mooney D. <i>[810nm laser] "in vivo pulp capping model in rat teeth demonstrated significant increase in dentin regeneration after LPL treatment."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24717149">extra</a>] J Oral Rehabil. 2014 Jul;41(7):523-31. <b>Treatment of dentin hypersensitivity with a low-level laser-emitting toothbrush: double-blind randomised clinical trial of efficacy and safety.</b> Ko Y, Park J, Kim C, Park J, Baek SH, Kook YA.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26064065">extra</a>] J Pain Res. 2015 May 26;8:253-6. <b>Can intractable discogenic back pain be managed by low-level laser therapy without recourse to operative intervention?</b> Ip D, Fu NY.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <i>"All of the patients who entered the study had failed response to a combination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and had had not less than 3 months of conventional physical therapy. [...] All but one patient had significant improvement in their Oswestry Disability Index score, from a mean of 50% score to a mean of 10% score, at the end of treatment at 12 weeks. In addition, surprisingly, the improvement was found maintained at follow-up assessments 1 year and 5 years later."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25585514">extra</a>] Physiother Theory Pract. 2015 Jan 14:1-8. <b>Muscular pre-conditioning using light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) for high-intensity exercise: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with a single elite runner.</b> Ferraresi C, Beltrame T, Fabrizzi F, Nascimento ES, Karsten M, Francisco CO, Borghi-Silva A, Catai AM, Cardoso DR, Ferreira AG, Hamblin MR, Bagnato VS, Parizotto NA. <i>"A LED cluster with 50 LEDs (λ = 850 nm; 50 mW 15 s; 37.5 J) was applied on legs, arms and trunk muscles of a single runner athlete 5 min before a high-intense constant workload running exercise on treadmill. [...] LEDT improved the speed of the muscular VO2 adaptation (∼-9 s), decreased O2 deficit (∼-10 L), increased the VO2 from the slow component phase (∼+348 ml min-1) and increased the time limit of exercise (∼+589 s). LEDT decreased blood and urine markers of muscle damage and fatigue (CK, alanine and lactate levels)."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11208692">extra</a>] Circulation. 2001 Jan 16;103(2):296-301. <b>Low-energy laser irradiation reduces formation of scar tissue after myocardial infarction in rats and dogs.</b> Oron U, Yaakobi T, Oron A, Mordechovitz D, Shofti R, Hayam G, Dror U, Gepstein L, Wolf T, Haudenschild C, Haim SB. <i>"Only 14+/-3% of the mitochondria in the cardiomyocytes in the ischemic zone (4 hours after MI) of LI MI-induced rats were severely damaged, compared with 36+/-1% in NLI rats. Accordingly, ATP content in that zone was 7.6-fold (significantly) higher in LI than in NLI rats." [LI: laser, NLI: sham]</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9109708">extra</a>] Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997 Apr;78(4):399-406. <b>Narrow-band red light phototherapy in perennial allergic rhinitis and nasal polyposis.</b> Neuman I, Finkelstein Y. <i>"Following treatment, improvement of symptoms was reported by 72% of the allergic rhinitis patients and objective improvement was endoscopically demonstrated in <u>70%</u> of them as compared with 24% and <u>3%</u>, respectively, in the placebo group."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25552961">extra</a>] Dose Response. 2014 Sep 22;12(4):619-49. <b>Pre-conditioning with low-level laser (light) therapy: light before the storm.</b> Agrawal T, Gupta GK, Rai V, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR. <i>"Recently it has become apparent that LLLT can also be effective if delivered to normal cells or tissue before the actual insult or trauma, in a pre-conditioning mode. Muscles are protected, nerves feel less pain, and LLLT can protect against a subsequent heart attack. These examples point the way to wider use of LLLT as a pre-conditioning modality to prevent pain and increase healing after surgical/medical procedures and possibly to increase athletic performance."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />
[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24198392">extra</a>] J Cell Sci. 2014 Jan 15;127(Pt 2):388-99. <b>Light-harvesting chlorophyll pigments enable mammalian mitochondria to capture photonic energy and produce ATP.</b> Xu C, Zhang J, Mihai DM, Washington I. <i>"Here we show that mammalian mitochondria can also capture light and synthesize ATP when mixed with a light-capturing metabolite of chlorophyll."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25788488">extra</a>] </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Biol Lett. 2015 Mar;11(3). pii: 20150073. <b>Near-infrared light increases ATP, extends lifespan and improves mobility in aged Drosophila melanogaster.</b> Begum R, Calaza K, Kam JH, Salt TE, Hogg C, Jeffery G.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25703782">extra</a>] Med Hypotheses. 2015 May;84(5):421-8. <b>Did human hairlessness allow natural photobiomodulation 2 million years ago and enable photobiomodulation therapy today? This can explain the rapid expansion of our genus's brain.</b> Mathewson I.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://pubs.sciepub.com/jcrt/3/1/1/jcrt-3-1-1.pdf">extra</a>] </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Journal of Cancer Research, 3(1), 1-5. (2015) <b>Water’s Many Roles in Laser Photobiomodulation.</b> Santana-Blank, L., Rodríguez-Santana, E., Santana-Rodríguez, K. E., Santana-Rodríguez, J. A., & Reyes, H. <i>"We propose that light-water interactions offer a potent, alternate and complementary pathway to activate and modulate tumor suppression and/or proto-oncogenic expression through energy transfer via water and CO2 in multi-fractal regimes, leading to the coupling of spatiotemporal oscillators. Laser photobiomodulation may, thus, offer the possibility of targeting multiple hallmarks of cancer and other complex diseases using fit-for-purpose electromagnetic (light) energy to restore physiologically reparative and regenerative mechanisms that can help reestablish homeostasis-homeokinesis, constituting a new emerging paradigm in the treatment of cancer and other complex diseases"</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24424395">extra</a>] Med Hypotheses. 2014 Mar;82(3):275-81. <b>Protein conformational modulation by photons: a mechanism for laser treatment effects.</b> Liebert AD, Bicknell BT, Adams RD. <i>"The consequence of laser application in treatment, therefore, can be seen as influencing the transmission of neural information via an integrated and rapid modulation of ion channels, achieved through both direct action on photo-acceptors (such as cytochrome c-oxidase) and through indirect modulation via enzymes, including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tyrosine kinases and tyrosine kinase receptors. This exogenous action then facilitates an existing photonic biomodulation mechanism within the body, and initiates ion channel modulation both in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS). Evidence indicates that the ion channel modulation functions predominately through the potassium channels, including two pore leak channels (K2P), which act as signal integrators from the periphery to the cortex. Photonic action also transforms SUMOylation processes at the cell membrane, nucleus and telomeres via signalling processes from the mitochondria (which is the main target of laser absorption) to these targets. Under the hypothesis, these observed biological effects would play a part in the bystander effect, the abscopal effect, and other systemic effects observed with the application of low level laser (LLLT). The implications of the hypothesis are important in that they point to mechanisms that can account for the effectiveness of laser in the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases, chronic pain and neurodegenerative disorders."</i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22381453" style="font-size: small;">extra</a><span style="font-size: x-small;">] Ann Thorac Surg. 2012 Apr;93(4):1181-6. </span><b style="font-size: small;">Light-induced vasodilation of coronary arteries and its possible clinical implication.</b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Plass CA, Loew HG, Podesser BK, Prusa AM. </span><i style="font-size: small;">"Vessels exposed to either light source showed a remarkable as well as comparable photorelaxation at definite energy densities. This effect is mediated by an intracellular nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. As LED sources are of small size, simple, and inexpensive build-up, they may be used during routine coronary artery bypass surgery to ease suturing of anastomosis by target vessel vasodilation."</i><br />
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<b>Appendix 1: Recommended articles and websites</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.isan.troitsk.ru/dls/publ3/344.pdf">Tiina Karu: Multiple Roles of Cytochrome c Oxidase in Mammalian Cells Under Action of Red and IR-A Radiation (2010)</a> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.laser.nu/lllt/Faq1.htm">The Low Level Laser Therapy - LLLT Internet Guide</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.healinglightseminars.com/laser-therapy/laser-research-library/">Healing Light Seminars - Laser Research Library</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://heelspurs.com/led.html"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Heelspurs.com - LED light therapy</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<a href="http://www.prima-books.com/LaserPhototherapy.php"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Laser Phototherapy (a book by Lars Hode and Jan Tunér ; 900+ pages, 2500+ scientific references)</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lpor.201300015/full">Wu&Xing: Intracellular signaling cascades following light irradiation (2013)</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www5.uwm.edu/news/2013/10/17/light-as-medicine-uwm-researchers-explain-how/">University of Milwaukee - Light as medicine? UWM researchers explain how</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://suppversity.blogspot.fi/2015/02/low-level-laser-therapy-lllt-almost.html">SuppVersity - Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) Almost Doubles Muscle Gains & Ramps Up Concentric & Eccentric Peak Torque Development During 8-Week Eccentric Training Program</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1413363?seq=10">Havelock Ellis: Sexual Education and Nakedness (1909)</a> "The hygienic value of nakedness is indicated by the robust health of the savage throughout the world who go naked. The vigor of the Irish, also, has been connected with the fact that (as Fynes Moryson's Itinerary shows) both sexes, even among persons of high social class, were accustomed to go naked except for a mantle, especially in more remote parts of the country, until the sevcenteeth century. Wherever primitive races abandon nakedness for clothing, at once the tendency to disease, mortality, and degeneracy notably increases, though it must be remembered that the use of clothing is commonly accompanied by the introduction of other bad habits.“</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.drlwilson.com/ARTICLES/SAUNALITE%20NIR%20BENEFITS.htm">Dr. Lawrence Wilson - THE BENEFITS OF NEAR INFRARED ENERGY</a></span><br />
<a href="http://www.drlwilson.com/ARTICLES/SAUNAS-NEAR%20VS.%20FAR%20I.htm"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dr. Lawrence Wilson - NEAR INFRARED VERSUS FAR INFRARED SAUNAS</span></a><br />
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<b>Appendix 2: Some extra speculations regarding light, thyroid hormones and copper</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">The general therapeutic effects of red light remind me of some similar findings related to <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/08/thyroid-hormones-and-heart-disease_13.html">thyroid hormones</a>. Thyroid hormone also appears to increase the activity of cytochrome c oxidase (Cox), so there might be a common mechanism.[147,148] Also, in one study, dietary copper was associated with a five-fold lower risk of metabolic syndrome. Since Cox is a copper enzyme, it might be hypothetically dependent on dietary intake.[149-151]</span></div>
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<b><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jevSr-LykF08ualZgyhWPERCGB8k6JYy3jrYVweQ-NA/edit?usp=sharing">Appendix 3: Quotes from John Harvey Kellogg's book "Light Therapeutics" (1910) (Google Drive)</a></b><br />
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<b><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RQbgMyzKJbBxR4wUybc6H0AY_iZNa12YkLL7Zo2jaLc/edit?usp=sharing">Appendix 4: Scientific studies about cytochrome oxidase (Google Drive)</a></b><br />
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<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1HGIYPj_ZNjOC23xyD86v8Q9l6WChIp8sHpcmKQSQSZY/edit?usp=sharing"><b>Appendix 5: Ray Peat Quotes: Red Light, Infrared, Light, Darkness (Google Drive)</b></a></div>
Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com24tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-192594055727228982014-12-22T03:24:00.000-08:002015-10-02T04:14:35.565-07:00Good Proteins, Bad Proteins and Amino Acids @ 180DegreeHealth<a href="http://180degreehealth.com/amino-acids-metabolic-syndrome/">180DegreeHealth - Good Proteins, Bad Proteins: The Amino Acids in Health and Disease</a><br />
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<br />Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-26464855652951775152014-10-11T05:58:00.001-07:002016-04-13T12:31:26.270-07:00Human relationships: Studies<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Table of Contents</span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-71bc99e4-ff6c-7612-4951-54ad1c24fe53" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. “Passion trap”, attachment theory (anxious/avoidant/secure), rejection sensitivity, neediness in relationships</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Shyness, “vulnerability”, self-disclosure, social anxiety</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Factors contributing to the attractiveness of a man</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Factors contributing to the attractiveness of a woman</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Social life, touch and health</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. Touch in social interactions</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Social skills (and various "tricks")</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. Social status and hierarchies</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. Funny studies/results</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. SMP (sexual marketplace)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11. LTR, living together, marriage etc</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12. Other studies</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13. Some very random research</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Appendix 1: Scientists</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Appendix 2: Blogs and websites</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 32px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Relationship Studies (300+ papers) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(compiled by </span><a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vladimir Heiskanen</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. “Passion trap”, attachment theory (anxious/avoidant/secure), rejection sensitivity, neediness in relationships</span></div>
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<a href="http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/eli-finkel/documents/ReciprocityRevisionFinal.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eastwick&Finkel: Selective vs. Unselective Romantic Desire: Not All Reciprocity is Created Equal (2006)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“These results are the first to suggest that romantic desire comes in two distinct “flavors” depending on whether it is exhibited uniquely toward a particular individual (with positive reciprocal effects) or toward individuals in general (with negative reciprocal effects).”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03637750500206524#preview" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Goei&Boster: The Roles of Obligation and Gratitude in Explaining the Effect of Favors on Compliance (2005)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“obligation has no effect on compliance”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/afreitas-/publications/downey_freitas_michaelis_khouri1998.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Downey et al. The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Close Relationships: Rejection Sensitivity and Rejection by Romantic Partners (1998)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“These caveats notwithstanding, our results confirm that women's expectancies help create their own reality in romantic relationships. During conflicts, women's expectations of rejection led them to behave in ways that elicited confirmatory reactions from their romantic partners.”</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://psp.sagepub.com/content/35/9/1165" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stinson et al. Deconstructing the “Reign of Error”: Interpersonal Warmth Explains the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Anticipated Acceptance (2009)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The authors tested the hypothesis that interpersonal warmth is the behavioral key to this acceptance prophecy: If people expect acceptance, they will behave warmly, which in turn will lead other people to accept them; if they expect rejection, they will behave coldly, which will lead to less acceptance. A correlational study and an experiment supported this model.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://pss.sagepub.com/content/22/9/1145" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stinson et al. Rewriting the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Social Rejection Self-Affirmation Improves Relational Security and Social Behavior up to 2 Months Later (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Chronically insecure individuals often behave in ways that result in the very social rejection that they most fear. We predicted that this typical self-fulfilling prophecy is not immutable.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12219854" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Murray et al. When rejection stings: how self-esteem constrains relationship-enhancement processes. (2002)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Ironically, chronic needs for acceptance may result in low self-esteem people seeing signs of rejection where none exist, needlessly weakening attachments.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284291" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Murray et al. Balancing connectedness and self-protection goals in close relationships: a levels-of-processing perspective on risk regulation. (2008)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“For people low in self-esteem, however, the activation of connectedness goals triggers a control system that prioritizes self-protection goals and directs them away from situations where they need to trust or depend on their partner.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10743875" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Murray et al. Self-esteem and the quest for felt security: how perceived regard regulates attachment processes. (2000)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The results revealed that low self-esteem individuals dramatically underestimated how positively their partners saw them. Such unwarranted and unwanted insecurities were associated with less generous perceptions of partners and lower relationship well-being. The converse was true for high self-esteem individuals.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513897000883" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sheets et al. Jealousy evocation, partner reassurance, and relationship stability: An exploration of the potential benefits of jealousy (1997)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://files.meetup.com/533554/To%20err%20is%20human.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Withers&Vernon: To err is human: Embarrassment, attachment, and communication apprehension (2006)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Faux Pas and Sticky Situations embarrassment triggers were independently associated with anxious attachment”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3572722" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hazan&Shaver: Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. (1987)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://internal.psychology.illinois.edu/~avicary2/ChooseYourOwnAdventure.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vicary&Fraley: Choose your own adventure: attachment dynamics in a simulated relationship. (2007)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://psp.sagepub.com/content/36/1/119" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Turan&Vicary: Who Recognizes and Chooses Behaviors That Are Best for a Relationship? The Separate Roles of Knowledge, Attachment, and Motivation (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Secure individuals and individuals strongly motivated to have supportive relationships were more likely to identify and to choose relationship-enhancing options.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.peplaulab.ucla.edu/Peplau_Lab/Publications_files/Impett_Peplau_Gable_2005.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Impett et al. Approach and avoidance sexual motives: Implications for personal and interpersonal well-being (2005)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “In the realm of sexuality, approach motives focus on obtaining positive outcomes such as ones own physical pleasure, a partners happiness, or enhanced intimacy in the relationship. Avoidance motives, in contrast, focus on evading negative outcomes such as ones own sexual frustration, a partners loss of interest in the relationship, or conflict in the relationship.” “for each unit increase in avoidance motives, participants were more than 2.5 times as likely to have broken up by the 1-month follow-up”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16248717" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Impett et al. Giving up and giving in: the costs and benefits of daily sacrifice in intimate relationships. (2005)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Whereas approach motives for sacrifice were positively associated with personal well-being and relationship quality, avoidance motives for sacrifice were negatively associated with personal well-being and relationship quality.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://selfesteemgames.mcgill.ca/research/baldwin1996.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Baldwin et al. Social-Cognitive Conceptualization of Attachment Working Models: Availability and Accessibility Effects (1996)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (in study 1, secure/avoidant/anxious people reported attachment styles of their own relationships… in all groups, romantic relationships were more often avoidant/anxious than friendships were)</span></div>
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<a href="http://socialrelations.psych.columbia.edu/images/stories/romero-canyasetal_jp_2010.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Romero-Canyas et al. Rejection Sensitivity and the Rejection–Hostility Link in Romantic Relationships (2010)</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“We view RS in terms of an underlying defensive motivation system that is particular to interpersonal contexts, biases individuals to readily perceive and strongly react to cues to rejection, and predisposes the individual to hostility and reactive aggression.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~rascl/assets/pdfs/Ayduk_etal_2003_PSPB.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ayduk et al. Tactical Differences in Coping With Rejection Sensitivity: The Role of Prevention Pride (2003)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“In the absence of rejection, they [HRS–high prevention people] evaluated a potential dating partner more favorably than others and showed the sharpest reduction in the positivity of their evaluation of the partner when led to believe that the partner had rejected them. [...] Study 2 also showed that when conflicts with partners did happen, HRS–high prevention individuals displayed less overt hostility that risks potentially escalating the conflict and increasing the likelihood of rejection from partners. Rather, they expressed their anger by acting cold and distant; they withdrew positive behavior, replicating the results of Study 1.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/higgins/papers/higgins+%202001%20rfocus%20pride.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Higgins et al. Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: promotion pride versus prevention pride (2001)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The studies found that participants with higher RFQ Promotion scores were less likely to make an ‘error of omission', and, independently, participants with higher RFQ Prevention scores were less likely to make an ‘error of commission'.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22003837" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Li et al. Economic decision biases and fundamental motivations: how mating and self-protection alter loss aversion. (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Findings reveal that mating motives selectively erased loss aversion in men. In contrast, self-protective motives led both men and women to become more loss averse.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/?&fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/a0033874" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gere et al: The independent contributions of social reward and threat perceptions to romantic commitment. (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Stronger threat perceptions were associated with lower satisfaction in all 3 studies.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Shyness, “vulnerability”, self-disclosure, social anxiety</span></div>
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<a href="http://mason.gmu.edu/~tkashdan/publications/jrp_curiosity.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kashdan&Roberts: Affective outcomes in superficial and intimate interactions: Roles of social anxiety and curiosity (2005)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the small-talk condition, individuals with higher social anxiety reported significantly greater NA [negative affect] compared to individuals with lower social anxiety” (negativity scores approximately 5,5 vs 14,5 -> socially anxious people have quite negative feelings in small talk context)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7809308" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Collins&Miller: Self-disclosure and liking: a meta-analytic review.</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“(a) People who engage in intimate disclosures tend to be liked more than people who disclose at lower levels, (b) people disclose more to those whom they initially like, and (c) people like others as a result of having disclosed to them.” [scienceofrelationships: “and we like people more when they disclose positive5 rather than negative information.6”]</span></div>
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<a href="http://spr.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/10/22/0265407512459033.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sprecher et al. Effects of self-disclosure role on liking, closeness, and other impressions in get-acquainted interactions (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“After the first interaction, listeners (vs. disclosers) reported more liking and other positive interpersonal impressions. These differences disappeared after participants switched roles in the second interaction. Furthermore, listening was associated with greater degrees of perceived similarity.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9599440" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laurenceau et al. Intimacy as an interpersonal process: the importance of self-disclosure, partner disclosure, and perceived partner responsiveness in interpersonal exchanges. (1998)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Overall, the findings strongly supported the conceptualization of intimacy as a combination of self-disclosure and partner disclosure at the level of individual interactions with partner responsiveness as a partial mediator in this process. Additionally, in Study 2, self-disclosure of emotion emerged as a more important predictor of intimacy than did self-disclosure of facts and information.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22318997" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Forest&Wood: When social networking is not working: individuals with low self-esteem recognize but do not reap the benefits of self-disclosure on Facebook. (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“We found that although people with low self-esteem considered Facebook an appealing venue for self-disclosure, the low positivity and high negativity of their disclosures elicited undesirable responses from other people.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22812625" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lenton et al. How does "being real" feel? The experience of state authenticity. (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Study 1 demonstrated that people are motivated to experience state authenticity and avoid inauthenticity and that such experiences are common, regardless of one's degree of trait authenticity. [...] Study 3 corroborated the results of Study 2 and further revealed positive mood and nostalgia as consequences of reflecting on experiences of authenticity.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.richslatcher.com/papers/Slatcher_PR_2010.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Slatcher RB: When Harry and Sally met Dick and Jane: Creating closeness between couples (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Compared to the small-talk condition, those in the high-disclosure condition felt closer to the couples they interacted with and were more likely to meet up with them again during the following month.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.personal.kent.edu/~dfresco/CBT_Readings/BRAT_Alden_1998.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alden&Bieling: Interpersonal consequences of the pursuit of safety. (1998)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Subjects' appraisals of the situation were manipulated to be either positive or negative by highlighting the likelihood of positive or negative social outcomes. [...] As predicted, socially anxious individuals elicited significantly more negative responses from others in the negative appraisal condition, where they employed safety behaviors, than in the positive appraisal condition, where they did not.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.1937/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Schmid&Mast: Power increases performance in a social evaluation situation as a result of decreased stress responses (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“We hypothesized and found that thinking about having power reduced fear of negative evaluation and physiological arousal during a self-presentation task (Studies 1 and 2). In Study 2, we also showed that simply thinking about having power made individuals perform better in a social evaluation situation. Our results confirmed our hypotheses that the mechanism explaining this power–performance link was that high power participants felt less fear of negative evaluation.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/9547823/13-027.pdf?sequence=1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cuddy et al: The Benefit of Power Posing Before a High-Stakes Social Evaluation (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“As predicted, high power posers performed better and were more likely to be chosen for hire, and this relationship was mediated only by presentation quality, not speech quality. Power pose condition had no effect on body posture during the social evaluation, thus highlighting the relationship between preparatory nonverbal behavior and subsequent performance”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15488368" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kim EJ: The effect of the decreased safety behaviors on anxiety and negative thoughts in social phobics. (2005)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “These results imply that exposure could be more effective if social phobics are encouraged to drop their safety behaviors in the feared social situation”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433252" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">McManus et al. Why social anxiety persists: an experimental investigation of the role of safety behaviours as a maintaining factor. (2008)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Both the high and low social anxiety groups perceived their safety behaviours to be helpful. Study two involved experimentally manipulating the use of safety behaviours and self-focus and demonstrated the use of safety behaviours and self-focused attention to be unhelpful in a number of ways.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://helenleelin.webs.com/Publications/UysalLinKnee_2010.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Uysal et al. The Role of Need Satisfaction in Self-Concealment and Well-Being (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Overall, the findings suggest that concealing personal distressing information is detrimental to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, which in turn predicts negative well-being.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.impettrelationshipslab.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/07/Suppression-Sours-Sacrifice-Emotional-and-Relational-Costs-of-Suppressing-Emotions-in-Romantic-Relationships.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Impett et al. Suppression Sours Sacrifice: Emotional and Relational Costs of Suppressing Emotions in Romantic Relationships (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~schaller/Maner2007.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maner et al. Does Social Exclusion Motivate Interpersonal Reconnection? Resolving the “Porcupine Problem” (2006)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The tendency for acts of exclusion to motivate positive social perceptions and behavior emerges most strongly among individuals who are socially optimistic. For these individuals, the pain of rejection appears to be transformed into strategic attempts to fulfill the unrequited need for social connection. No such tendency emerges, however, among individuals who are socially anxious and pessimistic about the consequences of future interactions. For these folks, it seems, the lingering fear of rejection outweighs the unrequited need for social connection.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://spp.sagepub.com/content/4/6/685" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cameron et al. The Bold and the Bashful Self-Esteem, Gender, and Relationship Initiation (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“When interpersonal risk was high, low self-esteem men used less direct initiation strategies (Study 1) and exhibited less direct and more interpersonally negative behaviors, conveying less liking (Study 2) than their HSEs counterparts.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Factors contributing to the attractiveness of a man</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Appearance and hygiene (shoulder/hip ratio, muscularity, tan, skin color, odor, clothes)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513802001496" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hughes&Gallup: Sex differences in morphological predictors of sexual behavior: Shoulder to hip and waist to hip ratios (2003)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“We investigated sex differences in shoulder to hip ratios (SHR) and waist to hip ratios (WHR), and their relationships to different features of sexual behavior. Males with high SHR and females with low WHR reported sexual intercourse at an earlier age, more sexual partners, more extra-pair copulations (EPC), and having engaged in more instances of intercourse with people who were involved in another relationship (i.e., having themselves been EPC partners).”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/haselton/papers/downloads/Frederick_Haselton_2007_Muscularity_sexy.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frederick&Haselton: Why Is Muscularity Sexy? Tests of the Fitness Indicator Hypothesis (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “Across three studies, when controlling for other characteristics (e.g., body fat), muscular men rate their bodies as sexier to women (partial rs = .49-.62) and report more lifetime sex partners (partial rs = .20-.27), short-term partners (partial rs = .25-.28), and more affairs with mated women (partial r = .28).”</span></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb01527.x/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Broadstock et al. Effects of Suntan on Judgements of Healthiness and Attractiveness by Adolescents (1992)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Results indicate that a medium tan is perceived as healthiest and most attractive, and “no tan” is perceived as both least healthy and attractive.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/19120/Stephen_Cross(2012).pdf?sequence=1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stephen et al. Cross-cultural effects of color, but not morphological masculinity, on perceived attractiveness of men’s faces (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“For Caucasian faces rated 255 by Caucasian raters, greater attractiveness was predicted by increased yellowness 256 (b*; β=0.658; p=0.032) and decreased lightness (L*; β=-0.385; p=0.032) of the face”</span></div>
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<a href="http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/12/30/0956797613510724.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lee et al: Genetic Factors That Increase Male Facial Masculinity Decrease Facial Attractiveness of Female Relatives (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“However, we also found that masculinity of male faces is unrelated to their attractiveness and that facially masculine men tend to have facially masculine, less-attractive sisters.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773704" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kerr et al. Odors and the perception of hygiene. (2005)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“For example, a hypothetical person whose clothes smell of pine was rated as relatively more successful, intelligent, sociable, sanitary, and attractive than one whose clothes smelled of lemon, onion, or smoke.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://171.66.127.192/content/1/3/256.short" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Havlicek et al. Women's preference for dominant male odour: effects of menstrual cycle and relationship status (2006)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Here, we show that women in the fertile phase of their cycle prefer body odour of males who score high on a questionnaire-based dominance scale”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ceacb.ucl.ac.uk/cultureclub/files/CC2006-02-07_Thornhill.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thornhill&Gangestad: The Scent of Symmetry: A Human Sex Pheromone that Signals Fitness? (1999)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“In both sexes, facial attractiveness (as judged from photos) appears to predict body scent attractiveness to the opposite sex. Women’s preference for the scent associated with men’s facial attractiveness is greatest when their fertility is highest across the menstrual cycle.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20677892" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Elliot et al. Red, rank, and romance in women viewing men. (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Specifically, in a series of 7 experiments we demonstrate that women perceive men to be more attractive and sexually desirable when seen on a red background and in red clothing, and we additionally show that status perceptions are responsible for this red effect.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/04/03/1219361110.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mautz et al. Penis size interacts with body shape and height to influence male attractiveness (2012) </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(</span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be6dTdx1qxs" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">youtube-videoselostus</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"larger penis size and greater height had almost equivalent positive effects on male attractiveness. Our results support the hypothesis that female mate choice could have driven the evolution of larger penises in humans."</span></div>
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<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12144-997-1013-0" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mehrabian&Blum: Physical appearance, attractiveness, and the mediating role of emotions (1997)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Self-care, Masculinity (Femininity), and Pleasantness were positive correlates of male (female) attractiveness.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://business.utsa.edu/faculty/kdurante/files/OvulationPaternalInvestment.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Durante et al. Ovulation Leads Women to Perceive Sexy Cads as Good Dads (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Using both college-age and community-based samples, in 3 studies we show that ovulating women perceive charismatic and physically attractive men, but not reliable and nice men, as more committed partners and more devoted future fathers. Ovulating women perceive that sexy cads would be good fathers to their own children but not to the children of other women. This ovulatory-induced perceptual shift is driven by women who experienced early onset of puberty.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Personality, flirting styles, dominance, humor, intelligence, niceness, warmth/coldness</span></div>
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<a href="http://www65.homepage.villanova.edu/patrick.markey/JRP%20-%20sex%20prom.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Markey&Markey: The interpersonal meaning of sexual promiscuity (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">”individuals in this sample who were dominant and were either very cold or very warm were more likely to have multiple sexual partners” “results [...] were also consistent with previous research suggesting that extraverted and antagonistic individuals [...] tend to be more sexually promiscuous than introverted or agreeable individuals” [the graphs are very interesting, and they seem to apply to both genders]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.wellingresearchlab.com/uploads/1/3/5/7/13572010/hill_et_al._2013.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hill et al. Quantifying the strength and form of sexual selection on men's traits (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Results indicate that dominance and the traits associated with it predict men's mating success, but attractiveness and the traits associated with it do not.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1025894203368" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Urbaniak&Kilmann: Physical Attractiveness and the “Nice Guy Paradox”: Do Nice Guys Really Finish Last? (2003)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Overall results indicated that both niceness and physical attractiveness were positive factors in women's choices and desirability ratings of the target men. Niceness appeared to be the most salient factor when it came to desirability for more serious relationships, whereas physical attractiveness appeared more important in terms of desirability for more casual, sexual relationships.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://acumen.lib.ua.edu/content/u0015/0000001/0000213/u0015_0000001_0000213.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rosenbaum J: Sexual behavior in juveniles with psychopathic traits (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“A promiscuity score was calculated as the number of sexual partners reported by the participant divided by the number of years of sexual activity. [...] promiscuity was negatively related to agreeableness (r = -.274, p<.05) [...] In the female sample, promiscuity was positively related to APSD [antisocial personality disorder] total score (r = .498, p<.05)”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.epjournal.net/wp-content/uploads/EP11248262.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Giebel et al. Female Attraction to Appetitive-Aggressive Men is Modulated by Women’s Menstrual Cycle and Men´s Vulnerability to Traumatic Stress (2013)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513814000774" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yao et al. Criminal offending as part of an alternative reproductive strategy: Investigating evolutionary hypotheses using Swedish total population data (2014)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Convicted criminal offenders had more children than individuals never convicted of a criminal offense. Criminal offenders also had more reproductive partners, were less often married, more likely to get remarried if ever married, and had more often contracted a sexually transmitted disease than non-offenders. [...] We conclude that criminality appears to be adaptive in a contemporary industrialized country, and that this association can be explained by antisocial behavior being part of an adaptive alternative reproductive strategy.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://land-of-angels.com/py1/sadalla-etal-1987.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sadalla et al. Dominance and Heterosexual Attraction (1987)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“All four experiments indicated an interaction between dominance and sex of target. Dominance behavior increased the attractiveness of males, but had no effect on the attractiveness of females”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23638065" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Xu et al. Human vocal attractiveness as signaled by body size projection. (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The results show that male listeners preferred a female voice that signals a small body size, with relatively high pitch, wide formant dispersion and breathy voice, while female listeners preferred a male voice that signals a large body size with low pitch and narrow formant dispersion. Interestingly, however, male vocal attractiveness was also enhanced by breathiness, which presumably softened the aggressiveness associated with a large body size.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20923058" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen N: Men's sense of humor and women's responses to courtship solicitations: an experimental field study.</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21604870" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tracy&Beall: Happy guys finish last: the impact of emotion expressions on sexual attraction. (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“happiness was the most attractive female emotion expression, and one of the least attractive in males. In contrast, pride showed the reverse pattern; it was the most attractive male expression, and one of the least attractive in women”</span></div>
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<a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/68/3/427/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Campbell et al. Dominance, prosocial orientation, and female preferences: Do nice guys really finish last? (1995)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886910003235" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wilbur&Campbell: What do women want? An interactionist account of women’s mate preferences (2010)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9143146" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Botwin et al. Personality and mate preferences: five factors in mate selection and marital satisfaction. (1997)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Women expressed a greater preference than men for a wide array of socially desirable personality traits.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(08)00079-2/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Prokosch et al. Intelligence and mate choice: intelligent men are always appealing (2009)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11199-006-9075-2" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Niceness and Dating Success: A Further Test of the Nice Guy Stereotype</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“One hundred and ninety-one male college students completed a computerized questionnaire to assess their levels of agreeableness and aspects of their dating history. Twenty college-aged women rated the men’s photographs for attractiveness. Results supported the nice guy stereotype. Lower levels of agreeableness predicted more less-committed, casual, sexual relationships.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/usmt/1999/00000025/00000004/art00010" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Herold&Milhausen: Dating Preferences of University Women: An Analysis of the Nice Guy Stereotype (1999)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The findings indicate that nice guys are likely to have fewer sexual partners but are more desired for committed relationships.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/sers/2005/00000053/F0020005/00006758" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">McDaniel A: Young Women's Dating Behavior: Why/Why Not Date a Nice Guy? (2005)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The results of the present study suggest that reasons for dating (i.e., not wanting physical contact, wanting stimulating conversation, and wanting an exclusive relationship) and perceived personality traits (i.e., sweet/nice and physically attractive) influence a young woman's desire to date a nice guy”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10706169" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Halpern et al. Smart teens don't have sex (or kiss much either). (2000)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Higher intelligence operates as a protective factor against early sexual activity during adolescence, and lower intelligence, to a point, is a risk factor.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/barrett/snyder%20et%20al%202008.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Snyder et al: The dominance dilemma: Do women really prefer dominant mates? (2008)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Our findings suggest that women prefer potential mates who obtain status through prestige-based strategies over potential mates who obtain status through dominance-based strategies”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(14)00086-5/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Berg et al. Personality and long-term reproductive success measured by the number of grandchildren (2014)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Higher extraversion, lower conscientiousness, and lower openness to experience were similarly associated with both higher number of children and grandchildren in both sexes. In addition, higher agreeableness was associated with higher number of grand-offspring only.” [”</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Surely these results would be more interesting if they were divided by sex.”]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mate choice copying (preselection)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.cmaj.ca/content/175/12/1573.full" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eva&Wood: Are all the taken men good? An indirect examination of mate-choice copying in humans (2006)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The mean attractiveness rating assigned to the 10 male images was greater when the males were labelled as being married (mean 3.65 [...] relative to when they were labelled as being single (2.96 [...]”</span></div>
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<a href="http://link.springer.com.libproxy.helsinki.fi/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12110-007-9004-2.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Waynforth D: Mate Choice Copying in Humans (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(a ugly man is seen with a beautiful woman -> the ugly man becomes suddenly more interesting to other women)</span></div>
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<a href="http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/1/112.full" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bowers et al. Generalization in mate-choice copying in humans (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “Each of the above experiments replicates earlier findings (Place et al. 2010) that one's assessment of another's appeal is heightened upon acquiring social information indicating that person as a successful mate.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.psychologie.hu-berlin.de/prof/per/pdf/2010/PlaceEHB2010.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Place et al. Humans show mate copying after observing real mate choices (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “The strength of the mate copying effect was found to be similar in men and women, but the pattern of rating changes producing the effect differed: Men showed an increase in relationship interest in all conditions, whereas women exhibited a decrease after seeing a date where the individuals were not interested in each other and an increase only if the individuals were mutually interested.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=1994-01609-001" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Graziano et al. Social influence, sex differences, and judgments of beauty: Putting the interpersonal back in interpersonal attraction. (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "In Study 2, women evaluated physical attractiveness after seeing ratings supposedly made by same-sex peers."</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347207005970" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Galef et al. Evidence of mate choice copying in Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus (2008)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.epjournal.net/wp-content/uploads/EP08682694.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stanik et al. Rejection Hurts: The Effect of Being Dumped on Subsequent Mating Efforts (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“We tested the hypothesis that impressions of a person as a candidate for a romantic partner would decrease after people learned that the target had been dumped by his or her last partner. Results supported this hypothesis and revealed that people quickly change their opinions of potential partners when they receive this information [...] Interestingly, we found that female participants reported an increased desire to have a sexual relationship with a potential partner after learning he had rejected his last partner.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/group/busslab/pdffiles/mere%20presence.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hill&Buss: The Mere Presence of Opposite-Sex Others on Judgments of Sexual and Romantic Desirability: Opposite Effects for Men and Women (2008?)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Study 1 (N = 847) documented that women rated men more desirable when shown surrounded by women than when shown alone or with other men (a desirability enhancement effect). In sharp contrast, men rated women less desirable when shown surrounded by men than when shown alone or with women (a desirability diminution effect).”</span></div>
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<a href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/274/1611/899.full" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jones et al. Social transmission of face preferences among humans (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Here, we show that observing other women with smiling (i.e. positive) expressions looking at male faces increased women's preferences for those men to a greater extent than did observing women with neutral (i.e. relatively negative) expressions looking at male faces.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Special skills (music, sports, dance etc)</span></div>
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<a href="http://pom.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/05/01/0305735613482025.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen et al. Men’s music ability and attractiveness to women in a real-life courtship context (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“In the guitar case condition, 31% of the women gave their phone number to the confederate, compared to 9% in the sports bag condition and 14% in the no bag control condition.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://lebs.hbesj.org/index.php/lebs/article/viewFile/lebs.2012.18/60" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tifferet et al. Guitar Increases Male Facebook Attractiveness: Preliminary Support for the Sexual Selection Theory of Music (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(03)00064-3/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Faurie et al. Student athletes claim to have more sexual partners than other students (2003)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Both male and female students who compete in sports reported significantly higher numbers of partners than other students, and within the athletes, higher levels of performance predicted more partners.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/09/06/rsbl.2010.0619" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neave et al. Male dance moves that catch a woman's eye (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Nineteen males were recorded using the ‘Vicon’ motion-capture system while dancing to a basic rhythm; controlled stimuli in the form of avatars were then created in the form of 15 s video clips, and rated by 39 females for dance quality. Initial analyses showed that 11 movement variables were significantly positively correlated with perceived dance quality. Linear regression subsequently revealed that three movement measures were key predictors of dance quality; these were variability and amplitude of movements of the neck and trunk, and speed of movements of the right knee. In summary, we have identified specific movements within men's dance that influence women's perceptions of dancing ability. We suggest that such movements may form honest signals of male quality in terms of health, vigour or strength, though this remains to be confirmed.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Romantic interest, neediness, aloofness</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517110" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Birnbaum&Reis: When does responsiveness pique sexual interest? Attachment and sexual desire in initial acquaintanceships. (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [“[W]omen are less attracted to men who seem too caring on a first date, according to research in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. In the study, women were less likely to want to sleep with male acquaintances who expressed concern when they opened up than with men who were less emotionally responsive. It’s another case of nice guys finishing last. “The ‘too-nice stranger’ may come across as desperate,” says lead study author Gurit Birnbaum, Ph.D., a lecturer at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya in Israel. Rather than trying to empathize with a new interest, “just really listen, without interrupting,” says Birnbaum.”]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21169522" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Whitchurch et al. “He loves me, he loves me not . . . ": uncertainty can increase romantic attraction. (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/per.1881/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jonason&Li: Playing Hard-to-Get: Manipulating One’s Perceived Availability as a Mate (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23668234" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dai et al. When Does Playing Hard to Get Increase Romantic Attraction? (2013)</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Money, status</span></div>
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<a href="http://paws.wcu.edu/mccord/pdf/Shuler-McCord-AJPR-2010.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shuler&McCord: Determinants of Male Attractiveness: “Hotness” Ratings as a Function of Perceived Resources (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[“In one study, men were rated as more attractive when standing in front of an expensive car (believed to be theirs) as compared to when standing in front of a less expensive car.”]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.csom.umn.edu/assets/165659.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sundie et al. Peacocks, Porsches, and Thorstein Veblen: Conspicuous Consumption as a Sexual Signaling System (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Furthermore, conspicuous purchasing enhanced men’s desirability as a short-term (but not as a long-term) mate.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/sjp/71/3/157/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen&Lamy: Men’s social status and attractiveness: Women’s receptivity to men’s date requests. (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[“In a recent study, male confederates (guys in cahoots with the researchers) approached over 500 young women who were walking in a city. To test whether a males’ car affected women’s likelihood of sharing their digits, the male confederates waited in one of three cars (high, medium, or low value) before getting out and approaching the women. Men with a high status car were more likely to get a number (23.3%) than men with middle (12.8%) or low status cars (7.8%).”]</span></div>
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<a href="http://rutgerssocialcognitionlab.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/9/7/13979590/rudmanheppen2003pspb.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rudman&Heppen: Implicit Romantic Fantasies and Women’s Interest in Personal Power: A Glass Slipper Effect? (2003)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “In each experiment, women’s implicit romantic fantasies were dissociated with their conscious beliefs. More important, implicit (but not explicit) romantic fantasies negatively predicted women’s interest in personal power, including projected income, education goal, interest in high-status jobs, and group leadership appeal. By contrast, men’s implicit romantic fantasies were not routinely linked to their interest in personal power. In concert, the findings are consistent with positing a “glass slipper” effect for women that may be an implicit barrier to gender equity”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traditional gender ideologies</span></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01166.x/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pleck&Sonenstein: Masculinity Ideology: Its Impact on Adolescent Males' Heterosexual Relationships (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “With sociodemographic and personal background factors controlled, males who hold traditional attitudes toward masculinity indicate having more sexual partners in the last year, a less intimate relationship at last intercourse with the current partner, and greater belief that relationships between women and men are adversarial”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Flirting styles, self-esteen, self-confidence, body language</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.flirtingstyles.com/sites/all/r/pdf/hall_et_al_2010.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hall et al. Individual Differences in the Communication of Romantic Interest: Development of the Flirting Styles Inventory (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The physical, sincere, and playful styles correlated with more dating success. The physical and sincere styles correlated with rapid relational escalation of important relationships with more emotional connection and greater physical chemistry.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19134127" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Craig Roberts et al. Manipulation of body odour alters men's self-confidence and judgements of their visual attractiveness by women. (2009)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Our results demonstrate the pervasive influence of personal odour on self-perception, and how this can extend to impressions on others even when these impressions are formed in the absence of odour cues.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/institutes/urbanethology/resources/articles/articles/publications/220-2004-getting%20that%20female%20glance.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Renninger et al. Getting that female glance: Patterns and consequences of male nonverbal behavior in courtship contexts (2004)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“It was found that males who successfully made contact courtship initiation with females exhibited different body language in this precontact phase than did males who did not make contact with females, including significantly more glancing behaviors, space-maximization movements, intrasexual touching, and less closed-body movements.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00292533" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Walsh A: Self-esteem and sexual behavior: Exploring gender differences (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The present study found that high self-esteem males and females had a significantly greater number of sexual partners than low self-esteem subjects. The relationship is particularly strong for males. The greatest difference in self-esteem levels was found between male virgins and nonvirgins.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20053038" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Back et al. Why are narcissists so charming at first sight? Decoding the narcissism-popularity link at zero acquaintance. (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (</span><a href="http://www.researchgate.net/publication/40869027_Why_are_narcissists_so_charming_at_first_sight_Decoding_the_narcissism-popularity_link_at_zero_acquaintance/file/79e4150c6ee09257cd.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) “Three main findings were revealed: First, narcissism leads to popularity at first sight. Second, the aspects of narcissism that are most maladaptive in the long run (exploitativeness/entitlement) proved to be most attractive at zero acquaintance. Third, an examination of observable verbal and nonverbal behaviors as well as aspects of physical appearance provided an explanation for why narcissists are more popular at first sight.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563211001786" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brand et al. What is beautiful is good, even online: Correlations between photo attractiveness and text attractiveness in men’s online dating profiles (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“- Women rated men’s internet dating photos independently from their profile texts. -> Men with attractive photos wrote texts that were rated as more attractive. -> Perceived confidence seemed to play a mediating role.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Other (similarity, digit ratio etc)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.alittlelab.stir.ac.uk/pubs/little_03_imprint_haireye_ehb.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Little et al. Investigating an imprinting-like phenomenon in humans Partners and opposite-sex parents have similar hair and eye colour (2003)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Parental characteristics were found to correlate positively with actual partner characteristics for both men and women.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690969/pdf/12028768.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perrett et al. Facial attractiveness judgements reflect learning of parental age characteristics (2002)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“We found that women born to ‘old’ parents (over 30) were less impressed by youth, and more attracted to age cues in male faces than women with ‘young’ parents (under 30). For men, preferences for female faces were influenced by their mother’s age and not their father’s age, but only for long-term relationships”</span></div>
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<a href="http://hera.ugr.es/doi/15009579.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Manning et al. The 2nd:4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences, and reproductive success: evidence for sexually antagonistic genes? (2000)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.epjournal.net/articles/sex-differences-in-romantic-kissing-among-college-students-an-evolutionary-perspective/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hughes SM: Sex differences in romantic kissing among college students: An evolutionary perspective (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"females place more importance on kissing as a mate assessment device" “As evidence for just how biologically important this exchange can be, one of us (Gallup) recently completed an unrelated survey which included the question “Have you ever found yourself attracted to someone, only to discover after kissing them for the first time that you were no longer interested?” Out of 58 male respondents, 59% answered “yes,” and 66% of 122 female respondents also answered in the affirmative.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Implicit vs. Explicit preferences</span></div>
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<a href="http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/eli-finkel/documents/InPress_EastwickEaglyFinkelJohnson_JPSP_000.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eastwick et al: Implicit and Explicit Preferences for Physical Attractiveness in a Romantic Partner: A Double Dissociation in Predictive Validity (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “Specifically, explicit preferences predicted the extent to which attractiveness was associated with participants’ romantic interest in opposite-sex photographs but not their romantic interest in real-life opposite-sex speed-daters or confederates. Implicit preferences showed the opposite pattern.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Factors contributing to the attractiveness of a woman</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23697641" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rantala et al. Facial attractiveness is related to women's cortisol and body fat, but not with immune responsiveness. (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“plasma cortisol level was negatively associated with attractiveness, indicating that stressed women look less attractive. Fat percentage was curvilinearly associated with facial attractiveness, indicating that being too thin or too fat reduces attractiveness.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23657810" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gueguen N: Effects of a Tattoo on Men’s Behavior and Attitudes Towards Women: An Experimental Field Study</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18089285" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gueguen N: Women's bust size and men's courtship solicitation. (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[!]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18380130" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen N: Bust size and hitchhiking: a field study. (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (</span><a href="http://nicolas.gueguen.free.fr/Articles/PMS2007b.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[!!!!!!]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15217022" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen&Fischer-Lokou: Hitchhikers' smiles and receipt of help. (2004)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/col.20651/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen N: Color and women hitchhikers' attractiveness: Gentlemen drivers prefer red (2010)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245227" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen N: Gait and menstrual cycle: ovulating women use sexier gaits and walk slowly ahead of men. (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23264164" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brody&Weiss: Slimmer Women's Waist is Associated with Better Erectile Function in Men Independent of Age. (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://nicolas.gueguen.free.fr/Articles/SBP2008.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen N: The effect of a woman’s smile on men’s courtship behavior (2008)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[“Significantly more men approached when the woman smiled (22% vs. 4%).”]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21267643" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kocsor et al. Preference for facial self-resemblance and attractiveness in human mate choice. (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Our results support the hypothesis that both facial similarity (i.e., cues of shared genes) and observer-independent features of attractiveness (i.e., honest signals of genetic quality) play an important role in males' mate choice. The lack of choice for self-resemblance on the female side in this particular study might reflect their more complex decision-making rules that are probably based on other cues beside visual stimuli.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.meskonorbert.hu/wp-content/documents/RewPsych_2006_BT_MN.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bereczkei&Mesko: Hair length, facial attractiveness, personality attribution: A multiple fitness model of hairdressing (2006)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166328" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Swami et al. More than just skin deep? Personality information influences men's ratings of the attractiveness of women's body sizes. (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“participants provided with positive personality information perceived a wider range of body sizes as physically attractive compared with the control group, whereas participants provided with negative personality information perceived a narrower range of body sizes as attractive.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.757/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kayser et al. Red and romantic behavior in men viewing women (2010)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002210311100299X" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pazda et al. Sexy red: Perceived sexual receptivity mediates the red-attraction relation in men viewing woman (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Men perceive women in red as sexually receptive. -> Men perceive sexually receptive women as attractive.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://jht.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/04/16/1096348012442546" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen&Jacob: Clothing Color and Tipping: Gentlemen Patrons Give More Tips to Waitresses With Red Clothes (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“It was found that waitresses wearing red received more tips but only with male patrons.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://ubc-emotionlab.ca/wp-content/files_mf/bealandtracyps2013.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Beall&Tracy: Women Are More Likely to Wear Red or Pink at Peak Fertility (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Across two samples (N = 124), women at high conception risk were more than 3 times more likely to wear a red or pink shirt than were women at low conception risk, and 77% of women who wore red or pink were found to be at high, rather than low, risk.“</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/haselton/papers/downloads/dress_to_impress.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Haselton et al: Ovulatory shifts in human female ornamentation: Near ovulation, women dress to impress (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Using a sample of 30 partnered women photographed at high and low fertility cycle phases, we show that readily-observable behaviors – self-grooming and ornamentation through attractive choice of dress – increase during the fertile phase of the ovulatory cycle.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/haselton/papers/downloads/Durante_Li_Haselton_2008_Change_in_dress_across_cycle.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Durante et al: Changes in Women's Choice of Dress Across the Ovulatory Cycle: Naturalistic and Laboratory Task-Based Evidence (2008)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"the effect of more skin being revealed during high fertility for women closest to ovulation in their high-fertility session was true only for sexually experienced women (high-fertility M = 387.28, SD = 140.92; low-fertility M = 259.487, SD = 158.82)"</span></div>
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<a href="http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/4/579.full" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kuukasjärvi et al: Attractiveness of women's body odors over the menstrual cycle: the role of oral contraceptives and receiver sex (2004)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Males rated the sexual attractiveness of nonusers highest at midcycle.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002210319290055O" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Moreland&Beach: Exposure effects in the classroom: The development of affinity among students (1992)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513809000889" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Singh et al. Cross-cultural consensus for waist–hip ratio and women's attractiveness (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Results show that in each culture participants selected women with low WHR as attractive, regardless of increases or decreases in BMI.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8366421" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Singh D: Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: role of waist-to-hip ratio. (1993)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(09)00109-3/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Karremans et al. Blind men prefer a low waist-to-hip ratio (2010)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.21181/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dixson et al. Male preferences for female waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index in the highlands of Papua New Guinea (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“These results show that the hourglass female figure is rated as attractive by men living in a remote, indigenous community, and that when controlling for BMI, WHR plays a crucial role in their attractiveness judgments.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3268185/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bremser&Gallup: Mental State Attribution and Body Configuration in Women (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Women with low WHR’s are rated as more attractive, healthier, and more fertile. They also tend to have more attractive voices, lose their virginity sooner, and have more sex partners.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(14)00074-9/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nedelec&Beaver: Physical attractiveness as a phenotypic marker of health: an assessment using a nationally representative sample of American adults (2014)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“In sum, the more attractive a respondent was rated, the less likely he or she was to report being diagnosed with a wide range of chronic diseases and neuropsychological disorders. Importantly, this finding was observed for both sexes. These analyses provide further support for physical attractiveness as a phenotypic marker of health.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.libproxy.helsinki.fi/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01837.x/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osborn DR: Beauty is as Beauty Does?: Makeup and Posture Effects on Physical Attractiveness Judgments (2006)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“For women within plus or minus one standard deviation of average facial attractiveness, makeup effect size estimates were comparable to previously published estimates of the importance of structural factors in attractiveness judgments. Similarly, for average weight stimuli, posture was comparable to body build in influencing attractiveness judgments.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15534510802628173#.UeOuD43IazY" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen N: Mimicry and seduction: An evaluation in a courtship context (2009)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fendo.2013.00159/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cerda-Molina et al: Changes in men’s salivary testosterone and cortisol levels, and in sexual desire after smelling female axillary and vulvar scents (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Periovulatory axilla and vulva scents accounted for a general increase of interest in sex. These odors were also rated as more pleasant and familiar, while luteal vulvar odors were perceived as intense and unpleasant.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.akademiai.com/content/k0476665152hwr17/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fraccaro et al. Experimental evidence that women speak in a higher voice pitch to men they find attractive (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Social life and health</span></div>
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<a href="http://indorgs.virginia.edu/affectiveneuroscience/papers/Beckes_&_Coan_2011.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Beckes&Coan: Social Baseline Theory: The Role of Social Proximity in Emotion and Economy of Action (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Social proximity and interaction attenuate cardiovascular arousal, facilitate the development of nonanxious temperament, inhibit the release of stress hormones, reduce threat-related neural activation, and generally promote health and longevity. Conversely, social subordination, rejection and isolation are powerful sources of stress and compromised health. Drawing on the biological principle of economy of action, perception/action links, and the brain’s propensity to act as a Bayesian predictor, Social Baseline Theory (SBT) proposes that the primary ecology to which human beings are adapted is one that is rich with other humans. Moreover, SBT suggests that the presence of other people helps individuals to conserve important and often metabolically costly somatic and neural resources through the social regulation of emotion.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/spc3.12087/abstract#.U1fvDjyIdMw.facebook" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cacioppo&Cacioppo: Social Relationships and Health: The Toxic Effects of Perceived Social Isolation (2014)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “Evidence indicates that loneliness heightens sensitivity to social threats and motivates the renewal of social connections, but it can also impair executive functioning, sleep, and mental and physical well-being. Together, these effects contribute to higher rates of morbidity and mortality in lonely older adults.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/05/09/1323641111" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Copeland et al: Childhood bullying involvement predicts low-grade systemic inflammation into adulthood (2014)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20855902" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carney et al. Power posing: brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance. (2010)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22493251" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tung et al. Social environment is associated with gene regulatory variation in the rhesus macaque immune system. (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8884390" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Field et al. Massage therapy reduces anxiety and enhances EEG pattern of alertness and math computations. (1996)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19083666" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Field et al. Massage therapy reduces pain in pregnant women, alleviates prenatal depression in both parents and improves their relationships. (2008)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20492036" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Harris&Richards: The physiological and psychological effects of slow-stroke back massage and hand massage on relaxation in older people. (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Physiological and psychological indicators suggest the effectiveness of slow-stroke back massage and hand massage in promoting relaxation in older people across all settings.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24165068" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lindgren et al. Touch massage: a pilot study of a complex intervention (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“one theory suggests that activation of pressure receptors in the skin activates the parasympathetic nervous system (Field et al., 2010). Another theory posits that massage releases oxytocin, a hormone suggested to be involved in positive social experiences (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998). [...] In spite of the fact that we only included 20 participants, the results revealed that TM significantly decreased anxiety levels in patients undergoing elective aortic surgery.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924739" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Uvnäs-Moberg: Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions. (1998)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Positive social interactions have been related to health-promoting effects. Oxytocin released in response to social stimuli may be part of a neuroendocrine substrate which underlies the benefits of positive social experiences”</span></div>
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<a href="http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/endo-6-2-221" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hammett: STUDIES OF THE THYROID APPARATUS. V. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COMPARATIVE MORTALITY RATES OF PARATHYROIDECTOMIZED WILD NORWAY RATS AND EXCITABLE AND NON-EXCITABLE ALBINO RATS (1922)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The one group, called the “Stock Albinos,”, presented the normal picture of low threshold of response to stimulation and high muscle tone. These rats were easily excited. The mortality rate within 48 hours after parathyroidectomy was 79 per cent and was accompanied by tetania parathyreopriva. In the other group, designated as the “ Gentled Albinos,” in which excitability and muscle tone had been reduced to a low level by constant handling and petting, the mortality rate was but 13 per cent.”</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [Gentling produced gentle, unexcitable animals; lack of gentling resulted in fearful, excitable animals.</span><a href="https://archive.org/stream/youchingthehuman000780mbp/youchingthehuman000780mbp_djvu.txt" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15519938" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mok&Woo: The effects of slow-stroke back massage on anxiety and shoulder pain in elderly stroke patients. (2004)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360859298800090" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hernandez-Reif et al: Multiple sclerosis patients benefit from massage therapy (1998)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The massage group had lower anxiety and less depressed mood immediately following the massage sessions and, by the end of the study, they had improved self-esteem, better body image and image of disease progression, and enhanced social functional status”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1744388108000972" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Billhult&Määttä: Light pressure massage for patients with severe anxiety (2009)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Findings revealed that the patients were able to rediscover their own capacity during the massage period. This was illuminated by the experience of being relaxed in body and mind, the experience of unconditional attention, the experience of decreased anxiety and the experience of increased self-confidence. The paper ends with a discussion of clinical implications.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1744388108000388" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Henricson et al. The outcome of tactile touch on stress parameters in intensive care: A randomized controlled trial (2008)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The study showed that tactile touch led to significantly lower levels of anxiety. The circulatory parameters suggested increased circulatory stability indicated by a reduction in noradrenalin requirement.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://web.b.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=10786791&AN=82534571&h=ATBR%2b67LLzk2zd7S1LgYftFOiehj0mDtCnMiKhtuGcrB8040pCAmhQG8wAbtD3xH2Z2gflbISVR77J17qyBTOA%3d%3d&crl=c" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Morhenn et al: Massage Increases Oxytocin and Reduces Adrenocorticotropin Hormone in Humans. (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Massage was associated with an increase in [oxytocin] and reductions in ACTH, [nitric oxide], and [beta-endorphin].”</span></div>
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<a href="http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10253890.2011.631154" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Linnen et al: Intranasal oxytocin and salivary cortisol concentrations during social rejection in university students (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Participants who were administered oxytocin exhibited a decrease in cortisol levels, relative to placebo, during the YIPS, F (4, 184) = 4.50, p < 0.05.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.bodyworkmovementtherapies.com/article/S1360-8592(10)00089-6/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Moyer et al: Does massage therapy reduce cortisol? A comprehensive quantitative review (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“MT’s effect on cortisol is generally very small and, in most cases, not statistically distinguishable from zero. As such, it cannot be the cause of MT’s well-established and statistically larger beneficial effects on anxiety, depression, and pain. We conclude that other causal mechanisms, which are still to be identified, must be responsible for MT’s clinical benefits.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.southalabama.edu/psychology/Faculty_Jonason_files/EP06637651.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jonason PK: Solutions to the Problem of Diminished Social Interaction (2008)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21604871" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bargh&Shalev: The substitutability of physical and social warmth in daily life. (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“In Study 1, higher scores on a measure of chronic loneliness (social coldness) were associated with an increased tendency to take warm baths or showers. In Study 2, a physical coldness manipulation significantly increased feelings of loneliness.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.scn.ucla.edu/pdf/Cyberball290.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eisenberger et al. Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion (2003)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“This study suggests that social pain is analogous in its neurocognitive function to physical pain, alerting us when we have sustained injury to our social connections, allowing restorative measures to be taken.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679216" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Slavich et al: Neural sensitivity to social rejection is associated with inflammatory responses to social stress. (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“As predicted, exposure to the laboratory-based social stressor was associated with significant increases in two markers of inflammatory activity, namely a soluble receptor for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (sTNFalphaRII) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159110005052" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carroll et al: Negative affective responses to a speech task predict changes in interleukin (IL)-6 (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088915911100078X" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Audet et al: Social defeat promotes specific cytokine variations within the prefrontal cortex upon subsequent aggressive or endotoxin challenges (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Among mice that had initially been repeatedly defeated, IL-1β and TNF-α expression was enhanced after the social defeat challenge”</span></div>
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<a href="http://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2008&issue=11000&article=00013&type=Fulltext" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yee et al: Reciprocal Affiliation Among Adolescent Rats During a Mild Group Stressor Predicts Mammary Tumors and Lifespan (2008)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Affiliative reciprocity during a stressor, a structural quality of social interactions, protected females from early mammary tumor development (the primary pathology in Sprague-Dawley rats) and early all-cause mortality. Conversely, lack of reciprocity (whether disproportionately seeking or receiving attempted affiliation) was as potent a risk factor as neophobia. Thus a social role increased risk additively with individual temperament. Our data indicate that affiliative reciprocity functions as a buffer for everyday stressors and are likely mediated by attenuated reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2008&issue=11000&article=00004&type=Fulltext" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Holt-Lunstad et al: Influence of a “Warm Touch” Support Enhancement Intervention Among Married Couples on Ambulatory Blood Pressure, Oxytocin, Alpha Amylase, and Cortisol (2008)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Salivary oxytocin was enhanced both early and late in the intervention group and alpha amylase was reduced at post treatment in intervention group husbands and wives relative to controls. Husbands in the intervention group had significantly lower post treatment 24-hour systolic blood pressure than the control group.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23304675" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Demirbağ&Erci: The effects of sleep and touch therapy on symptoms of fibromyalgia and depression. (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“the depression levels in the touch-music-aroma therapy group showed a larger decrease (before: 22.01±5.3; after: 14.52±3.7) than in the sleep-music-aroma therapy group (before: 24.81±5.1; after: 20.16±4.9)”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005835" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cullen et al: Positive touch, the implications for parents and their children with autism: an exploratory study. (2005)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/108/50/19937.short" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chen et al: Common oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphism and social support interact to reduce stress in humans (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Only individuals with one or two copies of the G allele of rs53576 showed lower cortisol responses to stress after social support, compared with individuals with the same genotype receiving no social support. These results indicate that genetic variation of the oxytocin system modulates the effectiveness of positive social interaction as a protective buffer against a stressful experience.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777651" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Baumeister&Leary: The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. (1995)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://pss.sagepub.com/content/17/12/1032.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Coan et al: Lending a Hand: Social Regulation of the Neural Response to Threat (2006)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Results indicated a pervasive attenuation of activation in the neural systems supporting emotional and behavioral threat responses when the women held their husband's hand. A more limited attenuation of activation in these systems occurred when they held the hand of a stranger.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18947346" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Zhong&Leonardelli: Cold and lonely: does social exclusion literally feel cold? (2008)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21728449" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">McConnell et al. Friends with benefits: on the positive consequences of pet ownership. (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“In summary, pets can serve as important sources of social support, providing many positive psychological and physical benefits for their owners.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://psp.sagepub.com/content/37/11/1438" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gray et al. Misery loves company: When sadness increases the desire for social connectedness. (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/53/1/33.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Idler et al. Mending Broken Hearts: Marriage and Survival Following Cardiac Surgery (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“After adjusting for demographics and pre- and postsurgical health, unmarried persons had 1.90 times the hazard of mortality of married persons”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22281209" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Schneiderman et al. Oxytocin during the initial stages of romantic attachment: relations to couples' interactive reciprocity. (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3681635" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">McAdams&Bryant: Intimacy motivation and subjective mental health in a nationwide sample. (1987)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“professional men (e.g., doctors, lawyers, and teachers) scored higher on intimacy motivation than did men in other occupational categories, while among women the occupational groups with highest intimacy motivation were service workers and craftspersons.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://jn.physiology.org/content/104/1/51.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fisher et al. Reward, Addiction, and Emotion Regulation Systems Associated With Rejection in Love (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Activation of areas involved in cocaine addiction may help explain the obsessive behaviors associated with rejection in love.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://spr.sagepub.com/content/29/1/126.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ein-Dor&Hirschberger: Sexual healing: Daily diary evidence that sex relieves stress for men and women in satisfying relationships (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(11)00047-X/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Seltzer et al. Instant messages vs. speech: hormones and why we still need to hear each other (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“We discovered that unlike children interacting with their mothers in person or over the phone, girls who instant messaged did not release oxytocin; instead, these participants showed levels of salivary cortisol as high as control subjects who did not interact with their parents at all.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16650596" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kimata H: Kissing selectively decreases allergen-specific IgE production in atopic patients. (2006)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Twenty-four patients with mild atopic eczema and 24 patients with mild allergic rhinitis kissed with lovers or spouses freely for 30 min while listening to soft music. [...] </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kissing selectively decreased allergen-specific IgE production with skewing cytokine pattern toward Th1 type.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://spp.sagepub.com/content/2/2/220" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Russell&McNulty: Frequent Sex Protects Intimates From the Negative Implications of Their Neuroticism (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/06/22/1108239108.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eisenberger et al. Attachment figures activate a safety signal-related neural region and reduce pain experience (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15236835" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Paredes&Agmo: Has dopamine a physiological role in the control of sexual behavior? A critical review of the evidence. (2004)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“There is no compelling indication in existing experimental data that dopamine is of any particular importance for sexual motivation.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://selfcontrol.psych.lsa.umich.edu/papers/Kross_etal_Rejection_PNAS_2011.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kross et al. Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20548058" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dewall et al. Acetaminophen reduces social pain: behavioral and neural evidence. (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Thus, acetaminophen reduces behavioral and neural responses associated with the pain of social rejection, demonstrating substantial overlap between social and physical pain.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://spp.sagepub.com/content/5/2/131" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Deckman et al: Can Marijuana Reduce Social Pain? (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Prior research has shown that acetaminophen—an analgesic medication that acts indirectly through cannabinoid 1 receptors—reduces the social pain associated with exclusion. Yet, no work has examined if other drugs that act on similar receptors, such as marijuana, also reduce social pain. Across four methodologically diverse samples, marijuana use consistently buffered people from the negative consequences associated with loneliness and social exclusion.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584612000838" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gould et al: Acetaminophen differentially enhances social behavior and cortical cannabinoid levels in inbred mice (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Hence, it appears that other indirect actions of acetaminophen, including 5-HT receptor agonism, may underlie its sociability promoting properties outweighing any CB1 mediated suppression by locally-elevated endocannabinoids in these mice.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00695.x/abstract;jsessionid=5C0F3FCC946C1BB9A9C2073BAB01D614.f01t04?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DeWall et al: Belongingness as a Core Personality Trait: How Social Exclusion Influences Social Functioning and Personality Expression (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19770347" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Blackhart et al. Rejection elicits emotional reactions but neither causes immediate distress nor lowers self-esteem: a meta-analytic review of 192 studies on social exclusion. (2009)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://spr.sagepub.com/content/30/6/795.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wilkinson et al. Eating me up inside: Priming attachment security and anxiety, and their effects on snacking (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Priming anxiety led to a significantly higher food intake than priming security (p = .016). We suggest that participants consumed more food in response to the anxious prime in an attempt to manage the resulting feelings of insecurity.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10899949" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Serra et al. Social isolation-induced decreases in both the abundance of neuroactive steroids and GABA(A) receptor function in rat brain.</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453007000698" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ditzen et al. Effects of different kinds of couple interaction on cortisol and heart rate responses to stress in women (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Women with positive physical partner contact before stress exhibited significantly lower cortisol and heart rate responses to stress”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051104001632" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Light et al. More frequent partner hugs and higher oxytocin levels are linked to lower blood pressure and heart rate in premenopausal women (2005)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Thus, frequent hugs between spouses/partners are associated with lower BP and higher OT levels in premenopausal women”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/131023/srep03034/full/srep03034.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sumioka et al: Huggable communication medium decreases cortisol levels (2013)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://ubc-emotionlab.ca/wp-content/files_mf/chengetal.inpressnarcissismstressbiomarkers.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cheng et al: Are Narcissists Hardy or Vulnerable? The Role of Narcissism in the Production of Stress-Related Biomarkers in Response to Emotional Distress</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (</span><a href="http://ubc-emotionlab.ca/publications/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in press</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“across a three-day period, highly narcissistic individuals showed elevated output of two biomarkers of stress—cortisol and alpha-amylase—to the extent that they experienced negative emotions”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The current research examined whether narcissists respond to everyday experiences of negative emotions with exaggerated or reduced hormonal stress activity. In doing, we drew on 14 the fragile-ego account (Gregg & Sedikides, 2010; Kernberg, 1976; Kohut, 1976), which proposes that beneath narcissists’ outward veneer of self-inflation and positivity lies an implicit negative sense of self, and corresponding insecurity and shame.“</span></div>
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<a href="http://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2014/04/02/jech-2013-203675.short?g=w_jech_pressrelease_tab" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lund et al: Stressful social relations and mortality: a prospective cohort study (2014)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Frequent worries/demands from partner or children were associated with 50–100% increased mortality risk. Frequent conflicts with any type of social relation were associated with 2–3 times increased mortality risk. [...] Those outside the labour force and men seem especially vulnerable to exposure.”</span></div>
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<a href="https://www6.miami.edu/touch-research/AdultMassage.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www6.miami.edu/touch-research/AdultMassage.html</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. Touch in social interactions</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22647931" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hahn et al. Hot or not? Thermal reactions to social contact. (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://psp.sagepub.com/content/10/4/512" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Crusco&Wetzel: The Midas Touch - The Effects of Interpersonal Touch on Restaurant Tipping</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14658752" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen&Fischer-Lokou: Tactile contact and spontaneous help: an evaluation in a natural setting. (2003)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“In one study, strangers who were touched lightly on the arm were more likely to help an experimenter pick up things they had dropped (Gueguen, 2003). The percentage of people who helped went up from 63% to 90%.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00987054" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Willis&Hamm: The use of interpersonal touch in securing compliance (1980)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“participants were asked to sign a petition. While 55% of those not touched agreed to sign it, this went up to 81% of those participants touched once on the upper arm. A second study asked people to fill in a questionnaire. The same touch increased compliance from 40% to 70%.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18982940" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vaidis&Halimi-Falkowicz: Increasing compliance with a request: two touches are more effective than one. (2008)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10919-010-0090-1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dolinski D: Touch, Compliance, and Homophobia (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“in the conditions when a man requests something from another man, touch actually negatively affects the chances for request fulfillment. This effect seems to be linked to the strong male homophobia characteristic of the society within which the experiments were carried out”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/SOCP.147.4.441-444#.Uac2T9K-2So" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Erceau&Guéguen: Tactile Contact and Evaluation of the Toucher (2007)</span></a></div>
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<a href="about:blank" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen N: The effect of a woman's incidental tactile contact on men's later behavior (2010)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://nicolas.gueguen.free.fr/Articles/SocialInfluence2007.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen N: Courtship compliance: The effect of touch on women’s behavior (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(20-year-old man approached young women on the street to ask for their phone numbers… the probability was raised from 10.0% to 19.2% if the man briefly touched woman’s forearm)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Social skills (and tricks)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12058977" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen&Jacob: Direct look versus evasive glance and compliance with a request. (2002)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19102478" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Foot-in-the-door technique using a courtship request: a field experiment.</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (</span><a href="http://nicolas.gueguen.free.fr/Articles/PsyRep2008b.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[nice results!]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23654039" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen et al. Compliments and receptivity to a courtship request: a field experiment. (2013)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21675573" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fischer-Lokou et al. Mimicry and propagation of prosocial behavior in a natural setting. (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1528/2381.full" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Baaren et al. Where is the love? The social aspects of mimicry (2009)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103111000060" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Swaab et al. Early words that work: When and how virtual linguistic mimicry facilitates negotiation outcomes (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“negotiators who actively mimicked their counterpart's language in the first 10 min of the negotiation obtained higher individual gain compared to those mimicking during the last 10 min, as well as compared to control participants”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23026816" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sparenberg et al. Minimal mimicry: mere effector matching induces preference. (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://psp.sagepub.com/content/34/7/939.short" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Karremans&Verwijmeren: Mimicking Attractive Opposite-Sex Others: The Role of Romantic Relationship Status (2008)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886905002849" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bale et al. Chat-up lines as male sexual displays (2006)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://pss.sagepub.com/content/22/1/95" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Huang et al: Powerful Postures Versus Powerful Roles: Which Is the Proximate Correlate of Thought and Behavior? (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Although past research has found that being in a powerful role and adopting an expansive body posture can each enhance a sense of power, two experiments showed that when individuals were placed in high- or low-power roles while adopting an expansive or constricted posture, only posture affected the implicit activation of power, the taking of action, and abstraction. However, even though role had a smaller effect on the downstream consequences of power, it had a stronger effect than posture on self-reported sense of power.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/soco.2013.31.2.260" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cesario&McDonald: Bodies in Context: Power Poses As a Computation of Action Possibility (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“In Study 1, expansive and constrictive poses influenced power only when held in an interpersonal context, which provides action-relevant meaning to these poses as dominance and submissiveness.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.1944/abstract;jsessionid=F721F300D96652ECBC9EF17187C42406.f02t02?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Welker et al: Upright and left out: Posture moderates the effects of social exclusion on mood and threats to basic needs (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Social exclusion only affected participants' mood when individuals took a powerful posture”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103111001612" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bohns&Wiltermuth: It hurts when I do this (or you do that): Posture and pain tolerance (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Dominant postures led to higher pain thresholds than submissive postures. [...] Interacting with a dominant confederate led to lower pain thresholds than interacting with a submissive confederate.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://spp.sagepub.com/content/3/4/497.short" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stel et al. Lowering the Pitch of Your Voice Makes You Feel More Powerful and Think More Abstractly (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://redfame.com/journal/index.php/smc/article/view/49" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Korobov&Laplante: Using Improprieties to Pursue Intimacy in Speed-dating Interactions (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The general, albeit surprising, finding is that far from being adversarial, improprieties tended to be useful for pursuing intimacy precisely because they presented interactive trouble. Successfully navigating the interactive trouble seemed to increase a subjectively shared sense of familiarity.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. Social status and hierarchies</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19803585" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shariff&Tracy: Knowing who's boss: implicit perceptions of status from the nonverbal expression of pride. (2009)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Results suggest that the pride expression strongly signals high status”</span></div>
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<a href="http://ubc-emotionlab.ca/wp-content/files_mf/tracyetalpridechapterhandbookofposemotionsinpress.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tracy et al: Pride: The Fundamental Emotion of Success, Power, and Status</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (</span><a href="http://ubc-emotionlab.ca/publications/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in press</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“[...]these studies </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">suggest that pride is a fundamental emotion in the biological and evolutionary sense, and in the social and interpersonal sense. It plays a major role in interpersonal and, in all likelihood, intergroup functioning, and also importantly shapes each individual’s self-concept and self-esteem. Perhaps most important, pride is the single most important emotion underpinning the attainment and maintenance of social status; pride experiences motivate status striving in a variety of ways, and pride displays communicate status-relevant information to others.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02699931.2011.645281#.UqhCYtJdXlY" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Martens et al: Status signals: Adaptive benefits of displaying and observing the nonverbal expressions of pride and shame (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“We argue that both pride and shame expressions function as social signals that benefit both observers and expressers. Specifically, pride displays function to signal high status, which benefits displayers by according them deference from others, and benefits observers by affording them valuable information about social-learning opportunities. Shame displays function to appease others after a social transgression, which benefits displayers by allowing them to avoid punishment and negative appraisals, and observers by easing their identification of committed group members and followers.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11723630" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gilbert P: Evolution and social anxiety. The role of attraction, social competition, and social hierarchies. (2001)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“this article has suggested that socially anxious people are highly attuned to the competitive dynamics of trying to elicit approval and investment from others but that they perceive themselves to start from an inferior (i.e., low-rank) position and, because of this, activate submissive defensives when attempting to present themselves as confident, able, and attractive to others. These submissive defenses (which evolved to inhibit animals in low-rank positions from making claims on resources or up-rank bids) interfere with confident performance, leading to a failure cycle.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://socialrelations.psych.columbia.edu/images/stories/ingratiation.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Romero-Canyas et al. Paying to Belong: When Does Rejection Trigger Ingratiation? (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“This research illuminates circumstances under which people are willing to ingratiate to gain acceptance from those who have rejected them. The ability to put effort into being helpful to others and accommodating to their needs can be highly adaptive [...] Persistence in efforts to meet the needs of a group or person who was initially rejecting can turn the situation around, leading to ultimate acceptance. However, such efforts can become maladaptive when they subvert other important personal goals or lead to socially harmful behavior. Preventing rejection or escaping from a state of rejection may be one of the underlying motives that drive people to a course of action that may render them susceptible to manipulation and abuse by others”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.carlsonschool.umn.edu/assets/lib/assets/AssetLibrary/2012/Mead%20et%20al_2010%20JCR.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mead et al. Social Exclusion Causes People to Spend and Consume Strategically in the Service of Affiliation (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://socialrelations.psych.columbia.edu/images/stories/docs/publications/(3)RS_Adolescents_2007.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">London et al. Social Causes and Consequences of Rejection Sensitivity (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Being liked by peers, irrespective of level of dislike, predicted a reduction in anxious rejection expectations in both boys and girls”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. Funny studies/results</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22930994" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen N: "Say it...near the flower shop": further evidence of the effect of flowers on mating. (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“It was found that women agreed more favorably to the confederate's courtship solicitation when solicited in the area of the flower shop. Positive mood induced by exposure to flowers was used to explain these results.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11026416" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen&Legoherel: Effect on tipping of barman drawing a sun on the bottom of customers' checks.</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23484341" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen&Lamy: Weather and helping: additional evidence of the effect of the sunshine Samaritan. (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Passers-by helped the confederates more favorably on the sunnier days. Positive mood induced by sun may explain such results.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15534510.2012.752401" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen N: Weather and courtship behavior: A quasi-experiment with the flirty sunshine (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"It was found that women agreed more often to the confederate’s courtship solicitation on the sunny days. Positive mood induction by the sun may explain such results."</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22558822" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen N: Color and women attractiveness: when red clothed women are perceived to have more intense sexual intent. (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21839031" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen&Jacob: Enhanced female attractiveness with use of cosmetics and male tipping behavior in restaurants.</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16279298" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Voracek et al. Clark and Hatfield's evidence of women's low receptivity to male strangers' sexual offers revisited. (2005)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “research analyzed an informal "real-life" journalistic project (N= 100) initiated by an Austrian magazine, in which results indicated a 6.1% acceptance rate (95% CI: 2.8-12.6%) for a complete stranger offering women immediate sexual involvement” //////////// [“It is interesting to note that ten of the refusing women were inclined to pursue the acquaintance by having a date or a drink with him. In addition, three women offered him their phone numbers for future contact; eight women provided apologetic responses by pointing to their relationship status (partnered or married); and five other women explained their refusal by referring to current time pressure (see here).”]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.unioviedo.es/reunido/index.php/PST/article/download/8446/8310" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Voracek et al. “I find you to be very attractive…” Biases in compliance estimates to sexual offers (2006)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21171789" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Conley TD: Perceived proposer personality characteristics and gender differences in acceptance of casual sex offers. (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The author found, when participants were asked about actual casual sexual offers in their real lives, women reported accepting 40% of the time.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-attraction-doctor/201302/avoiding-the-friend-zone-becoming-girlfriend-or-boyfriend" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hald&Høgh-Olesen: Receptivity to sexual invitations from strangers of the opposite gender (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “Research by Hald and Høgh-Olesen (2010) found that 68% of single men and 43% of single women agreed to a date request by a stranger of average attractiveness.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/78/1/26.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kornrich et al. Egalitarianism, Housework, and Sexual Frequency in Marriage (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Results show that both husbands and wives in couples with more traditional housework arrangements report higher sexual frequency”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676178" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brody&Costa: Vaginal orgasm is more prevalent among women with a prominent tubercle of the upper lip. (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“A prominent and sharply raised lip tubercle was associated with greater odds (odds ratio = 12.3) of ever having a vaginal orgasm, and also with greater past month vaginal orgasm consistency (an effect driven by the women who never had a vaginal orgasm), than less prominent lip tubercle categories.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103109001164" style="text-decoration: none;">Karremans et al. Interacting with women can impair men’s cognitive functioning (2009)</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22042159" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nauts et al. The mere anticipation of an interaction with a woman can impair men's cognitive performance. (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://ambadylab.stanford.edu/pubs/RuleRosenSlepianAmbady_in-press_PsychScience_Mating-interest.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rule et al. Mating Interest Improves Women’s Accuracy in Judging Male Sexual Orientation (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“We examined heterosexual women’s accuracy in judging male sexual orientation across the fertility cycle (Study 1) and found that women’s accuracy was significantly greater the nearer they were to peak ovulation.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://spp.sagepub.com/content/2/6/618" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tai et al. Touching a Teddy Bear Mitigates Negative Effects of Social Exclusion to Increase Prosocial Behavior (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/haselton/papers/downloads/Lieberman_Pillsworth_Haselton_2010_Kin_affiliation_across_cycle.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lieberman et al. Kin Affiliation Across the Ovulatory Cycle : Females Avoid Fathers When Fertile (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“we show that women selectively avoid interactions with their fathers during peak fertility”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23320439" style="text-decoration: none;">Van Vugt&Iredale: Men behaving nicely: public goods as peacock tails. (2013)</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://psp.sagepub.com/content/38/11/1396.abstract" style="line-height: 18.4px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Schoenfeld et al. Do Men and Women Show Love Differently in Marriage? (2012)</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“But whereas wives expressed love by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors, husbands showed love by initiating sex, sharing leisure activities, and doing household work together with their wives.”</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. SMP (sexual marketplace)</span></div>
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<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12115-012-9596-y/fulltext.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Baumeister&Vohs: Sexual Economics, Culture, Men, and Modern Sexual Trends (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19493289" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eisenberg et al: Who is the 40-year-old virgin and where did he/she come from? Data from the National Survey of Family Growth. (2009)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“A total of 122 (13.9%) men aged 25-45 reported never having had sex, representing approximately 1.1 million American men in this age cohort. Among female participants, a total of 104 (8.9%) women aged 25-45 reported never having sex, representing approximately 800,000 American women in this age cohort.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11. LTR, living together, marriage etc</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22545935" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rhoades et al. The impact of the transition to cohabitation on relationship functioning: cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(living together -> more negativity, less satisfaction… but at least more sex during the first year)</span></div>
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<a href="http://js.sagamorepub.com/jlr/article/view/2507" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ahlstrom et al. Me, My Spouse, and My Avatar: The Relationship between Marital Satisfaction and Playing Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[“Couples with one gamer partner were significantly less satisfied in their marriages compared to couples in which both partners played games. In this category, gamers (54%) and non-gamers (62%) said that they fought about gaming once in a while or more; whereas when both partners were gamers, fewer avid gamers (34%) and casual gamers (33%) said they fought about gaming. For one-gamer couples, the majority of both partners felt gaming had a bad influence on their relationship. However, when both partners were gamers, the majority thought that gaming had a good influence on their marriage.”]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21558557" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">McNulty JK: The dark side of forgiveness: the tendency to forgive predicts continued psychological and physical aggression in marriage. (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745942/pdf/nihms-130934.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The&Gordon-Larsen: Entry into Romantic Partnership is Associated with Obesity (2009)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Individuals who transitioned from single/dating to cohabiting or married were more likely to become obese than those who were dating at both waves. Partner concordance for negative, obesity-related behaviors was strongest for married couples and couples who lived together ≥2 years.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01544589" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Felmlee DH: Who's on top? Power in romantic relationships (1994)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“A higher proportion of both women and men say that the male partner, rather than the female partner, made more of the decisions, was less emotionally involved, and in general was “getting a better deal.””</span></div>
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<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1025601423031" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sprecher&Felmlee: The Balance of Power in Romantic Heterosexual Couples Over Time from “His” and “Her” Perspectives (1997)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X10001146" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wilcox&Dew: Is love a flimsy foundation? Soulmate versus institutional models of marriage (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“spouses who embraced a soulmate model of marriage experienced high levels of satisfaction but also experienced high levels of conflict and divorce [+150%]”</span></div>
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<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12110-012-9143-y?LI=true" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wolf et al: Estimating the Prevalence of Nonpaternity in Germany (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[keyword: cuckoldry] “a maximum likelihood estimate of the nonpaternity rate in the population of 0.94% was obtained with asymptotic 95% confidence limits of 0.33% and 1.55%, respectively”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12. Other studies</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21468998" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tracy&Prehn: Arrogant or self-confident? The use of contextual knowledge to differentiate hubristic and authentic pride from a single nonverbal expression. (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22109249" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ashton-James&Tracy: Pride and prejudice: how feelings about the self influence judgments of others. (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23645413?dopt=Abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carpenter et al. Appearances can be deceiving: instructor fluency increases perceptions of learning without increasing actual learning. (2013)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.epjournal.net/wp-content/uploads/EP10899909.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oesch N: The Dating Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Emerging Science of Human Courtship (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/eli-finkel/documents/57_FinkelBaumeister_AttractionRejection_AdvancedSocialPsychology.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Finkel&Baumeister: Attraction and Rejection (2009)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.southalabama.edu/psychology/Faculty_Jonason_files/JonasonLiRichardson_JSR.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jonason et al. Positioning the Booty-Call Relationship on the Spectrum of Relationships: Sexual but More Emotional Than One-Night Stands (2010)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.csub.edu/~cgavin/GST153/CelebrityStudy.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Young&Pinsky: Narcissism and celebrity (2006)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(interesting data about personality factors in different celebrity groups (musicians, actors etc.)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/haselton/unify_uploads/files/Larson%20et%20al.,%20in%20press%20hormones%20and%20behavior%202012.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Larson et al. Changes in women's feelings about their romantic relationships across the ovulatory cycle (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7288563" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brodt&Zimbardo: Modifying shyness-related social behavior through symptom misattribution. (1981)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“When specific arousal symptoms previously associated with their social anxiety were misattributed to a nonpsychological source, high-frequency noise, these extremely shy women behaved as if they were not shy...”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23613210" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Durante et al. The Fluctuating Female Vote: Politics, Religion, and the Ovulatory Cycle. (2013)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22642483" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hill et al. Boosting beauty in an economic decline: mating, spending, and the lipstick effect. (2012) </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(during an economic decline, women spend more money on their looks)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468947" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Durante et al. Sex ratio and women's career choice: does a scarcity of men lead women to choose briefcase over baby? (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(10)00095-4/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bailey et al. Men's perception of women's attractiveness is calibrated to relative mate value and dominance of the women's partner (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The results suggest that men's mate searching is calibrated to the relative mate value of themselves and prospective mates and varies dynamically with the cost–benefit tradeoffs of pursuing such a relationship.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21252381" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hill&Durante: Courtship, competition, and the pursuit of attractiveness: mating goals facilitate health-related risk taking and strategic risk suppression in women. (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(99)00026-4/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sluming&Manning: Second to fourth digit ratio in elite musicians (2000)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15534510.2010.487650#preview" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Johnco et al. They do get prettier at closing time: A repeated measures study of the closing-time effect and alcohol (2010)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01463373.2010.524876#preview" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Horan&Booth-Butterfield: Investing in Affection: An Investigation of Affection Exchange Theory and Relational Qualities (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“giving and receiving affection positively related to commitment and satisfaction. Receiving affection strongly predicted perceptions of satisfaction, and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">communicating affection better predicted commitment</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Affection accounted for between 17% and 35% of the variance in perceptions of commitment and satisfaction.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://psp.sagepub.com/content/18/2/190.short" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Miller RS: The Nature and Severity of Self-Reported Embarrassing Circumstances (1992)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The respondents' embarrassability predicted the intensity of their embarrassments; in addition, high school students suffered stronger embarrassments than college students, and women reported stronger embarrassments than men.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092656602005342" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Martin et al. Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire (2003)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.flirtingstyles.com/sites/all/r/pdf/hall_2011_embarrassment.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hall JA: Is it something I said? Sense of humor and partner embarrassment (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“these behaviors [self-defeating humor] may be seen as annoying, self-aggrandizing, or simply embarrassing to the self-deprecator’s relational partner.” “when new romantic partners make a show out of a trivial incapacity like playing Frisbee, they may appear to be neurotic and emotionally needy”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.flirtingstyles.com/sites/all/r/pdf/hall_and_canterberry_2011.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hall JA: Sexism and Assertive Courtship Strategies (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(sexist women appear to like sexist men...)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/files/attachments/85933/applied-interpersonal-pg-71-93.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motley MT: Behaviors that determine the fate of friendships after unrequited romantic disclosures (2008)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://spr.sagepub.com/content/17/2/205.short" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Afifi&Faulkner: On Being `Just Friends': The Frequency and Impact of Sexual Activity in Crosssex Friendships (2000)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“67% of those who reported engaging in sexual activity with a friend perceived that the sexual contact increased relational quality”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10825783" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Langlois et al. Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. (2000)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “within and across cultures; (b) attractive children and adults are judged more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; (c) attractive children and adults are treated more positively than unattractive children and adults”</span></div>
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<a href="http://ross.mayfirst.org/files/casualities-of-casual-sex_0.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Paul&Hayes: The Casualties of `Casual' Sex: A Qualitative Exploration of the Phenomenology of College Students' Hookups (2002)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16641059" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ragsdale et al. Where the boys are: sexual expectations and behaviour among young women on holiday. (2006)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[“nearly 50% of female tourists in Costa Rica reported a “vacation relationship” with a local or another tourist. Sex was more likely when women had greater intentions and when they were traveling solo or with only one other female companion.”]</span></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsm.12192/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wismeijer&van Assen: Psychological Characteristics of BDSM Practitioners (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BDSM practitioners were less neurotic, more extraverted, more open to new experiences, more conscientious, less rejection sensitive, had higher subjective well-being, yet were less agreeable”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/j056v18n01_05#.U6hoJ5R_vlY" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Connolly PH: Psychological Functioning of Bondage/Domination/Sado-Masochism (BDSM) Practitioners (2006)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Although psychoanalytic literature suggests that high levels of certain types of psychopathology should be prevalent among BDSM practitioners, this sample failed to produce widespread, high levels of psychopathology on psychometric measures of depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsion, psychological sadism, psychological masochism, or PTSD. In fact, on measures of clinical psychopathology and severe personality pathology, this sample appeared to be comparable to both published test norms and to DSM-IV-TR estimates for the general population. There were, however, some exceptions to this general pattern, most notably the higher-than-average levels of narcissism and nonspecific dissociative symptoms found in the sample.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947776" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Liss et al. Empowering or oppressing? Development and exploration of the Enjoyment of Sexualization Scale. (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Sexualization of girls and women in America is rampant and has many negative consequences. Women, however, often report enjoying being sexually admired by men.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/009262300278641#.UbhpcvnIazZ" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Basson R: The Female Sexual Response: A Different Model (2000)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Sexual arousal in women often is more a mental excitement, very much about the appreciation of the sexual stimulus and less about the awareness of genital changes.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21381850" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reis et al. Familiarity does indeed promote attraction in live interaction. (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.psych.uncc.edu/acann/Aron2000.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aron et al. Couples' Shared Participation in Novel and Arousing Activities and Experienced Relationship Quality (2000)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/322/5901/606.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Williams&Bargh: Experiencing physical warmth promotes interpersonal warmth. (2008)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“In study 1, participants who briefly held a cup of hot (versus iced) coffee judged a target person as having a “warmer” personality (generous, caring)”</span></div>
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<a href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1568&context=psychfacpub" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bernard et al. Integrating sexual objectification with object versus person recognition: The sexualized-body-inversion hypothesis. (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[“In fact, both male and female college students view sexy women as objects but view sexy men as people.”]</span></div>
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<a href="http://spp.sagepub.com/content/4/4/461" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Holtzman&Strube: People With Dark Personalities Tend to Create a Physically Attractive Veneer (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="ftp://psyftp.mcmaster.ca/dalywilson/sshrc2004/jealousyBuunk.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dijsktra&Buunk: Sex differences in the jealousy-evoking effect of rival characteristics (2002)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“men reported more jealousy when a rival was high in Social Dominance, Physical Dominance, and Social Status, whereas women reported more jealousy when a rival was high in Physical Attractiveness”</span></div>
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<a href="http://link.springer.com.libproxy.helsinki.fi/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10896-010-9338-0.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eckstein: Reasons for Staying in Intimately Violent Relationships: Comparisons of Men and Women and Messages Communicated to Self and Others (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://psp.sagepub.com/content/21/6/558.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rusbult&Martz: Remaining in an Abusive Relationship: An Investment Model Analysis of Nonvoluntary Dependence (1995)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://psp.sagepub.com/content/34/12/1639" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Goodfriend&Agnew: Sunken Costs and Desired Plans: Examining Different Types of Investments in Close Relationships (2008)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://acsweb.ucsd.edu/~ecotner/PSYC1/Some%20Evidence%20for%20Heightened%20Sexual%20Attraction%20Under%20Conditions%20of%20High%20Anxiety.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dutton&Aron: Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. (1974)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8979384" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Murray et al. The self-fulfilling nature of positive illusions in romantic relationships: love is not blind, but prescient. (1996)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://spr.sagepub.com/content/29/8/1109" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Burke et al. “You’re going to eat that?” Relationship processes and conflict among mixed-weight couples (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[“Couples with an overweight woman and healthy-weight man experienced the greatest level of conflict; overweight male - healthy female couples had the lowest levels of conflict.”]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103112000881" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Slotter&Gardner: The dangers of dating the “bad boy” (or girl): When does romantic desire encourage us to take on the negative qualities of potential partners? (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://psp.sagepub.com/content/35/10/1382.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spielmann et al. On the Rebound: Focusing on Someone New Helps Anxiously Attached Individuals Let Go of Ex-Partners (2009)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“These studies revealed that simply feeling optimistic about finding a new partner encouraged anxiously attached individuals to let go of an ex-partner.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/926050" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lundgren&Schwab: Perceived appraisals by others, self-esteem, and anxiety. (1977)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[“For example, people with low self-esteem experience greater anxiety when they get positive feedback, because that positive information is inconsistent with how they view themselves.”]</span></div>
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<a href="http://bleske-rechek.com/April%20Website%20Files/Bleske-Rechek%20et%20al.%202012%20Benefit%20or%20Burden.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bleske-Rechek et al. Benefit or burden? Attraction in cross-sex friendship (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.popline.org/node/245467" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Levin et al. Seasonality of sexual debut. (2002)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20718544" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dyrenforth et al. Predicting relationship and life satisfaction from personality in nationally representative samples from three countries: the relative importance of actor, partner, and similarity effects. (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Couple similarity consistently explained less than .5% of the variance in life and relationship satisfaction after controlling for actor and partner effects.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://spr.sagepub.com/content/25/6/889.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Montoya et al. Is actual similarity necessary for attraction? A meta-analysis of actual and perceived similarity (2008)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“the effect of actual similarity in existing relationships was not significant. Alternatively, perceived similarity predicted attraction in no-interaction, short-interaction, and existing relationship studies.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20799133" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hughes&Kruger: Sex differences in post-coital behaviors in long- and short-term mating: an evolutionary perspective. (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://spr.sagepub.com/content/15/6/829.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Battaglia et al. Breaking Up is (Relatively) Easy to Do: A Script for the Dissolution of Close Relationships (1998)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Analysis of their 1480 responses indicated a 16-step ordered script for relation-ship dissolution. The relationship dissolution script is discussed in terms of approach-avoidance theories of conflict and relevant relationship dissolution theories.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092656609002001" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Malouff et al. The Five-Factor Model of personality and relationship satisfaction of intimate partners: A meta-analysis (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“A meta-analysis that included 19 samples with a total of 3848 participants showed that scores on four of the Five-Factor Model personality factors correlated significantly with level of relationship satisfaction by intimate heterosexual partners. The four personality characteristics were low neuroticism, high agreeableness, high conscientiousness, and high extraversion.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://spp.sagepub.com/content/2/3/289" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Zayas et al. Roots of Adult Attachment: Maternal Caregiving at 18 Months Predicts Adult Peer and Partner Attachment (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“These findings provide new empirical support that early maternal caregiving predicts later adult attachment patterns with peers and partners.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12146743" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Roisman et al. Earned-secure attachment status in retrospect and prospect. (2002)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[“When an individual is able to overcome his/her insecurities and behave the way secure people do, psychologists refer to this phenomenon as “earned security.”3 Just as you may have “learned” to be clingy as a result of people who mistreated or neglected you in the past, you can “learn” secure attachment by having positive experiences with others in the future.”]</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.idc.ac.il/publications/files/352.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mikulincer&Shaver: Boosting Attachment Security to Promote Mental Health, Prosocial Values, and Inter-Group Tolerance (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“On this basis, we review recent experimental studies showing how interventions designed to increase attachment security have beneficial effects on mental health, prosocial behavior, and intergroup relations, and discuss unaddressed issues concerning the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of these interventions, the temporal course of these effects, and their interaction with countervailing forces.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~boblev/images/affective%20science%20readings/Shaver/PI%20reply%20to%20comments%202007.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mikulincer&Shaver: Reflections on Security Dynamics: Core Constructs, Psychological Mechanisms, Relational Contexts, and the Need for an Integrative Theory (2007)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.researchgate.net/publication/235940435_Priming_a_sense_of_security_What_goes_through_people's_minds/file/60b7d514881e8bbd66.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carnelley&Rowe: Priming a sense of security: What goes through people’s minds? (2010) (pdf-latauslinkki)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Security priming led to thoughts related to felt security, positive care, a sense of merging with another, positive emotion, and communion”</span></div>
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<a href="http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65734/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carnelley&Rowe: Repeated priming of attachment security influences immediate and later views of self and relationships. (2007)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11146304" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Grammer et al. Non-verbal behavior as courtship signals: the role of control and choice in selecting partners. (2000)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[“the study also found that a woman’s signals in the first minute are always the same, regardless of whether or not she is interested.”]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.simine.com/docs/Back_et_al_PSYCHSCIENCE_2010.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Back et al. Facebook Profiles Reflect Actual Personality, Not Self-Idealization (2010)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11595937" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kampe et al. Reward value of attractiveness and gaze. (2001)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Here we show that the perceived attractiveness of an unfamiliar face increases brain activity in the ventral striatum of the viewer when meeting the person's eye, and decreases activity when eye gaze is directed away. Depending on the direction of gaze, attractiveness can thus activate dopaminergic regions that are strongly linked to reward prediction, indicating that central reward systems may be engaged during the initiation of social interactions.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21932332" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vaillancourt&Sharma: Intolerance of sexy peers: intrasexual competition among women. (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “Results provide strong empirical support for intrasexual competition among women. Using independent raters, blind to condition, we found that almost all women were rated as reacting negatively ("bitchy") to an attractive female confederate when she was dressed in a sexually provocative manner. In contrast, when she was dressed conservatively, the same confederate was barely noticed by the participants.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/group/busslab/pdffiles/why%20humans%20have%20sex%202007.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Meston&Buss: Why Humans Have Sex (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Study 1 used a nomination procedure that identified 237 expressed reasons for having sex, ranging from the mundane (e.g., ‘‘I wanted to experience physical pleasure’’) to the spiritual (e.g., ‘‘I wanted to get closer to God’’), from altruistic (e.g., ‘‘I wanted the person to feel good about himself/herself’’) to vengeful (e.g., ‘‘I wanted to get back at my partner for having cheated on me’’). Study 2 asked participants (N = 1,549) to evaluate the degree to which each of the 237 reasons had led them to have sexual intercourse.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/6/636.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Parker et al. Effects of Acute Alcohol Consumption on Ratings of Attractiveness of Facial Stimuli: Evidence of Long-Term Encoding (2008)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Alcohol consumption increases ratings of attractiveness of facial stimuli, and this effect is not selective for opposite-sex faces.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224545.2011.555435#.Ubt8ovnIazY" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ciarocco et al. Hungry for Love: The Influence of Self-Regulation on Infidelity (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Thirty-two college students in exclusive romantic relationships interacted through a private chat room with an opposite-sex confederate. Prior to this interaction, a food-restriction task depleted half the participants of self-control. As predicted, depleted levels of self-regulation increased the likelihood of infidelity. Specifically, depleted participants were more likely to both accept a coffee date from and supply a personal telephone number to the confederate than non-depleted participants.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19754525" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Finkel&Eastwick: Arbitrary social norms influence sex differences in romantic selectivity. (2009)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Rotators were significantly less selective than were sitters, which meant that the tendency for men to be less selective than women at events where men rotated disappeared at events where women rotated.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://spp.sagepub.com/content/2/5/523" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MacGregor&Holmes: Rain on My Parade: Perceiving Low Self-Esteem in Close Others Hinders Positive Self-Disclosure (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Across three experiments, the authors show that people are reluctant to disclose their positive experiences (i.e., capitalize) when they believe that the recipient has low self-esteem. Furthermore, the results suggest that people hold back from LSEs largely because they expect the interaction to go poorly for themselves, not because they are concerned about making LSEs feel inferior.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/group/busslab/pdffiles/opposite_sex_friendship2001.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bleske-Rechek&Buss: Opposite-Sex Friendship: Sex Differences and Similarities in Initiation, Selection, and Dissolution (2000)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Compared with women, men judged sexual attraction and a desire for sex as more important reasons for initiating OSFs, reported a preference for sexual attractiveness when selecting OSFs, and judged the lack of sex as a more important reason for dissolving OSFs.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/group/busslab/pdffiles/SexDifferencesinHuman.PDF" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Buss DM: Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures (1989)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7262132" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kenrick&Keefe: Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in human reproductive strategies (1992)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (</span><a href="http://www.scienceofrelationships.com/home/2011/10/4/the-dating-equation-your-age-7.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">see this blog post</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022103165900430" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aronson&Linder: Gain and loss of esteem as determinants of interpersonal attractiveness (1965)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The major results showed that the subjects liked the confederate best when her evaluations moved from negative to positive”</span></div>
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<a href="http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/group/busslab/pdffiles/pretty_face_2010.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Confer et al. More than just a pretty face: men's priority shifts toward bodily attractiveness in short-term versus long-term mating contexts (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“These results suggest that men, but not women, have a condition-dependent adaptive proclivity to prioritize facial cues in longterm mating contexts, but shift their priorities toward bodily cues in short-term mating contexts.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://psp.sagepub.com/content/33/2/173.short" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Self-Regulation and Sexual Restraint: Dispositionally and Temporarily Poor Self-Regulatory Abilities Contribute to Failures at Restraining Sexual Behavior</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(explained </span><a href="http://www.scienceofrelationships.com/home/2011/7/29/a-cookie-a-day-keeps-impulsive-sexual-behavior-at-bay.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">here</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20336576" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lehmiller et al. Sex differences in approaching friends with benefits relationships. (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Results indicated many overall similarities in terms of how the sexes approach FWB relationships, but several important differences emerged. For example, sex was a more common motivation for men to begin such relationships, whereas emotional connection was a more common motivation for women. In addition, men were more likely to hope that the relationship stays the same over time, whereas women expressed more desire for change into either a full-fledged romance or a basic friendship.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15257790" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Davis et al. Attachment style and subjective motivations for sex. (2004)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Sexual passion was positively related to attachment anxiety and negatively related to avoidance, and anxiety was related to the maintenance of passion over time, whereas avoidance was related to loss of passion over time.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886911003011" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jonason et al. Mate-selection and the Dark Triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy and creating a volatile environment (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Men high on the Dark Triad traits have quite low standards in short-term mates.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sanchezlab.com/pdfs/SanchezGoodetal.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sanchez et al. When Finding a Mate Feels Urgent: Why Relationship Contingency Predicts Men’s and Women’s Body Shame (2008)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">”Given the central role of romantic relationships in the lives of men and women and the many benefits of having romantic relationships, some people may derive their self-worth from having a romantic partner (i.e., relationship contingency; Sanchez & Kwang, 2007). Moreover, relationship success may be viewed as related to being beautiful and attractive.” ”For people whose self-worth is invested in having romantic relationships, finding relationships may become urgent, driving both men and women to be concerned about their physical appearance.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19070644" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guéguen et al. The receptivity of women to courtship solicitation across the menstrual cycle: a field experiment. (2009)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~rakison/bussandschmitt.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Buss&Schmitt: Sexual Strategies Theory: An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Mating (1993)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/ASB%20Dec%202004.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Graham et al. Turning On and Turning Off: A Focus Group Study of the Factors That Affect Women’s Sexual Arousal (2004)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[An excerpt: “A potential turn-off was a partner who was too “polite” or who asked for sex: P: If somebody asked me to do something. I hate that. Like, “will you go down on me?” and stuff and like blatantly ask me . . . It will eventually get there, they don’t have to ask me, but like the asking is . . . the biggest turn-off ever. [18–24 group]“</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21038960" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kraus et al: Tactile communication, cooperation, and performance: an ethological study of the NBA. (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Consistent with hypotheses, early season touch predicted greater performance for individuals as well as teams later in the season. Additional analyses confirmed that touch predicted improved performance even after accounting for player status, preseason expectations, and early season performance.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ab.21499/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bates et al. Testing predictions from the male control theory of men's partner violence (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"A student sample (N = 1,104) reported on their use of physical aggression and controlling behavior, to partners and to same-sex non-intimates. [...] Contrary to the male control theory, women were found to be more physically aggressive to their partners than men were [...] women were more likely than men to be classed as “intimate terrorists,” [...] Overall, these results do not support the male control theory of IPV [=intimate partner violence]"</span></div>
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<a href="http://home.uchicago.edu/~jrschroeder/EpleySchroeder2014.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Epley&Schroeder: Mistakenly seeking solitude. (2014)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Connecting with others increases happiness, but strangers in close proximity routinely ignore each other. Why? Two reasons seem likely: Either solitude is a more positive experience than interacting with strangers, or people misunderstand the consequences of distant social connections. To examine the experience of connecting to strangers, we instructed commuters on trains and buses to connect with a stranger near them, to remain disconnected, or to commute as normal (Experiments 1a and 2a). In both contexts, participants reported a more positive (and no less productive) experience when they connected than when they did not.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13. Some very random research</span></div>
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<a href="http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/126/1/28.full?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=lesbian+parents&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gartrell&Bos: US National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: Psychological Adjustment of 17-Year-Old Adolescents (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"According to their mothers' reports, the 17-year-old daughters and sons of lesbian mothers were rated significantly higher in social, school/academic, and total competence and significantly lower in social problems, rule-breaking, aggressive, and externalizing problem behavior than their age-matched counterparts in Achenbach's normative sample of American youth."</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889388" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hawk et al. "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For": Parental Privacy Invasion Predicts Reduced Parental Knowledge. (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22288529" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Weinstein et al. Parental autonomy support and discrepancies between implicit and explicit sexual identities: dynamics of self-acceptance and defense. (2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[“Netta Weinstein and colleagues provide evidence that individuals who are homophobic may, in part, be suppressing their own desires for intimacy or relationships with same-sex partners.”]</span></div>
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<a href="http://spp.sagepub.com/content/3/4/407" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Seder&Oishi: Intensity of Smiling in Facebook Photos Predicts Future Life Satisfaction (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21432664" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fagundes CP: Implicit negative evaluations about ex-partner predicts break-up adjustment: the brighter side of dark cognitions. (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20438455" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gershoff et al. Parent discipline practices in an international sample: associations with child behaviors and moderation by perceived normativeness. (2010)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“mothers' use of corporal punishment, expressing disappointment, and yelling were significantly related to more child aggression symptoms, whereas giving a time-out, using corporal punishment, expressing disappointment, and shaming were significantly related to greater child anxiety symptoms”</span></div>
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<a href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1732/1430.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Roberts et al. Relationship satisfaction and outcome in women who meet their partner while using oral contraception (2012)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20480220" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brewer&Hendrie: Evidence to suggest that copulatory vocalizations in women are not a reflexive consequence of orgasm. (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“while female orgasms were most commonly experienced during foreplay, copulatory vocalizations were reported to be made most often before and simultaneously with male ejaculation”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14681990500438014?journalCode=csmt20#.Ub3xQvnIazY" style="text-decoration: none;">Levin RJ: Vocalised sounds and human sex (2006)</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pr0.1982.50.1.198?journalCode=pr0" style="line-height: 18.4px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wilson&Durrenberger: Comparison of rape and attempted rape victims. (1982)</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“39% of 52 rape victims as contrasted to 12% of 58 attempted rape victims dated their attackers again, after the assault"</span></div>
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<a href="http://spr.sagepub.com/content/20/5/675.abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hirschberger et al. Strivings for Romantic Intimacy Following Partner Complaint or Partner Criticism: A Terror Management Perspective (2003)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“However, when mortality was made salient strivings of intimacy were equally high under all three feedback conditions. The results are discussed in light of the growing body of literature on the terror management functions of close relationships.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488512" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vasilenko et al. Body image and first sexual intercourse in late adolescence. (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Male students were more satisfied with their appearance after first intercourse, whereas female students became slightly less satisfied with their appearance.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.nickholtzman.com/Holtzman%202011%20Facing%20a%20psychopath.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Holtzman NS: Facing a psychopath: Detecting the dark triad from emotionally-neutral faces, using prototypes from the Personality Faceaurus (2011)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.stanford.edu/dept/psychology/cgi-bin/drupalm/system/files/QuestionOfBelonging-1.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Walton&Cohen: A Question of Belonging: Race, Social Fit, and Achievement (2007)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“In Experiment 1, students were led to believe that they might have few friends in an intellectual domain. Whereas White students were unaffected, Black students (stigmatized in academics) displayed a drop in their sense of belonging and potential. In Experiment 2, an intervention that mitigated doubts about social belonging in college raised the academic achievement (e.g., college grades) of Black students but not of White students.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://ebape.fgv.br/sites/ebape.fgv.br/files/LeeAndradePalmer_JCR2013.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lee et al. Interpersonal Relationships and Preferences for Mood-Congruency in Aesthetic Experiences (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“This article proposes a theoretical argument to explain when people are more likely to prefer mood-congruent to mood-incongruent aesthetic stimuli. It is suggested that mood-congruent aesthetic experiences, for example, listening to sad songs when feeling sad, (a) serve as a surrogate for the mood-sharing often observed in empathic relationships and hence (b) are preferred when emotional distress comes from failing interpersonal relationships (vs. noninterpersonal events).”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23855495" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">de Groot et al. I Can See, Hear, and Smell Your Fear: Comparing Olfactory and Audiovisual Media in Fear Communication. (2013)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224545.2010.522626#.UlZixtKPGSq" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Harrison&Shortall: Women and Men in Love: Who Really Feels It and Says It First? (2011)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"These results indicate that women may not be the greater “fools for love” that society assumes and are consistent with the notion that a pragmatic and cautious view of love has adaptive significance for women."</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24132775" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Valentova et al: Shape Differences Between the Faces of Homosexual and Heterosexual Men. (2013)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Homosexual men showed relatively wider and shorter faces, smaller and shorter noses, and rather massive and more rounded jaws, resulting in a mosaic of both feminine and masculine features.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Appendix 1: Scientists & Labs</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jeffrey Hall </span><a href="http://www.flirtingstyles.com/sites/all/r/pdf/jeffreyhall_cv.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.flirtingstyles.com/sites/all/r/pdf/jeffreyhall_cv.pdf</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Martie Haselton </span><a href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/haselton/papers/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/haselton/papers/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">David Puts </span><a href="http://www.putslab.psu.edu/publications.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.putslab.psu.edu/publications.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nicolas Gueguen </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=gueguen+n" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=gueguen+n</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Patrick Markey </span><a href="http://interpersonalresearch.weebly.com/research.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://interpersonalresearch.weebly.com/research.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Paul Eastwick </span><a href="http://pauleastwick.com/pauleastwick/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://pauleastwick.com/pauleastwick/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laurie Rudman </span><a href="http://rutgerssocialcognitionlab.weebly.com/lab-publications.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://rutgerssocialcognitionlab.weebly.com/lab-publications.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Markus J. Rantala </span><a href="http://users.utu.fi/mjranta/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://users.utu.fi/mjranta/</span></a></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">UBC Emotion & Self Lab </span><a href="http://ubc-emotionlab.ca/publications/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://ubc-emotionlab.ca/publications/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stanford Psychophysiology Laboratory (social anxiety) </span><a href="http://spl.stanford.edu/papers.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://spl.stanford.edu/papers.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Niedenthal emotions lab (facial expressions) </span><a href="http://psych.wisc.edu/niedenthal/articles2.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://psych.wisc.edu/niedenthal/articles2.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Appendix 2: Scientific Blogs and websites</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Science of Relationships </span><a href="http://www.scienceofrelationships.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.scienceofrelationships.com/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Attraction Doctor (Jeremy Nicholson) </span><a href="http://attractiondoctor.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://attractiondoctor.com/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(to be continued)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Appendix 3: Unscientific relationship blogs</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mark Manson </span><a href="http://markmanson.net/archive?cat=34" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://markmanson.net/archive?cat=34</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Rawness </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://therawness.com/" style="text-decoration: none;">http://therawness.com/</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Paging Dr. NerdLove http://www.doctornerdlove.com/</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Charlie Glickman </span><a href="http://www.charlieglickman.com/blog/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.charlieglickman.com/blog/</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Appendix 4: Useful books on human relationships</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Passion Trap (Dean C. Delis)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Semantics and Scenarios (Alan Roger Currie)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Written for men:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Models: Attract Women Through Honesty (Mark Manson)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">New Game+ (Harris O'Malley)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mode One (Alan Roger Currie)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-14731389828537849772014-10-11T05:56:00.000-07:002020-03-01T09:56:27.354-08:00Human relationships: Quotes<b>I: Learning a positive outlook on relationships and different people.</b><br />
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I firmly believe people have far more similarities than they have differences. This goes for different races, cultures, genders and age groups. All are far more similar than they are different, but people fail to see that because they are programmed to downplay the similarities while emphasizing differences far more, creating an illusion of a greater rift than actually exists.<br />
-Ricky Raw<br />
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Our culture has accepted two huge lies. The first is that if you disagree with someone’s lifestyle, you must hate or fear them. The second is to love someone means you agree with everything they believe and do. Both are nonsense. You don’t have to compromise convictions to be compassionate.<br />
-Rick Warren<br />
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We meet no ordinary people in our lives.<br />
-C. S. Lewis<br />
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I wonder how many people I’ve looked at all my life and never seen.<br />
-John Steinbeck<br />
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People are just as wonderful as sunsets if you let them be. When I look at a sunset, I don't find myself saying, "Soften the orange a bit on the right hand corner." I don't try to control a sunset. I watch with awe as it unfolds.<br />
-Carl R. Rogers<br />
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The greatest danger you face is your general assumption that you really understand people and that you can quickly judge and categorize them. Instead, you must begin with the assumption that you are ignorant and that you have natural biases that will make you judge people incorrectly. The people around you present a mask that suits their purposes. You mistake the mask for reality. Let go of your tendency to make snap judgments. Open your mind to seeing people in a new light. Do not assume that you are similar or that they share your values. Each person you meet is like an undiscovered country, with a very particular psychological chemistry that you will carefully explore. You are more than ready to be surprised by what you uncover.<br />
-Robert Greene<br />
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Everything that irritates us about others can lead us to an understanding of ourselves.<br />
-Carl Jung<br />
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We discover in ourselves what others hide from us and we recognize in others what we hide from ourselves.<br />
-Vauvenargues<br />
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What angers us in another person is more often than not an unhealed aspect of ourselves. If we had already resolved that particular issue, we would not be irritated by its reflection back to us.<br />
-Simon Peter Fuller<br />
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Once a construct becomes part of a person’s cognitive structure, it potentially can be applied to anything. Thus, whatever constructs one applies to others are potentially applicable to the self, and vice versa: “One cannot call another person a bastard without making bastardy a dimension of his own life also."<br />
-George Kelly<br />
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He who fights monsters should see to it that he himself does not become a monster.<br />
-Friedrich Nietzsche<br />
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We’re all going to die, all of us, what a circus! That alone should make us love each other but it doesn’t. We are terrorized and flattened by trivialities, we are eaten up by nothing.<br />
-Charles Bukowski<br />
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Hurt people hurt people. That’s how pain patterns gets passed on, generation after generation after generation. Break the chain today. Meet anger with sympathy, contempt with compassion, cruelty with kindness. Greet grimaces with smiles. Forgive and forget about finding fault. Love is the weapon of the future.<br />
-Yehuda Berg<br />
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A loving person lives in a loving world. A hostile person lives in a hostile world. Everyone you meet is your mirror.<br />
-Ken Keyes<br />
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The trick is in what one emphasizes. We either make ourselves miserable, or we make ourselves happy. The amount of work is the same.<br />
-Carlos Castaneda<br />
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<b>II: The "Passion Trap".</b><br />
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The very urge to attract someone, to bring another person under your emotional control, contains the potential for upsetting the balance of the relationship. And that is because the feeling of being in love is biochemically linked to the feeling of being out of control. Once you feel completely in control or sure of another person’s love, your feelings of passion begin to fade. Gone is the challenge, the emotional spark, the excitement.<br />
-Dean C. Delis (The Passion Trap)<br />
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Even the most beautiful scenery is no longer assured of our love after we have lived in it for three months, and some distant coast attracts our avarice: possessions are generally diminished by possession…<br />
-Friedrich Nietzsche<br />
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Some people don’t appreciate what they have until it's gone.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>III: The perils of neediness in relationships.</b><br />
<br />
Like anything, the less you need, chase and prioritize external validation, the more it’s offered to you, similar to how banks and credit cards want to lend money to the people who need it the least. Meanwhile the more you need, chase and prioritize external validation, the more you alienate people and breed distrust, resentment and burned bridges in the long run.<br />
-Ricky Raw<br />
<br />
If you are a needy person in a relationship then that probably occurs because you transfer responsibility for feeling good to your partner. If they come through for you then you feel good and if they don’t then you feel bad. When you feel bad you then start to look for ways to get the other person to fulfill your desires for you. Whatever you do is a form of manipulation. It might be done in a negative way with disapproval, anger, resentment, bitterness or it might be done in a helpless way by getting sad, depressed and desperate.<br />
-David Payne<br />
<br />
In general, this vibe of unconditional happiness is very attractive. When people see that I’m going to be happy no matter what and that I truly don’t need anything from them, they naturally want to spend time together. And these connections are easy, flowing, and graceful. It’s easy to feel comfortable around people who truly don’t need anything from you.<br />
-Steve Pavlina<br />
<br />
People who are needy or codependent, have a desperate need for love and affection from others. To receive this love and affection, they sacrifice their identity and remove their boundaries. (Ironically, it’s the lack of identity and boundaries that makes them unattractive to most people.)<br />
-Mark Manson<br />
<br />
You cannot convince people to love you. This is an absolute rule. No one will ever give you love because you want him or her to give it. Real love moves freely in both directions. Don’t waste your time on anything else.<br />
-Cheryl Strayed<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>IV: Understanding the other persons' perspective.</b><br />
<br />
We begin to learn wisely when we're willing to see world from other people's perspective.<br />
-Toba Beta<br />
<br />
People are primarily interested in themselves, not you. Putting this same thought another way — the other person is ten thousand times more interested in himself than he is [in] you.<br />
-Les Giblin<br />
<br />
You can make more friends in two months by becoming interested in other people than you can in two years by trying to get other people interested in you.<br />
-Dale Carnegie<br />
<br />
If there is any one secret of success it lies in the ability to get the other person’s point of view and see things from that person’s angle as well as yours.<br />
-Dale Carnegie<br />
<br />
Try not to become a man of success. Rather become a man of value.<br />
-Albert Einstein<br />
<br />
I’ve learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel.<br />
-Maya Angelou<br />
<br />
Treating someone the way you would like to be treated is the greatest myth in relationships. The assumption that others want to be treated the same as you is a blueprint for relationship failure. You need to treat others the way they want to be treated.<br />
-Matthew Barker<br />
<br />
Overtly communicating a desire for reciprocal desire creates obligation, and sometimes even ultimatums. Genuine desire is something a person must come to – or be led to – on their own volition.<br />
-Rollo Tomassi<br />
<br />
It is nice to be important, but it's more important to be nice.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>V: On taking action.</b><br />
<br />
If you don't go after what you want, you'll never have it. If you don't ask, the answer is always no. / A lot of people are afraid to say what they want. That's why they don't get what they want.<br />
-Nora Roberts / Madonna<br />
<br />
The more Resistance you experience, the more important your unmanifested art/project/enterprise is to you – and the more gratification you will feel when you finally do it…<br />
-Steven Pressfield<br />
<br />
Courage is not the absence of fear, rather the judgment that something else is more important than fear.<br />
-Ambrose Redmoon<br />
<br />
Taking action and conquering fears and insecurities always improves your sense of self-confidence.<br />
-Alan Roger Currie<br />
<br />
Confidence is not nearly as important as courage. And feeling like you can pull it off is not nearly as important as acting like you can.<br />
-A.J. Leon<br />
<br />
It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly; who errs, who comes short again and again, because there is no effort without error and shortcoming; but who does actually strive to do the deeds; who knows great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends himself in a worthy cause; who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly.<br />
-Theodore Roosevelt<br />
<br />
It's easy to attack and criticize someone while he or she is risk-taking — voicing an unpopular opinion or sharing a new creation with the world or trying something new that he or she hasn't quite mastered. Cruelty is cheap, easy, and rampant. It's also chicken-shit. Especially when you attack and criticize anonymously - like technology allows so many people to do these days.<br />
-Brené Brown<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>VI: On making new friends.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>The main points of the 'good business' analogy are simply this, and it goes for all relationships whether business, platonic or romantic: Make it a numbers game and attract as many qualified applicants as possible. Screen firmly and quickly but fairly. Don’t ignore or minimize the red flags that show up early, only to have to deal with far later in the process when they become way more difficult to deal with. And be vigilant about recognizing and terminating the lost causes who do manage to get their foot in the door.<br />
-Ricky Raw<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>VII: On communicating sexual intentions.</b><br />
<br />
This is the problem with society: There are too many women (and even men too) who want to listen to pleasant lies rather than raw, real truth. And men and women wonder why so many members of the opposite sex engage in manipulative head games with one another. Men and women are always going to tell you pleasant lies if they feel there are undesirable consequences attached to telling the truth. The end result is the brash, bold truth-tellers are being branded as the ‘bad guys’ in the dating and relationships arena while the smooth-talking liars and skilled manipulators are being perceived as ‘well-mannered,’ ‘respectful,’ and tactful.<br />
-Alan Roger Currie<br />
<br />
Most women are 'addicted' to pleasant lies and flattery. It is much more palatable for a woman's ears to hear, "You are so beautiful ... the type of woman I want to spend the rest of my life with" rather than for that same man to say, "The only reason I am conversing with you right now is because I want to exchange orgasms with you."<br />
-Alan Roger Currie<br />
<br />
I had a woman at one of my book signing events in 2007 admit to me that she fell into the third category of female manipulators (i.e., Attention Whores, Dick Teasers, etc). She said, “Alan … I’m going to be honest. I never tell my male [platonic] friends straightforwardly that they will never, ever get the opportunity to date me or have sex with me. Never. If I did that, probably 90% of my male friends would stop calling me and stop hanging out with me socially. So, I would never be stupid enough to destroy their hopes.”<br />
-Alan Roger Currie<br />
<br />
Most of the world’s problems could be avoided if people just said what they fucking meant.<br />
-Marilyn Manson<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>VIII: Vulnerability and being 'yourself'.</b><br />
<br />
Love comes when manipulation stops; When you think more about the other person than about his or her reactions to you. When you dare to reveal yourself fully. When you dare to be vulnerable.<br />
-Joyce Brothers<br />
<br />
I’d rather be hated for who I am, than loved for who I am not.<br />
-Kurt Cobain<br />
<br />
What other people think of me is none of my business.<br />
-Wayne Dyer<br />
<br />
It's very important for human beings to feel they are popular and well-liked amongst a large group of people that we don't care for.<br />
-Jerry Seinfeld<br />
<br />
Because true belonging only happens when we present our authentic, imperfect selves to the world, our sense of belonging can never be greater than our level of self-acceptance.<br />
-Brene Brown<br />
<br />
Fitting in is about assessing a situation and becoming who you need to be to be accepted. Belonging, on the other hand, doesn't require us to change who we are; it requires us to be who we are.<br />
-Brene Brown<br />
<br />
Choosing authenticity means cultivating the courage to be imperfect, to set boundaries and to allow ourselves to be vulnerable.<br />
-Brene Brown<br />
<br />
Think about it. How many times have you been around friends, family, and/or social acquaintances, and have felt the desire to exhibit free-spirited, uninhibited behavior, only to be held back by the paralyzing fear of being criticized, 'looked at funny,' reprimanded, disliked, or causing others to feel uncomfortable?<br />
-Alan Roger Currie<br />
<br />
Good improvisers seem telepathic; everything looks pre-arranged, This is because they accept all offers made—which is something no ‘normal’ person would do.<br />
-Keith Johnstone<br />
<br />
"Sanity is actually a pretence, a way we learn to behave. We keep this pretence up because we dont want to be rejected by other people - and being classified insane is to be shut out of the group in a very complete way.<br />
<br />
Most people I meet are secretly convinced that they're a little crazier than the average person. People understand the energy necessary to maintain their own shields, but not the energy expended by other people. They understand that their own sanity is a performance, but when confronted by other people they confuse the person with the role.<br />
<br />
Sanity has nothing directly to do with the way you think. Its a matter of presenting yourself as safe."<br />
-Keith Johnstone (Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre)<br />
<br />
<br />
Loneliness does not come from having no people around you, but from being unable to communicate the things that seem important to you.<br />
-Carl Jung<br />
<br />
[R]eal intimacy comes not from telling about yourself—your childhood, your relationships, your health problems, etc.—but from joint creativity, which brings out your true qualities, invites you to show that aspect of yourself needed for the task at hand. Later, when intimacy has developed, telling about oneself may come naturally—or it may not even be necessary.<br />
-Charles Eisenstein<br />
<br />
We are in a culture that demands authenticity from others... then punishes them when their authenticity doesn’t conform to the norms of the culture.<br />
-Neil Strauss<br />
<br />
People are willing to remove their mask if they feel safe from judgment about who they are. The effect of a judgmental culture is that people put on stronger masks that they rarely remove. And this creates mass conformity to norms that few actually agree with.<br />
-Neil Strauss<br />
<br />
Character is like a tree and reputation like its shadow. The shadow is what we think of it; the tree is the real thing<br />
-Abraham Lincoln<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>IX: Relationship myths.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The 'women don't like nice guys' idea is a myth. When most guys are acting "nice," what they're really doing is being inauthentic and people-pleasing in order to be liked. So that's not being nice; it's being selfish.<br />
-Neil Strauss<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>X: Boundaries</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Sometimes being too nice is dangerous; you have to show your mean side once in a while to avoid getting hurt.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>XI: Human touch</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
A hug can turn your day around, it’s like an emotional Heimlich. Someone puts their arms around you, and they give you a squeeze and all your fear and anxiety comes shooting out of your mouth, and you can breathe again.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>XII: Perfectionism</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
"Perfectionism is not the same thing as striving to be your best. Perfectionism is not about healthy achievement and growth. Perfectionism is the belief that if we live perfect, look perfect, and act perfect, we can minimize or avoid the pain of blame, judgment, and shame. It's a shield. Perfectionism is a twenty-ton shield that we lug around thinking it will protect us when, in fact, it's the thing that's really preventing us from taking flight.<br />
<br />
Perfectionism is not self-improvement. Perfectionism is, at its core, about trying to earn approval and acceptance. Most perfectionists were raised being praised for achievement and performance (grades, manners, rule-following, people-pleasing, appearance, sports). Somewhere along the way, we adopt this dangerous and debilitating belief system: I am what I accomplish and how well I accomplish it. Please. Perform. Perfect. Healthy striving is self-focused – How can I improve? Perfectionism is other-focused – What will they think?<br />
<br />
Understanding the difference between healthy striving and perfectionism is critial to laying down the shield and picking up your life. Research shows that perfectionism hampers success. In fact, it's often the path to depression, anxiety, addiction, and life-paralysis. Life-paralysis refers to all of the opportunities we miss because we're too afraid to put anything out in the world that could be imperfect."<br />
-Brené Brown<br />
<br />
<br />
"Shame works like the zoom lens on a camera. When we are feeling shame, the camera is zoomed in tight and all we see is our flawed selves, alone and struggling. We think to ourselves, <i>I'm the only one with a muffin-top? Am I the only one not having sex 4.3 times per week (with a Calvin Klein model)? Something is wrong with me. I am alone.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
When we zoom out, we start to see a completely different picture. We see many people in the same struggle. Rather than thinking, <i>I'm the only one</i>, we start thinking, <i>I can't believe it! You too? I'm normal? I thought it was just me!</i>"<br />
-Brené Brown<br />
<br />
“Nobody goes through this life and does everything perfectly. We're all gonna fail so you might as well make a mistake with me”<br />
-Brad Paisley (Make A Mistake With Me, song)<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>XIII: On being helpful</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Set your heart on doing good. Do it over and over again and you will be filled with joy.<br />
-Buddha<br />
<br />
A man’s true wealth is the good he does in this world.<br />
-Muhammad<br />
<br />
Love your neighbour as you love yourself.<br />
-Jesus Christ<br />
<br />
Every man must decide whether he will walk in the light of creative altruism or in the darkness of destructive selfishness.<br />
-Martin Luther King, Jr.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<b>XIV: Scientific perspectives on relationships.</b><br />
<br />
Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation.<br />
-Baumeister&Leary (1995)<br />
<br />
Social proximity and interaction attenuate cardiovascular arousal, facilitate the development of nonanxious temperament, inhibit the release of stress hormones, reduce threat-related neural activation, and generally promote health and longevity. Conversely, social subordination, rejection and isolation are powerful sources of stress and compromised health. Drawing on the biological principle of economy of action, perception/action links, and the brain’s propensity to act as a Bayesian predictor, Social Baseline Theory (SBT) proposes that the primary ecology to which human beings are adapted is one that is rich with other humans. Moreover, SBT suggests that the presence of other people helps individuals to conserve important and often metabolically costly somatic and neural resources through the social regulation of emotion.<br />
-Beckes&Coan (2011)<br />
<br />
People naturally crave social acceptance and loathe social exclusion.
The need to belong is deeply rooted in evolutionary history, and people
who have satisfied their need to belong enjoy immense benefits for their
physical and mental well-being. The need to belong can thus be
considered a fundamental element of personality processes. Indeed, it is
possible that most thoughts people have, emotions they feel, or
behaviors in which they engage are (consciously or unconsciously)
motivated by how each response can satisfy the need to belong. People
think positive thoughts about others because doing so solidifies a sense
of connection with them, feel anxious when others may reject them, and
behave prosocially to gain public recognition or new friends. Therefore,
the need to belong is a cornerstone of personality processes, touching
many cognitive, emotional, and behavioral outcomes.<br />
-DeWall et al. (2011) <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>XV: Importance of human relationships (non-scientific).</b><br />
<b><br /></b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Of the things which wisdom provides for the blessedness of one’s whole life, by far the greatest is the possession of friendship.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-Epicurus</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">"What really matters in our lives is the friendships we make, it's the people who care about us and we care about them. It's the bonds that we </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">establish to these day-to-day interactions with the people we work with, that we play with, that we love, that we interact with, whether it's </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">business, whether it's in our social lives, whether it's our hobbies, our religion.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Those personal interactions, those are the essence of life. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">It's not how much money you make, it's not how many promotions you get, it's not how many cars you'd have, how fancy they are, how big are your houses. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Those things, they don't give us real satisfaction. The source of real satisfaction are the human connections that we make with others, and we only </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">make those by restraining ourselves from our natural self-interest, and remembering that we are small and the world is large, and we have to deal </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">with other people, and it is not just about you, it's about all of us."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">- Russ Roberts (EconTalker)</span>Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-30044038005912924652014-07-29T04:16:00.002-07:002014-07-29T04:21:40.300-07:00My fibromyalgia article on 180DegreeHealth<a href="http://180degreehealth.com/fibromyalgia-disease-metabolism/">180DegreeHealth - Fibromyalgia: A Disease of Low Metabolism</a><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi67GIKmFI6F9Q5PV75KJE52Yq3siS0bw0XYBTrJ425LU16S-aRkjQ6ogRVNsq8EzWbVBU2DkqH84u3ip877BJAwb8jnag8qlhkORhUhe4W8orIbjxiIvc8Am7PIj262ZyiC3hPQD53lV6K/s1600/180d-fibro-nayte.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi67GIKmFI6F9Q5PV75KJE52Yq3siS0bw0XYBTrJ425LU16S-aRkjQ6ogRVNsq8EzWbVBU2DkqH84u3ip877BJAwb8jnag8qlhkORhUhe4W8orIbjxiIvc8Am7PIj262ZyiC3hPQD53lV6K/s1600/180d-fibro-nayte.png" height="306" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-41608131538034531712014-07-06T14:47:00.001-07:002014-07-06T14:47:11.044-07:00My new blog post at 180DegreeHealthGood news.<br />
<br />
The blog of 180DegreeHealth is online again. And my new article has been published as a guest post.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://180degreehealth.com/thyroid-inflammation-metabolic-syndrome-suprising-power-context/">180DegreeHealth - Thyroid, Inflammation, and Metabolic Syndrome: The Surprising Power of Context</a>Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-20061452332159573622014-01-24T13:21:00.002-08:002014-05-14T00:43:41.436-07:00Copper: The Forgotten Essential Nutrient<br />
<b>1. Background</b><br />
<br />
My interest in the dietary copper began after I read Stephan Guyenet's article <a href="http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.fi/2010/04/copper-and-cardiovascular-disease.html">Copper and Cardiovascular Disease</a>, in which he showed that copper restriction has been able to cause heart disease to cows, pigs and humans.<br />
<br />
Later, Paul Jaminet published his article <a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/2010/12/micronutrient-deficiencies-an-underappreciated-cause-of-hypothyroidism/">Micronutrient Deficiencies: An Underappreciated Cause of Hypothyroidism</a>, in which he mentioned that copper deficiency can also cause low thyroid hormone levels. Because I knew about the association between <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/08/thyroid-hormones-and-heart-disease_13.html">thyroid hormones and heart disease</a>, I found the article interesting.<br />
<br />
I while ago, I also happened to find two epidemiological studies, in which <b>higher intake of copper was associated with five-fold lower risk (RR 0.19) of metabolic syndrome[1] and three-fold lower risk of lung cancer[2].</b><br />
<br />
And when I recently wrote my <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/11/therapeutic-effects-of-red-light-and.html">essay on near-infrared light</a>, I had noticed that both thyroid hormone and near-infrared light have one common factor in the mechanism how they improve health. They both increase the function of the copper-containing mitochondrial enzyme <i><b>cytochrome c oxidase</b>.</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>2. Dietary copper intake</b><br />
<br />
Stephan Guyenet's article <a href="http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.fi/2010/04/copper-in-food.html">Copper in Food</a>, gives some information about the copper content of foods.<br />
<br />
The amount of copper in the soil has decreased, and therefore foods contain quite low amounts of copper nowadays. According to a British study, the copper content of food supply has decreased by 76 per cent since the 40's.[3]<br />
<br />
According to one report, more than 80% of Eaton County citizens get less than 0.9mg copper per day.[4] In Finland the intake is 1.2mg in women and 1.5mg men. 60% of this copper is coming from grains, fruits and vegetables, while meat provides 20% of the daily intake.<br />
<br />
Plant-based "whole food diet" might provide more copper than an usual diet[5], but the overwhelmingly best source of copper is <a href="http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/3469/2">beef liver</a> (14mg/100g).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>3. Clinical studies</b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>"Copper deficiency is the only nutritional insult that has been shown to produce abnormal electrocardiograms, glucose intolerance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, hyperuricemia, injury by free radicals, and thrombosis in animals, and to which male individuals respond differently than female individuals. More than 31 men and women have responded to diets low in copper with potentially harmful changes in lipids, glucose tolerance, blood pressure, and electrocardiograms. Copper in these daily diets ranged from 0.65 to 1.02 mg, amounts readily available to the general population."</i> - Gary E. Fraser[7]</div>
<i><br /></i>
<i><br /></i>
Even modest copper reductions have been able to cause problematic changes in subjects' cholesterol levels, EKG, blood pressure[6] and glucose tolerance.[7]<br />
<br />
Similar effects have been shown in rats (heart, lipids, sugar tolerance, liver function, antioxidant systems).[8-13] In one study, lard and sugar caused heart disease and anemia to mice, but a copper supplement prevented these harmful effects.[14]<br />
<br />
In rats, a meat diet led to increased cholesterol levels and the bones 23% weaker bones (femur), when compared to a liver-supplemented diet.[15] This seems to be consistent with the study result shown with postmenopausal women, in which a copper supplement (amino acid chelate) seemed to reduce age-related bone loss.[16]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>4. Copper paradoxes: Serum levels and inflammation</b><br />
<br />
While higher dietary intake of copper appears healthy, higher serum copper levels are associated with increased total mortality.[17] The reason seems to be that inflammation causes high blood copper levels.[18,19]<br />
<br />
Cholesterol feeding can cause atherosclerosis to rats, while simultaneously increasing their serum copper but decreasing heart copper.[20] Inflammation seems to be able to move copper from the tissues into the circulation.<br />
<br />
It has also been shown, that dietary copper restriction doesn't seem to decrease serum copper during the first months.[21] Because of this, serum levels of copper doesn't seem to be a very useful marker of copper status in most cases. Tissue levels seem more useful. In fatty liver patients, the liver has 40% less copper than the healthy subjects.[11] However, Alzheimer patients seem to also have lower serum level of copper.[22]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>5. Copper paradoxes: Cancer</b><br />
<br />
It was recently demonstrated that while <i>copper isn't a carcinogen</i>, copper restriction could be used to "fight" against cancer. Copper deficiency limits the growth of tumor, and one of the important mechanisms is the <i>increased anaerobic glycolysis</i>.[23]<br />
<br />
If this treatment decreases aerobic metabolism of tumors, I suppose that it can also cause energy problems in other tissues as well, likely increasing total mortality in the long term. The idea of restricting the intake of essential nutrients to battle cancer reminds me of <a href="http://www.westonaprice.org/blogs/cmasterjohn/2010/09/22/the-curious-case-of-campbells-rats-does-protein-deficiency-prevent-cancer/">T. Colin Campbell's infamous rat experiment</a>. The rats didn't die because of the cancer, because their (protein-)deficient diet killed them very prematurely.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>6. Copper paradoxes: Alzheimer's disease</b><br />
<br />
In some animal studies copper(sulfate) seems to decrease Alzheimer-related amyloid problems[24], while in other studies, increased harmful effects have been reported.[25,26]<br />
<br />
In a human study, 8mg of copper orotate appeared helpful for the markers of Alzheimer, but didn't affect the symptoms. Brewer has criticized this study, claiming that the orotate form isn't very bioavailable.[27-29]<br />
<br />
Because of mixed results, some authors have claimed that copper deficiency could be the main reason of Alzheimer's disease[30], while others seem to think that copper is causing the problems. George J. Brewer has also argued that the dietary <i>organic copper</i> is healthy, while <i>inorganic </i>copper can bypass liver and gets into the bloodstream in the free form. He has noted that the serum levels of free copper are associated with Alzheimer's disease.[31,32,33]<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>"Normally food copper is metabolized by the liver and channeled into safe pathways such as being incorporated in to ceruloplasmin. [...] When we administer inorganic copper orally labeled with 64Cu, we see a fraction of the label appear in the blood in 1-2 hours, too soon to be processed by the liver. [...] We believe this fraction of 64Cu-labeled inorganic copper is bypassing the liver, is therefore not incorporated safely into ceruloplasmin, contributes directly to the nonceruloplasmin free copper pool, and represents what is happening to at least a portion of the inorganic copper ingested in drinking water or copper supplements."[32]</i></div>
<br />
These views are supported by the epidemiological results showing that the copper in dietary supplements is associated with higher total mortality[34] and faster rate of cognitive decline[35], but dietary copper is associated with better health[1,2] and slower rate of cognitive decline in some subjects[35].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>7. Biological associations (cytochrome c oxidase, etc.)</b><br />
<br />
I've been writing about the important health effects of near-infrared light and thyroid hormones. Both of these work by affecting the same copper-containing enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase. Lack of dietary copper can lead to lower concentrations of this enzyme.[36,37] I think that lack of cytochrome oxidase could be an important reason why copper restriction causes so many kinds of problems.<br />
<br />
When Klevay argued that copper deficiency is the main cause of Alzheimer's disease, he cited approximately ten scientific articles showing that people with Alzheimer's disease have decreased function of cytochrome c oxidase.[30]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>8. Conclusion</b><br />
<br />
Once again, it seems that we should aim to eat a versatile diet to avoid nutritional deficiencies. When talking about diverse diets, we often focus on plants, but it should be noted that some nutrients such as collagen, choline, vitamin K2 and copper are best obtained from some animal-based foods such as bones, skin, eggs, cheese and organ meats (especially liver).<br />
<br />
It seems that the food is the safest source of copper. The main reason is probably the fact that the copper comes in the organic form, but some other dietary factors might also be important for copper mechanism. For example, carnitine protects hens from too much copper, and if you eat liver, you are getting some carnitine as well.[38]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>References</b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1747-0080.12026/abstract">1</a>] Nutrition &amp; Dietetics. 2007 70: 218–226. doi: 10.1111/1747-0080.12026 (2013), <b>Dietary intakes of zinc and copper and cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.</b> Shab-Bidar S, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Mirmiran P, Mehran M, Azizi F. [found this paper via <a href="http://suppversity.blogspot.fi/2013/04/dietary-zinc-copper-improve-glucose.html">SuppVersity</a>]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17131334">2</a>] Int J Cancer. 2007 Mar 1;120(5):1108-15. <b>Dietary zinc, copper and selenium, and risk of lung cancer.</b> Mahabir S, Spitz MR, Barrera SL, Beaver SH, Etzel C, Forman MR.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.goodgardeners.org.uk/pages/4_articles_06_pdf.pdf">3</a>] <b>A study on the mineral depletion of the foods available to us as a nation over the period 1940 to 1991.</b> TRACE MINERALS (UK) LTD</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249795">4</a>] J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2006 Sep;16(5):397-409. Epub 2005 Oct 26. <b>Assessment of human exposure to copper: a case study using the NHEXAS database.</b> Georgopoulos PG, Wang SW, Georgopoulos IG, Yonone-Lioy MJ, Lioy PJ.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11722963">5</a>] Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec;74(6):803-7. <b>Apparent copper absorption from a vegetarian diet.</b> Hunt JR, Vanderpool RA.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3203678">6</a>] Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1988;58(1-2):74-80. <b>Effects of dietary copper on human autonomic cardiovascular function.</b> Lukaski HC, Klevay LM, Milne DB.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=617066">7</a>] Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(3):402.<b> Copper in Nuts May Lower Heart Disease Risk-Reply.</b> Fraser GE, Sabaté J, Beeson WL</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11314977">8</a>] Biol Trace Elem Res. 2000 Winter;78(1-3):179-89. <b>Marginal copper deficiency and atherosclerosis.</b> Hamilton IM, Gilmore WS, Strain JJ.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512809">9</a>] Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013 May 15;304(10):E1023-34. <b>Dietary copper supplementation restores β-cell function of Cohen diabetic rats: a link between mitochondrial function and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.</b> Weksler-Zangen S, Jörns A, Tarsi-Chen L, Vernea F, Aharon-Hananel G, Saada A, Lenzen S, Raz I.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16088091">10</a>] Ann Nutr Metab. 2005 Sep-Oct;49(5):283-8. Epub 2005 Aug 2. <b>Beneficial effects of dietary copper supplementation on serum lipids and antioxidant defenses in rats.</b> Galhardi CM, Diniz YS, Rodrigues HG, Faine LA, Burneiko RC, Ribas BO, Novelli EL.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20407430">11</a>] Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Sep;105(9):1978-85. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.170. Epub 2010 Apr 20. <b>A role for low hepatic copper concentrations in nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease.</b> Aigner E, Strasser M, Haufe H, Sonnweber T, Hohla F, Stadlmayr A, Solioz M, Tilg H, Patsch W, Weiss G, Stickel F, Datz C.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15379959">12</a>] Int J Exp Pathol. 2004 Oct;85(5):265-75. <b>The effects of coadministration of dietary copper and zinc supplements on atherosclerosis, antioxidant enzymes and indices of lipid peroxidation in the cholesterol-fed rabbit.</b> Alissa EM, Bahijri SM, Lamb DJ, Ferns GA.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12204792">13</a>] Atherosclerosis. 2002 Oct;164(2):229-36. <b>Effect of dietary copper supplementation on cell composition and apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions of cholesterol-fed rabbits.</b> Lamb DJ, Avades TY, Allen MD, Anwar K, Kass GE, Ferns GA.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3157387">14</a>] Atherosclerosis. 1985 Feb;54(2):213-24. <b>Atrial thrombosis, abnormal electrocardiograms and sudden death in mice due to copper deficiency.</b> Klevay LM.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12437150">15</a>] J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2002;16(3):149-54. <b>Meat diets and fragile bones: inferences about osteoporosis.</b> Klevay LM, Wildman RE.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[16] J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med., 9: 87–94. <b>Copper supplementation and the maintenance of bone mineral density in middle-aged women.</b> Eaton-Evans J, Mcllrath EM, Jackson WE, McCartney H, Strain JJ</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21544579">17</a>] Age (Dordr). 2012 Jun;34(3):539-52. <b>Cu to Zn ratio, physical function, disability, and mortality risk in older elderly (ilSIRENTE study).</b> Mocchegiani E, Malavolta M, Lattanzio F, Piacenza F, Basso A, Abbatecola AM, Russo A, Giovannini S, Capoluongo E, Bustacchini S, Guffanti EE, Bernabei R, Landi F.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12835494">18</a>] Biol Trace Elem Res. 2003 Summer;93(1-3):95-104. <b>Effects of inflammation and antiinflammatory treatment on serum trace elements concentrations.</b> Akçil E, Yavuz G, Koçak M.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2044809/">19</a>] Br J Pharmacol. 1983 May; 79(1): 45–52. <b>Copper metabolism during acute inflammation: studies on liver and serum copper concentrations in normal and inflamed rats.</b> Conforti A, Franco F, Milanino R, Totorizzo A, Velo GP</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8748229">20</a>] Nutrition. 1995 Sep-Oct;11(5 Suppl):588-91. <b>Free radicals, ceruloplasmin, and copper concentration in serum and aortic tissue in experimental atherosclerosis.</b> Vlad M, Uza G, Zirbo M, Olteanu D.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8602593">21</a>] Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Mar;63(3):358-64. <b>Effects of a diet low in copper on copper-status indicators in postmenopausal women.</b> Milne DB, Nielsen FH.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155346">22</a>] J Alzheimers Dis. 2005 Sep;8(1):23-7. <b>Cognitive decline correlates with low plasma concentrations of copper in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.</b> Pajonk FG, Kessler H, Supprian T, Hamzei P, Bach D, Schweickhardt J, Herrmann W, Obeid R, Simons A, Falkai P, Multhaup G, Bayer TA.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/11/05/1318431110.abstract?sid=a508954d-77a5-43dc-b6b1-1496970eb4d4">23</a>] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (2013). 110(48), 19507-19512. <b>Bioavailable copper modulates oxidative phosphorylation and growth of tumors.</b> Ishida S, Andreux P, Poitry-Yamate C, Auwerx J, Hanahan D.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14617773">24</a>] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Nov 25;100(24):14187-92. <b>Dietary Cu stabilizes brain superoxide dismutase 1 activity and reduces amyloid Abeta production in APP23 transgenic mice</b>. Bayer TA, Schäfer S, Simons A, Kemmling A, Kamer T, Tepest R, Eckert A, Schüssel K, Eikenberg O, Sturchler-Pierrat C, Abramowski D, Staufenbiel M, Multhaup G.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/14/1302212110.full.pdf+html">25</a>] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(36), 14771-14776 (2013) <b>Low levels of copper disrupt brain amyloid-β homeostasis by altering its production and clearance.</b> Singh I, Sagare AP, Coma M, Perlmutter D, Gelein R, Bell RD, Deane R.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC196927/">26</a>] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Sep 16;100(19):11065-9. Epub 2003 Aug 14. <b>Trace amounts of copper in water induce beta-amyloid plaques and learning deficits in a rabbit model of Alzheimer's disease.</b> Sparks DL, Schreurs BG.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18972062">27</a>] J Neural Transm. 2008 Dec;115(12):1651-9. <b>Effect of copper intake on CSF parameters in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease: a pilot phase 2 clinical trial.</b> Kessler H, Pajonk FG, Bach D, Schneider-Axmann T, Falkai P, Herrmann W, Multhaup G, Wiltfang J, Schäfer S, Wirths O, Bayer TA.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18587525">28</a>] J Neural Transm. 2008 Aug;115(8):1181-7. <b>Intake of copper has no effect on cognition in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease: a pilot phase 2 clinical trial.</b> Kessler H, Bayer TA, Bach D, Schneider-Axmann T, Supprian T, Herrmann W, Haber M, Multhaup G, Falkai P, Pajonk FG.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21922048">29</a>] Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;2011:537528. <b>Issues raised involving the copper hypotheses in the causation of Alzheimer's disease.</b> Brewer GJ.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17928161">30</a>] Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(4):802-7. Epub 2007 Oct 24. <b>Alzheimer's disease as copper deficiency.</b> Klevay LM.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673823">31</a>] J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2012 Jun;26(2-3):89-92. <b>Copper toxicity in Alzheimer's disease: cognitive loss from ingestion of inorganic copper.</b> Brewer GJ.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21922048">32</a>] Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;2011:537528. <b>Issues raised involving the copper hypotheses in the causation of Alzheimer's disease.</b> Brewer GJ.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20631161">33</a>] Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2010 Sep;25(6):490-7. <b>Copper and ceruloplasmin abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease.</b> Brewer GJ, Kanzer SH, Zimmerman EA, Celmins DF, Heckman SM, Dick R.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987192">34</a>] Arch Intern Med. 2011 Oct 10;171(18):1625-33. <b>Dietary supplements and mortality rate in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study.</b> Mursu J, Robien K, Harnack LJ, Park K, Jacobs DR Jr.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16908733">35</a>] Arch Neurol. 2006 Aug;63(8):1085-8. <b>Dietary copper and high saturated and trans fat intakes associated with cognitive decline.</b> Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Schneider JA, Wilson RS, Scherr PA.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/67/5/1041S.full.pdf">36</a>] Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 May;67(5 Suppl):1041S-1045S. <b>Copper intake and assessment of copper status.</b> Milne DB.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://jn.nutrition.org/content/137/1/14.long">37</a>] J Nutr. 2007 Jan;137(1):14-8. <b>Copper deficiency decreases complex IV but not complex I, II, III, or V in the mitochondrial respiratory chain in rat heart.</b> Zeng H, Saari JT, Johnson WT.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21710373">38</a>] Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Dec;144(1-3):725-35. <b>Carnitine supplementation modulates high dietary copper-induced oxidative toxicity and reduced performance in laying hens.</b> Güçlü BK, Kara K, Çakır L, Çetin E, Kanbur M.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24746592">extra</a>] J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2014 Mar 18. pii: S0946-672X(14)00020-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.03.002. [Epub ahead of print] Copper and public health: Dietary intakes vs. clinical data. Klevay LM. <i>"Correction of copper intake data for the 77% error in large surveys of the United States [6] reveals that roughly half the people do not meet the recommendations; even with uncorrected data, nearly 25% of people do not meet the higher standards for Europe, Australia and New Zealand [2]."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8618945">extra</a>] Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1996 Apr;211(4):381-6. <i>Copper intestinal absorption in the rat: effect of free fatty acids and triglycerides.</i> Wapnir RA1, Sia MC.</span>Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-65351353221768846292013-12-30T03:47:00.002-08:002018-04-13T22:26:16.252-07:00Health Benefits of Glycine<b>1. Preface</b><br />
<br />
Glycine is an amino acid, and it is generally considered non-essential because we can usually synthesize some glycine from amino acids serine and threonine and from some other compounds as well.<br />
<br />
However, I have seen a compelling amount of evidence showing that body cannot necessarily produce enough glycine for optimal health, and therefore it might be beneficial to get generous amounts glycine from dietary sources.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>2. Dietary requirements</b><br />
<br />
A French-Spanish research group, in their review article (2009), wrote that humans can usually synthesize 3 grams of glycine, and they usually get 1.5-3.0 additional grams from the diet, so the total yield is 4.5-6 grams.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, they stated that this amount doesn't satisfy the daily need of 10-13 grams for collagen synthesis in various tissues (bone, muscle, skin), and therefore glycine should be considered a <i>semi-essential</i> amino acid.[1]<br />
<br />
<i>"This result supports earlier suggestions in the literature that glycine is a semi-essential amino acid and that it should be taken as a nutritional supplement to guarantee a healthy metabolism" - (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093739">Meléndez-Hevia et al. 2009</a>)</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>3. Health effects of glycine (animal studies)</b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>"Glycine is recognized as an “inhibitory” neurotransmitter, and promotes natural sleep. Used as a supplement, it has helped to promote recovery from strokes and seizures, and to improve learning and memory. But in every type of cell, it apparently has the same kind of quieting, protective antistress action. The range of injuries produced by an excess of tryptophan and serotonin seems to be prevented or corrected by a generous supply of glycine. Fibrosis, free radical damage, inflammation, cell death from ATP depletion or calcium overload, mitochondrial damage, diabetes, etc., can be prevented or alleviated by glycine."</i> - Ray Peat</div>
<br />
<br />
Most of the glycine research has been conducted in rodent studies, usually by replacing a fraction of dietary protein with glycine or by using 1% glycine solution instead of normal drinking water.<br />
<br />
In the animal studies I could find, the results were surprisingly good. Glycine<br />
<ul>
<li>protects rats from diabetes-induced harmful effects on kidneys, eyes, blood sugar, immune function and total mortality[2]</li>
<li>slows tumor growth in rats and mice[3]</li>
<li>dramatically decreases the negative effects of sucrose and ethanol in rats[4]</li>
<li>prolongs the lifespan of rats, possibly by mimicking the effect of methionine restriction[5]</li>
<li>protects rats from the harmful effects of excess methionine[5]</li>
<li>protects dogs, rats and rabbits from ischemia (lack of oxygen in the tissue)[6]</li>
<li>protects rats and mice from endotoxin-induced damage[7]</li>
<li>protects rats from lethal sepsis[7]</li>
<li>protects rats from liver injury caused by methionine or choline restriction, alcohol, chemotherapy, bile duct ligation, partial hepatectomy, hemorrhagic shock, sepsis, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclosporin">Cyclosporin A</a> or corn oil[8]</li>
<li>protects rats from kidney injury[35]</li>
<li>protects rats from hemorrhagic shock[9]</li>
<li>protects rats from acid reflux esophagitis[10]</li>
<li>protects rats from high blood pressure and vascular dysfunction caused by a low-protein diet (9% casein) during pregnancy[11]</li>
<li>protects chickens from body fat gain caused by a low-protein diet (supplemented w/glutamic acid)[11]</li>
<li>protects rats from hypercholesterolemia induced by casein and cholesterol[12]</li>
<li>protects rabbits from hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis induced by casein[12]</li>
<li>protects rats from hypercholesterolemia caused by methionine[5]</li>
<li>protects rats from lead toxicity[13]</li>
<li>protects rats from dental caries[14]</li>
<li>protects rats from experimental colitis, and gastric ulcers/lesions[15]</li>
<li>protects rats from experimental arthritis[16]</li>
<li>protects rats from Achilles tendon inflammation[17] </li>
<li>protects rats from pancreatitis[36]</li>
<li>protects ovariectomized rats from osteoporosis[27]</li>
<li>protects hamsters from chemotherapy-caused oral mucositis[34]</li>
<li>reduces platelet aggregation in rats[18]</li>
<li>reduces the birth defects caused by Tretinoin, cadmium or hyperglycemia[19]</li>
<li>reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and increases <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15655035">adiponectin</a> in mice[20]</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>4. Health effects of glycine (human studies)</b><br />
<br />
However, not as many human studies have been conducted. As noted in some human trials...<br />
<ul>
<li>Glycine might improve some health markers (HbA1c, IFN-gamma, TBARS, TNFalpha receptor) a little bit in patients with metabolic syndrome or diabetes, but the effect wasn't nearly as dramatic as in animal studies. Diabetic patients have 26% lower serum glycine levels than "normal" population.[21]</li>
<li>Combination of glycine and cysteine has been studied in diabetic patients, HIV patients and elderly persons. The combination has been shown to significantly increase glutathione synthesis, insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial fuel oxidation and to decrease NEFA levels, lipid peroxidation and F2 isoprostanes. These results are extremely interesting, and <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01870193?term=sekhar+cysteine&rank=1">more data</a> will be published in the future.[22]</li>
<li>Glycine powerfully <a href="http://www.cisbiotech.com/media/Unused%20Media/glycinetherapy2000.pdf">protected</a> from neurological damage caused by stroke. 1 or 2 grams of glycine a day taken sublingually for five days after the stroke decreased the risk of moderate to severe disability by 66%, cerebrospinal fluid lipid peroxides by 50% and mortality by 40% compared to placebo.[23]</li>
<li>Glycine might improve sleep quality.[24]</li>
<li>Glycine improved schizophrenia symptoms in large doses (usually 0.8g/kg/d), though it doesn't seem to augment the effect of clozapine.[25]</li>
<li>Glycine improved the absorption of aspirin, and dramatically decreases the gastrointestinal side effects.[26]</li>
</ul>
<br />
One large <a href="http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/79021.php">study</a>, which hasn't been published in a scientific journal but has been reported on a news site, showed that glycine could relieve arthrosis, osteoporosis and related diseases very effectively:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>The work of De Paz Lugo was developed at the Cellular Metabolism Institute (CMI) in Tenerife, where researchers studied the effect of the glycine supplement on the diet of a group of 600 volunteers affected by different diseases related to the mechanical structure of the organism such as arthrosis, physical injuries or osteoporosis. The patients analysed were aged 4-85, and the average age was 45. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>In all cases, there was a notable improvement in the symptomology. "Thefore -- according to De Paz Lugo -- we concluded that many degenerative diseases such as arthrosis can be treated as deficiency diseases due to the lack of glycine, since supplementing a diet with this amino acid leads to a notable improvement in symptomology without the need to take pain-killers."</i></blockquote>
<br />
Collagen protein is approximately 22% glycine by weight, so the health effects achieved by collagen supplementation could also be related to its' glycine content. Though, in some studies, collagen might have effects via a mechanism called <i>oral tolerance (OT).</i><br />
<br />
In rats and mice, collagen protects from osteoporosis[27], but similar effect wasn't found in humans. In humans it could be beneficial for osteoarthritis[27], rheumatoid arthritis[27], joint pain[27], pressure ulcer[28], hair loss[29], nails[29] and skin health (collagen content, elasticity, etc.)[30].<br />
<br />
The effects on the skin and bone are logical, because these tissues contain high amounts of collagen/glycine. However, a large part of effects are probably related to the general anti-inflammatory properties of glycine.<br />
<br />
French researcher reported that 25g of gelatin daily "rapidly relieves urinary symptoms" accompanying benign prostatic hyperplasia, and it was concluded that "<i>gelatin can be very useful in the treatment of this disorder</i>". Some impressive results have also been obtained with the combination of amino acids glycine, alanine and glutamic acid, which all are abundant in gelatin.[31]<br />
<br />
Russian researchers have also reported that glycine might be beneficial for trigeminal neuralgia.[37]<br />
<br />
Glycine has also failed to bring benefits for heart surgery and arterial stenosis, even though animal studies regarding cardiovascular system have been very promising.[38]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>5. Mechanisms</b><br />
<br />
The protective effects of glycine can be partially explained by glycine's inhibitory effects. Glycine can hyperpolarize certain immune cells via glycine-gated chloride channels, decreasing the amount of toxic mediators (TNF-α, IL-6) released in response to endotoxin and other stimuli.[32]<br />
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This is probably the best explanation why glycine gives a very strong protection against the possible harms of fructose and ethanol and probably fats as well.[32] By a similar mechanism, it's possible that glycine also protects from atherosclerosis and some other diseases but this hasn't been investigated in humans.[32]<br />
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It has also been suggested that some of glycine's positive effects are due to increased secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).[32] Since watching William Li's TED talk <i><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/william_li">Can we eat to starve cancer?</a></i>, I have also been thinking about the significance of glycine's anti-angiogenic effects. In some rodent studies, inhibition of angiogenesis has also protected animals from obesity.<br />
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Because of its liver-protecting properties, glycine might also increase the conversion of T4 to T3 in liver (via deiodinases). So far, this has only been studied in a rainbow trout study, with a positive result.[32]<br />
<br />
In his book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hypothyroidism-Unsuspected-Illness-Broda-Barnes/dp/069001029X">Broda Barnes</a> wrote that high-protein diets decrease thyroid function. Biologist <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/12/raymond-peat.html">Ray Peat</a>'s take on the subject is that insufficient protein intake is one of the main causes of low thyroid function, but muscle meats have a large amount of antimetabolic amino acids. Therefore he <a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/gelatin.shtml">suggests</a> that a large part of daily protein intake could be in the form of gelatin.<br />
<br />
A popular health author Denise Minger has <a href="http://rawfoodsos.com/2014/03/09/new-animal-protein-study/">argued</a> that the "harmfulness" of animal protein (or methionine) could actually be caused by the insufficient glycine intake on high-methionine diets that include muscle meat, milk and eggs. As shown above, some studies have demonstrated that glycine can decrease the possible harms of casein and methionine. Some animal proteins (scallop, cod) seem to have important health-promoting effects due to their high glycine and taurine content.[33]<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>"In conclusion, intake of scallop muscle as the sole dietary protein source completely prevented high-fat, high-sucrose-induced body mass gain and fat accretion without affecting lean body mass. Furthermore, scallop feeding improved plasma lipid profile in C57BL/6J mice compared to mice fed diets with protein from chicken, cod or crab. Correlation analyses revealed strong, highly significant inverse correlations between intake of taurine and glycine and body fat mass, as well as strong, highly significant correlations between glycine and especially taurine intake and improved plasma lipid profiles." <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24658997">(Tastesen et al. 2014)</a></i></blockquote>
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<b>6. Dietary sources of glycine</b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>"[T]extbook writers from the 19th century on have rated gelatin a "poor quality protein." But in spite of its seeming limitations, gelatin was valued for its medicinal benefits for thousands of years and was long considered a panacea for everything from skin and joint disorders to digestive distress to heart ailments." </i><i>- </i>Kaayla T. Daniel</div>
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<br />
Biologist <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/12/raymond-peat.html">Ray Peat</a> has <a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/gelatin.shtml">written</a> that collagen makes up about 50% of the protein in an animal. Considering this information, we can assume that some traditional cultures probably had quite high glycine intake if they consumed skin and bones, and not only muscle meat.<br />
<br />
The traditional way to achieve higher dietary intake of glycine would be to consume skin and bone broth, but some other foods such as <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22055219">ground meat</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_cheese">head cheese</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jell-O">jello</a> also contain some gelatin (cooked form of collagen).<br />
<br />
The straightforward way to get more gelatin is to use a nutritional supplement. I usually mix 1-2 tablespoons of <a href="http://www.iherb.com/Now-Foods-Real-Food-Beef-Gelatin-Powder-1-lb-454-g/400">gelatin powder</a> to my chocolate milk before heating* the drink. Some dietary supplement stores also sell <a href="http://www.iherb.com/Now-Foods-Glycine-100-Pure-Powder-1-lb-454-g/615">glycine powder</a> and <a href="http://www.iherb.com/Life-Extension-Glycine-1000-mg-100-Veggie-Caps/47810#p=1&oos=1&disc=0&lc=en-US&w=glycine%20capsule&rc=337&sr=null&ic=8">capsules</a>.<br />
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Magnesium (bis)glycinate supplements have 6:1 ratio of magnesium:glycine, so eating 350mg magnesium (as magnesium glycinate) daily should yield approximately 2 grams of (di)glycine.<br />
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<b>7. Conclusions</b><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>"Dietary supplementation with an appropriate dose of glycine is effective in ameliorating metabolic disorders in patients with obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, various inflammatory diseases, and cancers." </i><i>(</i><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23615880">Wang et al. 2013</a>)</div>
<br />
<br />
The results of glycine studies have been mostly quite positive, and it's nice to see that it could possibly ameliorate a wide spectrum of health problems and protect against the health problems caused by dietary fat, fructose, ethanol and some types of animal protein. However, we do still need additional data from human trials.<br />
<br />
In the paleosphere, a growing number of writers have been recommending the consumption of <a href="http://chriskresser.com/4-ways-to-improve-your-paleo-lifestyle">bone broths</a>, <a href="http://www.westonaprice.org/mentalemotional-health/meat-organs-bones-and-skin">skin</a> and organs. Based on these findings, I think this is a good trend, compared to some previous recommendations of high consumption of lean meat.<br />
<br />
In addition to gl<span style="font-size: small;">ycine, we should also try to investigate the potential health effects of other amino acids and peptides. Especially taurine, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23361591">histidine</a> and carnosine might hav</span>e potentially beneficial anti-inflammatory effects. I have investigated this issue a little bit in my article <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2014/12/good-proteins-bad-proteins-and-amino.html">Good Proteins, Bad Proteins</a>.<br />
<b><br /></b><b><br /></b><br />
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<b>Notes</b><br />
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* I use microwave oven to heat the chocolate milk. However, in her <a href="http://www.westonaprice.org/food-features/why-broth-is-beautiful">article</a>, Kaayla T. Daniel argues that microwaves can turn proline into poisonous d-proline and therefore "<i>if you heat it [gelatin] in the microwave, it becomes toxic to the liver, kidneys and nervous system</i>". She refers to this <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2574327">paper</a> (Lubec et al).<br />
<br />
However, I suspect that as usual, some misinterpretations might have happened. Paul Jaminet has written that some of he anti-microwave claims are based on quite poor science (<a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/2010/12/do-microwaves-destroy-flavonoids/">Do Microwaves Destroy Flavonoids?</a>).<br />
<br />
According to one paper (<a href="http://www.agroscope.admin.ch/publikationen/einzelpublikation/index.html?pubdownload=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ad1IZn4Z2rZpnG3s2Rodeln6h1doJ5f4ONn,aknp6V2tTIjKbXoKimjZybnJeniKfo">pdf</a>), the Lubec study was conducted "under pressure in 174 to 176°C". There is also <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.2740590213/abstract">another paper</a> that doesn't seem to show that domestic microwaving would be more harmful than some other heating methods.<br />
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<b>Slideshow (with a focus on metabolic syndrome)</b><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="291" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/36527397" style="border-width: 1px; border: 1px solid #CCC; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;" width="342"> </iframe> <br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
</div>
<a href="http://www.slideshare.net/vladimirheiskanen/vladimir-heiskanen-glycine-the-antiinflammatory">Glycine: The Versatile Anti-inflammatory Nutrient</a> (by Vladimir Heiskanen)<br />
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<b>References</b><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><u>[0] Review articles</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23615880">x</a>] Amino Acids. 2013 Sep;45(3):463-77. <b>Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health.</b> Wang W, Wu Z, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wang J, Wu G.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12589194">x</a>] Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003 Mar;6(2):229-40. <b>L-Glycine: a novel antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and cytoprotective agent.</b> Zhong Z, Wheeler MD, Li X, Froh M, Schemmer P, Yin M, Bunzendaul H, Bradford B, Lemasters JJ.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344603">x</a>] Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005 Nov;29(1ai1 Suppl):162S-5S. <b>Glycine as a therapeutic immuno-nutrient for alcoholic liver disease. </b>Yamashina S, Ikejima K, Enomoto N, Takei Y, Sato N.<br /><br />[<a href="http://openheart.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000103.full.pdf">x</a>] Open Heart 2014;1:e000103. <b>The cardiometabolic benefits of glycine: Is glycine an ‘antidote’ to dietary fructose?</b> Mark F McCarty, James J DiNicolantonio <i>"The plasma concentration of glycine in normally nourished individuals—around 200 µM—is near the Km for activation of these channels, implying that the severalfold increases in plasma glycine achievable with practical supplementation can be expected to further activate these channels in vivo."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19738917">x</a>] Front Mol Neurosci. 2009 Aug 20;2:9. <b>Glycine and glycine receptor signalling in non-neuronal cells.</b> den Eynden JV, Ali SS, Horwood N, Carmans S, Brône B, Hellings N, Steels P, Harvey RJ, Rigo JM.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27066896">x</a>] Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016 Apr 11. [Epub ahead of print] <b>The role of glycine in regulated cell death.</b> Weinberg JM, Bienholz A, Venkatachalam MA. [An extremely extensive review on the cellular effects of glycine.]<br /><br />[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin#Medical_and_nutritional_properties">x</a>] Wikipedia - <b>Gelatin</b>#Medical and nutritional properties<br /><br />[<a href="http://glycine/">x</a>] Examine.com - <b>Glycine</b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.westonaprice.org/vitamins-and-minerals/beyond-good-and-evil">x</a>] Chris Masterjohn - <b>Beyond Good and Evil</b><br /><br />[<a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/gelatin.shtml">x</a>] Raymond F. Peat - <b>Gelatin, stress, longevity</b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.westonaprice.org/food-features/why-broth-is-beautiful">x</a>] Kaayla T. Daniel - <b>Why Broth is Beautiful: Essential Roles for Proline, Glycine and Gelatin</b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.wisechoicemarket.com/benefits-of-bone-broth/">x</a>] Wise Choice Market - <b>Benefits of Bone Broth</b><br /><br />[<a href="http://caloriesproper.com/?p=3917">x</a>] The poor, misunderstood calorie - <b>Protein dilemma ~ sleepy or smart. #Gelatin</b><br /><br />[<a href="http://sweetamine.com/the-breakthrough-science-of-sweetamine/">x</a>] Sweetamine.com - <b>The Breakthrough Science of Sweetamine</b><br /><br />[<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ni7wkPJKJfU">x</a>] YouTube - <b>The anti-Inflammatory properties of the amino acid glycine part 1</b><br />[<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVBkvp8kejk">x</a>] YouTube - <b>Anti-Inflammatory characteristics of glycine Part 2</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><u>[1] Glycine dietary requirements</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093739">x</a>] J Biosci. 2009 Dec;34(6):853-72. <b>A weak link in metabolism: the metabolic capacity for glycine biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis.</b> Meléndez-Hevia E, De Paz-Lugo P, Cornish-Bowden A, Cárdenas ML.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23615880">x</a>] Amino Acids. 2013 Sep;45(3):463-77. <b>Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health.</b> Wang W, Wu Z, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wang J, Wu G.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19179765">x</a>] J Biosci. 2008 Dec;33(5):771-80. <b>Branch-point stoichiometry can generate weak links in metabolism: the case of glycine biosynthesis.</b> Melendez-Hevia E, Paz-Lugo PD. <i>"A critical weak link is created in glycine biosynthesis by the stoichiometry of the reaction catalyzed by glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1), which converts serine into glycine plus one C1 unit: this produces an absolute dependence of the glycine production flux on the utilization of C1 units for other metabolic pathways that do not work coordinately with glycine use. It may not be possible, therefore, to ensure that glycine is always synthesized in sufficient quantities to meet optimal metabolic requirements."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3676243">x</a>] Br J Nutr. 1987 Sep;58(2):207-14. <b>Urinary excretion of 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic aciduria) as an index of glycine insufficiency in normal man.</b> Jackson AA, Badaloo AV, Forrester T, Hibbert JM, Persaud C. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24754494">x</a>] Drug Metab Rev. 2014 Apr 22. <b>A new perspective on the importance of glycine conjugation in the metabolism of aromatic acids.</b> Badenhorst CP, Erasmus E, van der Sluis R, Nortje C, van Dijk AA. <i>"In this review it will be argued that the major role of glycine conjugation is to dispose of the end products of phenylpropionate metabolism. Furthermore, glucuronidation, which occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, would not be ideal for the detoxification of free benzoate, which has been shown to accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix. Glycine conjugation, however, prevents accumulation of benzoic acid in the mitochondrial matrix by forming hippurate, a less lipophilic conjugate that can be more readily transported out of the mitochondria. Finally, it will be explained that the glycine conjugation of benzoate, a commonly used preservative, exacerbates the dietary deficiency of glycine in humans. Because the resulting shortage of glycine can negatively influence brain neurochemistry and the synthesis of collagen, nucleic acids, porphyrins, and other important metabolites, the risks of using benzoate as a preservative should not be underestimated."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28929384">x</a>] Amino Acids. 2017 Sep 20. doi: 10.1007/s00726-017-2490-6. <b>Roles of dietary glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis and animal growth.</b> Li P, Wu G. <i>"Results of the recent studies indicate that endogenous synthesis of glycine, proline, and Hyp is inadequate for maximal growth, collagen production, or feed efficiency in pigs, chickens, and fish."</i><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><b><u> [2] Glycine and diabetic complications</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12727302">x</a>] Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003 Apr;134(4):521-7. <b>Effect of glycine in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. </b>Alvarado-Vásquez N, Zamudio P, Cerón E, Vanda B, Zenteno E, Carvajal-Sandoval G.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355255">x</a>] Mol Vis. 2012;18:439-48. <b>Glycine therapy inhibits the progression of cataract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.</b> Bahmani F, Bathaie SZ, Aldavood SJ, Ghahghaei A.<br /><br />[<a href="http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=70910e4d-0e78-4493-b119-dad4a4d049f3%40sessionmgr114&vid=2&hid=119">x</a>] Rev Alerg Mex. 2006 Nov-Dec;53(6):212-6. <b>Effect of glycine on the immune response of the experimentally diabetic rats.</b> Lezcano Meza D, Terán Ortiz L, Carvajal Sandoval G, Gutiérrez de la Cadena M, Terán Escandón D, Estrada Parra S.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21279270">x</a>] Rev Med Chil. 2010 Oct;138(10):1246-52. <b>[Effects of glycine on auditory evoked potentials among diabetic patients with auditory pathway neuropathy].</b> [Article in Spanish] Muñoz-Carlin Mde L, Rodríguez-Moctezuma JR, Gómez Latorre JG, Montes-Castillo ML, Juárez-Adauta S.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16483611">x</a>] Life Sci. 2006 Jun 13;79(3):225-32. <b>Oral glycine administration attenuates diabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.</b> Alvarado-Vásquez N, Lascurain R, Cerón E, Vanda B, Carvajal-Sandoval G, Tapia A, Guevara J, Montaño LF, Zenteno E.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.kmusjournal.ir/english/abstract.asp?articleID=4793">x</a>] Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences 2014;21 <b>Assessment of Oral Glycine and Lysine Therapy on Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products and Transforming Growth Factor Beta Expression in the Kidney of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats in Comparison with Normal Rats.</b> Somayeh Sadat Heidary, M.Sc., et al.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878331713000508">x</a>] Journal of Experimental & Clinical Medicine 2013;5:109-114 <b>Effect of Glycine on Protein Oxidation and Advanced Glycation End Products Formation</b> Salinas Arreortua Noe, García Lorenzana Mario, Genoveva Durán Reyes, Villagómez Jasso Edgar Iván, Alarcón Aguilar Francisco Javier, Gómez Olivares José Luis <i>"The experimental data demonstrate that glycine reduced glucose, HbA1C, and fructosamine levels in blood. Even more, glycine significantly reduced AGE-BSA conformation, but the reduction of protein oxidation occurred only in the kidneys."</i><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><u> [3] Glycine, cancer, angiogenesis and cachexia</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12750558">x</a>] Cancer Biol Ther. 2003 Mar-Apr;2(2):173-8. <b>Dietary glycine inhibits angiogenesis during wound healing and tumor growth.</b> Amin K, Li J, Chao WR, Dewhirst MW, Haroon ZA.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10545408">x</a>] Carcinogenesis. 1999 Nov;20(11):2075-81. <b>Dietary glycine prevents the development of liver tumors caused by the peroxisome proliferator WY-14,643. </b>Rose ML, Cattley RC, Dunn C, Wong V, Li X, Thurman RG.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9276615">x</a>] Carcinogenesis. 1997 Aug;18(8):1453-6. <b>Kupffer cells are causally responsible for the mitogenic effect of peroxisome proliferators.</b> Rose ML, Germolec DR, Schoonhoven R, Thurman RG.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334195">x</a>] Carcinogenesis. 1999 May;20(5):793-8. <b>Dietary glycine inhibits the growth of B16 melanoma tumors in mice.</b> Rose ML, Madren J, Bunzendahl H, Thurman RG.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23835111">x</a>] Clin Nutr. 2013 Jun 26. pii: S0261-5614(13)00185-4. <b>Glycine administration attenuates skeletal muscle wasting in a mouse model of cancer cachexia.</b> Ham DJ, Murphy KT, Chee A, Lynch GS, Koopman R.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27351202">x</a>] Amino Acids. 2016 Jun 28. <b>Glycine inhibits angiogenesis in colorectal cancer: role of endothelial cells.</b> Bruns H, Kazanavicius D, Schultze D, Saeedi MA, Yamanaka K, Strupas K, Schemmer P.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11962256">x</a>] Nutr Cancer. 2001;40(2):197-204. <b>Endothelial cells contain a glycine-gated chloride channel. </b>Yamashina S, Konno A, Wheeler MD, Rusyn I, Rusyn EV, Cox AD, Thurman RG. <i>"Importantly, glycine diminished serum-stimulated proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. Collectively, these data indicate that the inhibitory effect of glycine on growth and migration of endothelial cells is due to activation of a glycine-gated Cl- channel. This hyperpolarizes the cell membrane and blocks influx of Ca2+, thereby minimizing growth factor-mediated signaling."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17567469">x</a>] J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Jun;22 Suppl 1:S62-4. <b>Glycine as a potent anti-angiogenic nutrient for tumor growth.</b> Yamashina S, Ikejima K, Rusyn I, Sato N.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24657017">x</a>] Trends Biochem Sci. 2014 Apr;39(4):191-198. <b>Serine and glycine metabolism in cancer.</b> Amelio I, Cutruzzolá F, Antonov A, Agostini M, Melino G. [Ray Peat: <i>"When tumors aren't getting enough sugar and fat, they cause proteins to be broken down, and glutamine, glycine, and serine can be used for energy. But when glycine is present in the diet, it has various anti-tumor effects."</i>]<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24813884">x</a>] Cell Rep. 2014 May 22;7(4):1248-58. <b>Serine, but not glycine, supports one-carbon metabolism and proliferation of cancer cells.</b> Labuschagne CF, van den Broek NJ, Mackay GM, Vousden KH, Maddocks OD. <i>"Although serine and glycine can be interconverted and either might be used for nucleotide synthesis and one-carbon metabolism, we show that exogenous glycine cannot replace serine to support cancer cell proliferation."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25164454">x</a>] Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2014 Sep;23(3):429-36. P<b>lasma and tissue free amino acid profiles and their concentration correlation in patients with lung cancer.</b> Zhao Q, Cao Y, Wang Y, Hu C, Hu A, Ruan L, Bo Q, Liu Q, Chen W, Tao F, Ren M, Ge Y, Chen A, Li L. <i>"Within the PFAAs, the concentrations of five amino acids (tryptophan, glycine, citrulline, ornithine and proline) were significantly decreased, while that of phenylalanine was markedly increased compared with control subjects. Within the TFAAs, the concentrations of three amino acids (taurine, glutamic acid and glycine) were increased, while the concentrations of two amino acids (lysine and ornithine) were decreased significantly in lung cancer tissues compared with the paracarcinomous tissues."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24390398">x</a>] Amino Acids. 2014 Apr;46(4):969-76. <b>Glycine inhibits angiogenic signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.</b> Bruns H, Petrulionis M, Schultze D, Al Saeedi M, Lin S, Yamanaka K, Ambrazevičius M, Strupas K, Schemmer P.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><u><b>[4] Glycine protects from sugar and ethanol (animal studies)</b></u><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15331379">x</a>] Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004 Dec;287(6):R1387-93. <b>Glycine intake decreases plasma free fatty acids, adipose cell size, and blood pressure in sucrose-fed rats.</b> El Hafidi M, Pérez I, Zamora J, Soto V, Carvajal-Sandoval G, Baños G.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22115172">x</a>] Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011 Nov 24. [Epub ahead of print] <b>Effect of glycine on the cyclooxygenase pathway of the kidney arachidonic acid metabolism in a rat model of metabolic syndrome.</b> Pérez-Torres I, Ibarra B, Soria-Castro E, Torrico-Lavayen R, Pavón N, Diaz-Diaz E, Flores PL, Infante O, Baños G.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15027101">x</a>] Cell Biochem Funct. 2004 Mar-Apr;22(2):123-8. <b>Protective effect of glycine supplementation on the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in the erythrocyte of rats with alcohol-induced liver injury.</b> Senthilkumar R, Sengottuvelan M, Nalini N.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23742196">x</a>] Clin Sci (Lond). 2014 Jan 1;126(1):19-29. <b>Glycine restores glutathione and protects against oxidative stress in vascular tissue from sucrose-fed rats.</b> Ruiz-Ramírez A, Ortiz-Balderas E, Cardozo-Saldaña G, Diaz-Diaz E, El-Hafidi M.<br /><br />[<a href="http://web.b.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=15312976&AN=12560735&h=%2bDYvatLaS4NsunJGhlQcnhqpqBJD0TI9fyja%2b0gePn4qj9BWzUmTtxy%2fFEIoVaF6h9RV3nhdEbBgqtI3A6CFSg%3d%3d&crl=c">x</a>] Internet Journal of Pharmacology 2003;2:1-12 <b>Glycine Modulates Lipid And Lipoprotein Levels In Rats With Alcohol Induced Liver Injury.</b> Senthilkumar, Rajagopal; Nalini, Namasivayam <i>"[glycine] reduced the levels of tissue and serum cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins significantly as compared with the unsupplemented alcohol treated rats. [...] alcohol treated rat brain demonstrated edema, which was markedly reduced on treatment with glycine."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24658997">x</a>] Amino Acids. 2014 Mar 23. [Epub ahead of print] <b>Scallop protein with endogenous high taurine and glycine content prevents high-fat, high-sucrose-induced obesity and improves plasma lipid profile in male C57BL/6J mice.</b> Tastesen HS, Keenan AH, Madsen L, Kristiansen K, Liaset B. (via <a href="http://www.ergo-log.com/best-high-protein-slimming-diet-contains-lots-of-taurine-and-glycine.html">ergo-log</a>)</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26996629">x</a>] Curr Drug Deliv. 2016;13(1):158-69. <b>Effect of Glycine on Adipocyte Hypertrophy in a Metabolic Syndrome Rat Model.</b> López YR, Pérez-Torres I1, Zúñiga-Muñoz A, Lans VG, Díaz-Díaz E, Castro ES, Espejel RV.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27058626">x</a>] Neurochem Int. 2016 Apr 4. pii: S0197-0186(16)30049-3. <b>Glycine inhibits ethanol-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptotic neurodegeneration in postnatal rat brain.</b> Amin FU, Shah SA, Kim MO.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27784003">x</a>] Oncotarget. 2016 Oct 23. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12831. <b>Glycine protects against high sucrose and high fat-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats.</b> Zhou X, Han D, Xu R, Wu H, Qu C, Wang F, Wang X, Zhao Y.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><u>[5] Glycine, methionine, lifespan and cholesterol levels</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/meeting_abstract/25/1_MeetingAbstracts/528.2">x</a>] The FASEB Journal. 2011;25:528.2. <b>Dietary glycine supplementation mimics lifespan extension by dietary methionine restriction in Fisher 344 rats.</b> Brind J, Malloy V, Augie I, Caliendo N, Vogelman JH, Zimmerman JA, Orentreich N. <i>"We propose that more efficient Met clearance via GNMT with GS could be reducing chronic Met toxicity due to rogue methylations from chronic excess methylation capacity or oxidative stress from generation of toxic by-products such as formaldehyde."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3668700">x</a>] J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1987 Jun;33(3):195-205. <b>Effect of dietary glycine on methionine metabolism in rats fed a high-methionine diet.</b> Sugiyama K, Kushima Y, Muramatsu K.<br /><br />[<a href="http://ebm.sagepub.com/content/70/2/327.short">x</a>] Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1949 Feb;70(2):327-30. <b>The effect of feeding excess glycine, L-arginine, and DL-methionine to rats on a casein diet.</b> ROTH JS, ALLISON JB.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17031061">x</a>] Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006 Oct;70(10):2403-9. <b>Suppression of methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia by glycine and serine in rats. </b>Fukada S, Shimada Y, Morita T, Sugiyama K.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8434940">x</a>] Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993 Feb 1;300(2):598-607. <b>Methionine toxicity in the rat in relation to hepatic accumulation of S-adenosylmethionine: prevention by dietary stimulation of the hepatic transsulfuration pathway.</b> Regina M, Korhonen VP, Smith TK, Alakuijala L, Eloranta TO.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://ir.lib.shizuoka.ac.jp/bitstream/10297/2609/1/080904003.pdf?origin=publication_detail">x</a>] Fukada, Shin-ichiro, Tatsuya Morita, and Kimio Sugiyama. <b>"Effects of various amino acids on methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in rats."</b> Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 72.7 (2008): 1940-1943.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13629821">x</a>] Circ Res. 1959 Mar;7(2):224-7. <b>Effect of taurine, glycine and beta-sitosterols on serum and tissue cholesterol in the rat and rabbit.</b> HERRMANN RG. <i>"Glycine was without any significant effect."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7421987">x</a>] Nahrung. 1980;24(7):663-71. <b>The hypolipaemic action of a glycine rich diet in rats.</b> Aust L, Poledne R, Elhabet A, Noack R.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3806255">x</a>] J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1986 Aug;32(4):413-23. <b>Relationship between amino acid composition of diet and plasma cholesterol level in growing rats fed a high cholesterol diet.</b> Sugiyama K, Ohkawa S, Muramatsu K.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362224">x</a>] J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1990 Feb;36(1):45-54. <b>Effects of dietary methionine and glycine on serum lipoprotein profiles and fecal sterol excretion in normal and hepatoma-bearing rats.</b> Yagasaki K, Machida-Takehana M, Funabiki R.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3473191">x</a>] J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1986 Dec;32(6):643-51. <b>Effects of dietary methionine, cystine, and glycine on endogenous hypercholesterolemia in hepatoma-bearing rats.</b> Yagasaki K, Machida M, Funabiki R.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2130151">x</a>] J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1990 Oct;36 Suppl 2:S165-8. <b>Effects of dietary supplemented amino acids on endogenous hypercholesterolemia in rats.</b> Yagasaki K, Funabiki R.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2130141">x</a>] J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1990 Oct;36 Suppl 2:S105-10. <b>Significance of the amino acid composition of dietary protein in the regulation of plasma cholesterol.</b> Sugiyama K, Muramatsu K. "diets high in methionine and low in cystine and glycine content tend to increase the plasma cholesterol level and diets of opposite amino acid content tend to decrease the plasma cholesterol level."<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16176601">x</a>] Br J Nutr. 2005 Sep;94(3):321-30. <b>Dietary proteins with high isoflavone content or low methionine-glycine and lysine-arginine ratios are hypocholesterolaemic and lower the plasma homocysteine level in male Zucker fa/fa rats.</b> Gudbrandsen OA, Wergedahl H, Liaset B, Espe M, Berge RK.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9306886">x</a>] Br J Nutr. 1997 Sep;78(3):459-67. <b>Influence of dietary protein and fat on serum lipids and metabolism of essential fatty acids in rats.</b> Ratnayake WM, Sarwar G, Laffey P. <i>"Gelatin was hypocholesterolaemic and also suppressed the liver phospholipid levels of AA and DHA (reported for the first time)."</i><br /><br />[<a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb1961/53/6/53_6_1647/_article">x</a>] Agricultural and Biological Chemistry Vol. 53 (1989) No. 6 P 1647-1652 <b>Comparison between the Plasma Cholesterol-lowering Effects of Glycine and Taurine in Rats Fed on High Cholesterol Diets</b> Kimio SUGIYAMA, Akio OHISHI, Yukari OHNUMA, Keiichiro MURAMATSU <i>"The plasma cholesterol-lowering effect of Gly could not be fully explained by the stimulation of fecal bile acid excretion, whereas the effect of Tau appeared to be associated with the fecal bile acid excretion."</i><br /><br />[<a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/fstr/19/6/19_1149/_article">x</a>] Food Science and Technology Research Vol. 19 (2013) No. 6 p. 1149-1153 <b>Effects of Collagen Peptide Ingestion on Blood Lipids in Rats Fed a High-Lipid and High-Sucrose Diet</b> Yoh-ichi KOYAMA, Masashi KUSUBATA <i>"0.2 g/kg body weight collagen peptide was administered for 29 days to male Crlj:CD (SD) rats fed a high-lipid and high-sucrose diet [...] total cholesterol, particularly LDL, was significantly lower in rats given collagen peptide than in control rats"</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271531799001189">x</a>] Nutrition Research Volume 19, Issue 12, December 1999, Pages 1777–1789 <b>Dietary taurine or glycine supplementation reduces plasma and liver cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in rats fed a cholesterol-free diet</b> Taesun Park, Ph.D., Jooyeon Oh, M.S., Kyungshin Lee, M.S. <i>"Both TSD and GSD significantly lowered the plasma levels of total cholesterol (40% decrease in TSD, p<0.001 and 27% decrease in GSD, p<0.001, respectively)"</i><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [6] Glycine and ischemia-reperfusion injury (skeletal muscle, heart, intestine, kidneys, liver)</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11174716">x</a>] Surgery. 2001 Feb;129(2):231-5. <b>Glycine preserves function and decreases necrosis in skeletal muscle undergoing ischemia and reperfusion injury.</b> Ascher E, Hanson JN, Cheng W, Hingorani A, Scheinman M.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22044190">x</a>] Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Apr;165(7):2059-72. <b>Glycine, a simple physiological compound protecting by yet puzzling mechanism(s) against ischaemia-reperfusion injury: current knowledge.</b> Petrat F, Boengler K, Schulz R, de Groot H.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21454985">x</a>] Eur Surg Res. 2011;46(4):180-7. <b>Protection from glycine at low doses in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat small intestine.</b> Petrat F, Drowatzky J, Boengler K, Finckh B, Schmitz KJ, Schulz R, de Groot H.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14603224">x</a>] J Vasc Surg. 2003 Nov;38(5):1113-20. <b>Protective effect of glycine in mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion injury in a rat model.</b> Kallakuri S, Ascher E, Pagala M, Gade P, Hingorani A, Scheinman M, Mehraein K, Jacob T.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832421">x</a>] Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002 Mar;282(3):F417-23. <b>Protective effect of glycine on renal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion in vivo.</b> Yin M, Zhong Z, Connor HD, Bunzendahl H, Finn WF, Rusyn I, Li X, Raleigh JA, Mason RP, Thurman RG.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21175929">x</a>] Microcirculation. 2011 Apr;18(3):205-13. <b>Glycine and taurine equally prevent fatty livers from Kupffer cell-dependent injury: an in vivo microscopy study.</b> Bruns H, Watanpour I, Gebhard MM, Flechtenmacher C, Galli U, Schulze-Bergkamen H, Zorn M, Büchler MW, Schemmer P.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21175814">x</a>] J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Jan;26(1):194-200. <b>Glycine maintains mitochondrial activity and bile composition following warm liver ischemia-reperfusion injury.</b> Sheth H, Hafez T, Glantzounis GK, Seifalian AM, Fuller B, Davidson BR.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218075">x</a>] J Physiol. 2004 Aug 1;558(Pt 3):873-82. <b>Glycine protects cardiomyocytes against lethal reoxygenation injury by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition.</b> Ruiz-Meana M, Pina P, Garcia-Dorado D, Rodríguez-Sinovas A, Barba I, Miró-Casas E, Mirabet M, Soler-Soler J.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8423046">x</a>] Hepatology. 1993 Jan;17(1):91-8. <b>Glycine protects hepatocytes from injury caused by anoxia, cold ischemia and mitochondrial inhibitors, but not injury caused by calcium ionophores or oxidative stress.</b> Marsh DC, Vreugdenhil PK, Mack VE, Belzer FO, Southard JH. <i>"Of the amino acids tested, only alanine (10 mmol/L) and the combination of alanine (3 mmol/L) and serine (3 mmol/L) were as effective as glycine in preventing lactate dehydrogenase release in the hypothermic preservation model."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2253849/">x</a>] FASEB J. 1990 Dec;4(15):3347-54. <b>Structural requirements for protection by small amino acids against hypoxic injury in kidney proximal tubules.</b> Weinberg JM, Venkatachalam MA, Garzo-Quintero R, Roeser NF, Davis JA. <i>"Kidney proximal tubules are resistant to hypoxic injury if glycine or L-alanine is present in their incubation medium. Protection does not depend on the concentration or turnover of ATP in cells. We have investigated structure-function relationships that govern this protective activity. Among more than 45 amino acids and analogs examined, only glycine, L-alanine, D-alanine, beta-alanine, and the neuronal glycine binding site agonist, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, were active. The protective effect could not be explained by amino acid metabolism."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18475188">x</a>] Transplantation. 2008 May 15;85(9):1300-10. <b>Perioperative glycine treatment attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury and ameliorates smooth muscle dysfunction in intestinal transplantation.</b> Schaefer N, Tahara K, Schuchtrup S, Websky MV, Overhaus M, Schmidt J, Wirz S, Abu-Elmagd KM, Kalff JC, Hirner A, Türler A.<br /><br /> <br /> <br /><br /><b><u>[7] Glycine, endotoxemia, Kupffer cells, TLR4</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8760112">x</a>] Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):G97-103. <b>A diet containing glycine improves survival in endotoxin shock in the rat. </b>Ikejima K, Iimuro Y, Forman DT, Thurman RG.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9227496">x</a>] Am J Physiol. 1997 Jun;272(6 Pt 1):G1581-6. <b>Kupffer cells contain a glycine-gated chloride channel.</b> Ikejima K, Qu W, Stachlewitz RF, Thurman RG.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22654457">x</a>] World J Gastroenterol. 2012 May 28;18(20):2576-81. <b>Effects of glycine on phagocytosis and secretion by Kupffer cells in vitro.</b> Wu HW, Yun KM, Han DW, Xu RL, Zhao YC.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565339">x</a>] Am J Surg. 2008 Jul;196(1):139-48. <b>Glycine attenuates endotoxin-induced liver injury by downregulating TLR4 signaling in Kupffer cells.</b> Xu FL, You HB, Li XH, Chen XF, Liu ZJ, Gong JP.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10926563">x</a>] Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2000 Aug;279(2):L390-8. <b>Dietary glycine blunts lung inflammatory cell influx following acute endotoxin.</b> Wheeler MD, Rose ML, Yamashima S, Enomoto N, Seabra V, Madren J, Thurman RG.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11395604">x</a>] Crit Care Med. 2001 Jun;29(6):1201-6. <b>Glycine attenuates hepatocellular depression during early sepsis and reduces sepsis-induced mortality.</b> Yang S, Koo DJ, Chaudry IH, Wang P.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19735017">x</a>] Br Poult Sci. 2009 Jul;50(4):479-86. <b>Effects of dietary glycine supplementation and fish meal on inflammatory responses in broiler chicks.</b> Takahashi K, Takagi K, Akiba Y. <i>"4. Supplementing the CS diet with Gly resulted in smaller increases in the plasma concentrations of NO(x), Cer and AGP after LPS injection than were observed for chicks fed on the CS diet alone. In addition, 2 h after LPS challenge the expression of encoding inflammatory response-related substances was lower in the spleens of those chicks fed on the Gly-supplemented diet than in those fed the CS diet. 5. Supplementation of the FM diet with Gly reduced the plasma AGP concentration and IL-1 beta and TL1A expression. 6. These results suggest that modulation of inflammatory responses by dietary Gly supplementation is affected by dietary composition; Gly supplementation has different effects on the cytokine responses dependent on the diet."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23434211">x</a>] J Surg Res. 2013 Jul;183(1):e7-e21. <b>Effects of glycine, pyruvate, resveratrol, and nitrite on tissue injury and cytokine response in endotoxemic rats.</b> Hamburger T, Broecker-Preuss M, Hartmann M, Schade FU, de Groot H, Petrat F.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9756519">x</a>] Am J Physiol. 1998 Oct;275(4 Pt 1):G862-7. <b>A choline-rich diet improves survival in a rat model of endotoxin shock.</b> Rivera CA, Wheeler MD, Enomoto N, Thurman RG. <i>"Feeding glycine, which prevents macrophage activation via a chloride channel, in addition to choline was even more effective than feeding choline alone, suggesting that glycine and choline act via distinct sites. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that choline diminishes endotoxin shock by preventing macrophage activation."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12895268">x</a>] Liver Int. 2003 Aug;23(4):276-82. <b>Glycine modulates cytokine secretion, inhibits hepatic damage and improves survival in a model of endotoxemia in mice.</b> Bruck R, Wardi J, Aeed H, Avni Y, Shirin H, Avinoach I, Shahmurov M, Hershkoviz R. <i>"The serum aminotransferase levels in the glycine-treated mice decreased to ∼10% of the values in the control mice who did not receive glycine [...] As a result of glycine administration, the survival rate was 100% in the treatment group compared to 30% in the control mice."</i><br /><br /><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><b><u> [8] Glycine protects from liver injury and fatty liver (animal studies)</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565339">x</a>] Am J Surg. 2008 Jul;196(1):139-48. <b>Glycine attenuates endotoxin-induced liver injury by downregulating TLR4 signaling in Kupffer cells.</b> Xu FL, You HB, Li XH, Chen XF, Liu ZJ, Gong JP.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22913202">x</a>] Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012 Jun;16(6):728-36. <b>Glycine alleviates liver injury induced by deficiency in methionine and or choline in rats.</b> Barakat HA, Hamza AH.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14581719">x</a>] Pol J Pharmacol. 2003 Jul-Aug;55(4):603-11. <b>Glycine modulates hepatic lipid accumulation in alcohol-induced liver injury.</b> Senthilkumar R, Viswanathan P, Nalini N.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15027101">x</a>] Cell Biochem Funct. 2004 Mar-Apr;22(2):123-8. <b>Protective effect of glycine supplementation on the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in the erythrocyte of rats with alcohol-induced liver injury.</b> Senthilkumar R, Sengottuvelan M, Nalini N.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15236634">x</a>] Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2004 Jul;31(7):456-61. <b>Effect of glycine on tissue fatty acid composition in an experimental model of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity.</b> Senthilkumar R, Nalini N.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15047986">x</a>] Pol J Pharmacol. 2004 Jan-Feb;56(1):121-8. <b>Glycine prevents hepatic fibrosis by preventing the accumulation of collagen in rats with alcoholic liver injury.</b> Senthilkumar R, Nalini N.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14964423">x</a>] Pharmazie. 2004 Jan;59(1):55-60. <b>Effect of glycine on oxidative stress in rats with alcohol induced liver injury.</b> Senthilkumar R, Viswanathan P, Nalini N. <i>"Alcohol treated rat brain demonstrated oedma, which was significantly lowered on treatment with glycine"</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20852907">x</a>] Amino Acids. 2011 Apr;40(4):1139-50. <b>Dietary glycine protects from chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity.</b> Mikalauskas S, Mikalauskiene L, Bruns H, Nickkholgh A, Hoffmann K, Longerich T, Strupas K, Büchler MW, Schemmer P.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23103539">x</a>] Clin Chim Acta. 2013 May;420:150-4. <b>Glycine ameliorates liver injury and vitamin D deficiency induced by bile duct ligation.</b> Chen CY, Wang BT, Wu ZC, Yu WT, Lin PJ, Tsai WL, Shiesh SC.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18932277">x</a>] World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Oct 21;14(39):5996-6003. <b>Dietary glycine blunts liver injury after bile duct ligation in rats.</b> Froh M, Zhong Z, Walbrun P, Lehnert M, Netter S, Wiest R, Conzelmann L, Gabele E, Hellerbrand C, Scholmerich J, Thurman RG.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12895268">x</a>] Liver Int. 2003 Aug;23(4):276-82. <b>Glycine modulates cytokine secretion, inhibits hepatic damage and improves survival in a model of endotoxemia in mice.</b> Bruck R, Wardi J, Aeed H, Avni Y, Shirin H, Avinoach I, Shahmurov M, Hershkoviz R.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11705702">x</a>] Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Nov 15;31(10):1236-44. <b>Dietary glycine inhibits activation of nuclear factor kappa B and prevents liver injury in hemorrhagic shock in the rat.</b> Mauriz JL, Matilla B, Culebras JM, González P, González-Gallego J.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.jeim.org/?mno=156475">x</a>] J Exp Integr Med. 2014; 4(3): 180-186 <b>Attenuation of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis by glycine, vitamin E and vitamin C.</b> Aziza A. Saad, El-Hassan M. Mokhamer, Mohamed A. Abdel Mohsen, Geylan A. Fadaly.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20233000">x</a>] J Invest Surg. 2010 Feb;23(1):12-20. <b>Glycine pretreatment ameliorates liver injury after partial hepatectomy in the rat.</b> Benko T, Frede S, Gu Y, Best J, Baba HA, Schlaak JF, de Groot H, Fandrey J, Rauen U.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11395604">x</a>] Crit Care Med. 2001 Jun;29(6):1201-6. <b>Glycine attenuates hepatocellular depression during early sepsis and reduces sepsis-induced mortality.</b> Yang S, Koo DJ, Chaudry IH, Wang P.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11714869">x</a>] J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Dec;299(3):858-65. <b>Cyclosporin A causes a hypermetabolic state and hypoxia in the liver: prevention by dietary glycine.</b> Zhong Z, Li X, Yamashina S, von Frankenberg M, Enomoto N, Ikejima K, Kolinsky M, Raleigh JA, Thurman RG.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10545411">x</a>] Carcinogenesis. 1999 Nov;20(11):2095-100. <b>Corn oil rapidly activates nuclear factor-kappaB in hepatic Kupffer cells by oxidant-dependent mechanisms.</b> Rusyn I, Bradham CA, Cohn L, Schoonhoven R, Swenberg JA, Brenner DA, Thurman RG.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17028433">x</a>] Eur Surg Res. 2006;38(6):503-12. <b>Different protection mechanisms after pretreatment with glycine or alpha-lipoic acid in a rat model of warm hepatic ischemia.</b> Duenschede F, Westermann S, Riegler N, Miesner I, Erbes K, Ewald P, Kircher A, Schaefer H, Schneider J, Schad A, Dutkowski P, Kiemer AK, Junginger T. <i>"Protection by glycine is likely to result from a reduction in adverse TNFalpha effects."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17919237">x</a>] Liver Int. 2007 Nov;27(9):1249-54. <b>Glycine reduces hepatic warm ischaemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing inflammatory reactions in rats.</b> Yamanouchi K, Eguchi S, Kamohara Y, Yanaga K, Okudaira S, Tajima Y, Kanematsu T.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21469507">x</a>] Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 2007-2008;120-121(1-6):93-104. <b>Glycine affects valproate hepatotoxicity.</b> Junius L, Brune T, Deters M, Schulze J, Siegers CP.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9704906">x</a>] Toxicology. 1998 Jun 26;128(1):63-72. <b>Influence of glycine on the damage induced in isolated perfused rat liver by five hepatotoxic agents. </b>Deters M, Siegers CP, Strubelt O.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27659424">x</a>] Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016 Sep 22:ajpgi.00465.2015. <b>Glycine prevents metabolic steatohepatitis in diabetic KK-Ay mice through modulation of hepatic innate immunity.</b> Takashima S, Ikejima K, Arai K, Yokokawa J, Kon K, Yamashina S, Watanabe S.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27784003">x</a>] Oncotarget. 2016 Oct 23. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12831. <b>Glycine protects against high sucrose and high fat-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats.</b> Zhou X, Han D, Xu R, Wu H, Qu C, Wang F, Wang X, Zhao Y.<br /><br /><br /> <br /> <br /><b><u> [9] Glycine protects from hemorrhagic shock (animal studies)</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10468052">x</a>] Shock. 1999 Jul;12(1):54-62. <b>Glycine improves survival after hemorrhagic shock in the rat.</b> Zhong Z, Enomoto N, Connor HD, Moss N, Mason RP, Thurman RG.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11705702">x</a>] Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Nov 15;31(10):1236-44. <b>Dietary glycine inhibits activation of nuclear factor kappa B and prevents liver injury in hemorrhagic shock in the rat.</b> Mauriz JL, Matilla B, Culebras JM, González P, González-Gallego J.<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u>[10] Glycine and reflux esophagitis (GERD)</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22207112">x</a>] Med Sci Monit. 2012 Jan;18(1):BR9-15. <b>Orally administered L-arginine and glycine are highly effective against acid reflux esophagitis in rats.</b> Nagahama K, Nishio H, Yamato M, Takeuchi K.<br /><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><b><u> [11] Glycine and low-protein diet</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12444916">x</a>] Clin Sci (Lond). 2002 Dec;103(6):633-9. <b>Increased systolic blood pressure in rats induced by a maternal low-protein diet is reversed by dietary supplementation with glycine.</b> Jackson AA, Dunn RL, Marchand MC, Langley-Evans SC.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14578485">x</a>] J Physiol. 2004 Jan 15;554(Pt 2):497-504. <b>Glycine rectifies vascular dysfunction induced by dietary protein imbalance during pregnancy.</b> Brawley L, Torrens C, Anthony FW, Itoh S, Wheeler T, Jackson AA, Clough GF, Poston L, Hanson MA.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/sajas/v40n3/v40n3a10.pdf">x</a>] Namroud, N. F., et al. <b>"Effects of glycine and glutamic acid supplementation to low protein diets on performance, thyroid function and fat deposition in chickens."</b> South African Journal of Animal Science 40.3 (2010): 238-244.<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [12] Glycine protects from casein (animal studies)</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021915082900375">x</a>] Atherosclerosis. 1982 Jun;43(2-3):381-91. <b>Reduction of casein-induced hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis in rabbits and rats by dietary glycine, arginine and alanine.</b> Katan MB, Vroomen LH, Hermus RJ. <i>"when we fed rats semi-purified diets containing cholesterol, and casein, casein plus glycine, or soy isolate, we obtained mean serum cholesterol levels of 10.4 mmol/l in the casein group, 4.9 in the casein-plus-glycine group and 3.5 in the soy group."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3687113">x</a>] Z Ernahrungswiss. 1987 Sep;26(3):161-4. <b>Dietary glycine and cholesterol metabolism in rats.</b> Beynen AC, Lemmens AG. <i>"by adding glycine to a semipurified casein diet, so that the level of glycine was similar to that in a diet containing soy protein. [...] did not affect the casein-induced concentrations of cholesterol"</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2585152">x</a>] J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1989 Aug;35(4):323-32. <i>Effects of addition of sulfur-containing amino acids and glycine to soybean protein and casein on serum cholesterol levels of rats.</i> Tanaka K, Sugano M. <i>"When 2.0% Gly was added to cholesterol-enriched diets containing 20% protein, serum cholesterol decreased significantly only when the protein source was casein and the level attained was comparable to that observed in rats fed soybean protein."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9082032">x</a>] J Nutr. 1997 Mar;127(3):470-7. <i>Cholesterol-lowering effects of soybean, potato and rice proteins depend on their low methionine contents in rats fed a cholesterol-free purified diet.</i> Morita T, Oh-hashi A, Takei K, Ikai M, Kasaoka S, Kiriyama S. <i>"There was a significant negative correlation between serum cholesterol concentration and fecal total steroid excretion (r = -0.490, P = 0.01). However, a stronger positive correlation was observed between serum cholesterol concentration and dietary methionine concentration (r = 0.674, P = 0.0003) or methionine:glycine ratios (r = 0.656, P = 0.0005). In a separate experiment in rats fed diets containing amino acid mixtures simulating the RP, PP and SP diets, serum total cholesterol concentrations were lower than in rats fed simulated casein."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16201743">x</a>] Bratisl Lek Listy. 2005;106(6-7):231-4. <i>Health benefits and risks of plant proteins.</i> Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Babinska K, Valachovicova M. <i>"Vegetarians have a significantly higher intake of non-essential amino acids arginine and pyruvigenic amino acids glycine, alanine, serine."</i><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [13] Glycine and lead toxicity</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jt/2011/430539/">x</a>] J Toxicol. 2011;2011:430539. <b>Effect of glycine on lead mobilization, lead-induced oxidative stress, and hepatic toxicity in rats. </b>Alcaraz-Contreras Y, Garza-Ocañas L, Carcaño-Díaz K, Ramírez-Gómez XS.<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [14] Glycine and dental caries</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1058885">x</a>] J Dent Res. 1975 Sep-Oct;54(5):987-92. <b>Effect of dietary supplementation of glycine on caries development and lipids in rat molars.</b> Das SK, Harris RS.<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [15] Glycine and intestinal function</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949723">x</a>] Gastroenterology. 2003 Sep;125(3):775-85. <b>Dietary glycine prevents chemical-induced experimental colitis in the rat. </b>Tsune I, Ikejima K, Hirose M, Yoshikawa M, Enomoto N, Takei Y, Sato N.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10825688">x</a>] Pathophysiology. 2000 Apr;7(1):69-73. <b>Protection of gastric mucosal integrity by gelatin and simple proline-containing peptides.</b> Samonina G, Lyapina L, Kopylova G, Pastorova V V, Bakaeva Z, Jeliaznik N, Zuykova S, Ashmarin I I.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9344231">x</a>] Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 1997 Aug;97(2):185-98. <b>Studies on the antisecretory, gastric anti-ulcer and cytoprotective properties of glycine.</b> Tariq M, Al Moutaery AR. <i>"Pretreatment with glycine significantly protected animals against stress-, indomethacin- and necrotizing agents induced gastric lesions."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8578183">x</a>] Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995 Sep;30(9):854-60. <b>Antioxidants inhibit ethanol-induced gastric injury in the rat. Role of manganese, glycine, and carotene.</b> Ligumsky M, Sestieri M, Okon E, Ginsburg I.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350937">x</a>] Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011 May;26(5):561-8. <b>L-arginine and glycine supplementation in the repair of the irradiated colonic wall of rats.</b> de Aguiar Picanço E, Lopes-Paulo F, Marques RG, Diestel CF, Caetano CE, de Souza MV, Moscoso GM, Pazos HM. <i>"The present results suggest that glycine supplementation had a superior effect on the irradiated colon wall compared to L-arginine supplementation since it was able to maintain the thickness of the wall and the epithelial surface of the mucosa"</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7065145">x</a>] Am J Physiol. 1982 Feb;242(2):G85-8. <b>Stimulation of gastric acid secreted by glycine and related oligopeptides in humans.</b> Wald A, Adibi SA.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7515892">x</a>] J Cell Sci. 1994 Feb;107 ( Pt 2):413-24. <b>Developmental expression of mucin genes MUC1 and MUC2.</b> Chambers JA, Hollingsworth MA, Trezise AE, Harris A. <i>"Mucous glycoproteins, mucins, contain a high percentage of serine, threonine, proline, alanine and glycine[...]"</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25122646">x</a>] J Nutr. 2014 Aug 13. pii: jn.114.194001. [Epub ahead of print] <b>Glycine Stimulates Protein Synthesis and Inhibits Oxidative Stress in Pig Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells.</b> Wang W, Wu Z, Lin G, Hu S, Wang B, Dai Z, Wu G.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24046420">x</a>] Poult Sci. 2013 Oct;92(10):2724-31. <b>Supplemental glycine and threonine effects on performance, intestinal mucosa development, and nutrient utilization of growing broiler chickens.</b> Ospina-Rojas IC, Murakami AE, Oliveira CA, Guerra AF. "<i>Glycine can directly or indirectly influence the proper function of the intestinal mucosa[...]"</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25012270">x</a>] J Surg Res. 2014 Jun 13. [Epub ahead of print] <b>Glycine selectively reduces intestinal injury during endotoxemia.</b> Effenberger-Neidnicht K, Jägers J, Verhaegh R, de Groot H.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17690894">x</a>] Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007 Dec;22(12):1523-9. <b>Role of L-glutamine and glycine supplementation on irradiated colonic wall.</b> Diestel CF, Marques RG, Lopes-Paulo F, Paiva D, Horst NL, Caetano CE, Portela MC.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19529850">x</a>] Bull Exp Biol Med. 2009 Mar;147(3):308-11. <b>Effect of glycine on the microcirculation in rat mesenteric vessels.</b> Podoprigora GI, Nartsissov YR.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8787782">x</a>] Biol Pharm Bull. 1995 Dec;18(12):1653-6. <b>Inhibitory effect of glycine on ethanol absorption from gastrointestinal tract.</b> Akao T, Kobashi K.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4856787">x</a>] Life Sci. 1974 Feb 1;14(3):557-65. <b>Reduction of acute alcoholic intoxication by alpha amino acids: glycine and serine.</b> Blum K, Wallace JE, Friedman RN. <i>"These findings provide evidence that glycine and serine-induced protection against the described motor impairments caused by ethanol may be due to a suppression of the rate of absorption of ethanol from the gastrointestinal tract."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5473608">x</a>] Gut. 1970 Sep;11(9):768-72. <b>Effect of glycine and glucose on sodium and water adsorption in patients with cholera.</b> Nalin DR, Cash RA, Rahman M, Yunus M <i>"a solution containing both glucose and glycine provides more effective therapy than solutions containing either glucose or glycine alone." [diarrhea volume decreased by 39%]</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3518641">x</a>] Arch Dis Child. 1986 Apr;61(4):372-6. <b>Glycine supplemented oral rehydration solutions for diarrhoea.</b> Vesikari T, Isolauri E <i>"The patients receiving ORS60-Gly60 had similar stool and urine volumes as those receiving standard ORS60. It is concluded that excess glycine in relation to sodium in an ORS may lead to osmotic diarrhoea, and a high amount of absorbed glycine may result in osmotic diuresis with poor net rehydration."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8148710">x</a>] BMJ. 1994 Mar 5;308(6929):624-6. <b>Management of acute diarrhoea in diabetic patients using oral rehydration solutions containing glucose, rice, or glycine.</b> Haider R, Azad Khan AK, Roy SK, Dewan N, Alam AN, Mahalanabis D.<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [16] Glycine and experimental arthritis</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11500467">x</a>] Infect Immun. 2001 Sep;69(9):5883-91. Dietary glycine prevents peptidoglycan polysaccharide-induced reactive arthritis in the rat: role for glycine-gated chloride channel. Li X1, Bradford BU, Wheeler MD, Stimpson SA, Pink HM, Brodie TA, Schwab JH, Thurman RG.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17996689">x</a>] Int Immunopharmacol. 2007 Dec 15;7(13):1784-92. <b>Anti-inflammatory effects of orally ingested lactoferrin and glycine in different zymosan-induced inflammation models: evidence for synergistic activity.</b> Hartog A, Leenders I, van der Kraan PM, Garssen J.<br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><b><u> [17] Glycine and Achilles tendinitis</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25156668">x</a>] Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2014 Aug 23. <b>Glycine Improves Biochemical and Biomechanical Properties Following Inflammation of the Achilles Tendon.</b> Vieira CP, Oliveira LP, Guerra FD, Almeida MD, Marcondes MC, Pimentel ER.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25360832">x</a>] Connect Tissue Res. 2014 Nov 21:1-9. <b>Green tea and glycine aid in the recovery of tendinitis of the Achilles tendon of rats.</b> Vieira CP, Guerra FD, de Oliveira LP, Almeida MS, Marcondes MC, Pimentell ER.<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [18] Glycine and platelet aggregation</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135224">x</a>] Amino Acids. 2013 Mar;44(3):925-31. <b>Glycine reduces platelet aggregation.</b> Schemmer P, Zhong Z, Galli U, Wheeler MD, Xiangli L, Bradford BU, Conzelmann LO, Forman D, Boyer J, Thurman RG. <i>"Dietary glycine significantly increased bleeding time about twofold compared to valine-treated controls. Furthermore, the amplitude of platelet aggregation stimulated with ADP or collagen was significantly decreased in whole blood drawn from rats fed 2.5 or 5 % dietary glycine by over 50 %."</i><br /><br /> <br /> <br /><br /><b><u>[19] Glycine and birth defects</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17022025">x</a>] Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2006 Oct;76(10):731-8. <b>Reduction of all-trans-retinoic acid-induced teratogenesis in the rat by glycine administration.</b> Martínez-Angoa A, Parra-Hernández E, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Chamorro-Cevallos G, Carvajal-Sandoval G, Zamudio-Cortes P.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17034988">x</a>] Reprod Toxicol. 2007 Jan;23(1):92-7. <b>Glycine reduces cadmium-induced teratogenic damage in mice.</b> Paniagua-Castro N1, Escalona-Cardoso G, Chamorro-Cevallos G.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18549676">x</a>] J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008 Jul;60(7):895-900. <b>Glycine decreases developmental damage induced by hyperglycaemia in mouse embryos.</b> Martínez-Galero E, Paniagua-Castro N, Pérez-Pastén R, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Chamorro-Cevallos G.<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [20] Glycine, pro-inflammatory cytokines and adiponectin</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930730">x</a>] Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Dec 3;599(1-3):152-8. <b>Glycine regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lean and monosodium glutamate-obese mice.</b> Alarcon-Aguilar FJ, Almanza-Perez J, Blancas G, Angeles S, Garcia-Macedo R, Roman R, Cruz M.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864106">x</a>] Biomed Pharmacother. 2010 Oct;64(8):534-40. <b>Glycine regulates inflammatory markers modifying the energetic balance through PPAR and UCP-2.</b> Almanza-Perez JC, Alarcon-Aguilar FJ, Blancas-Flores G, Campos-Sepulveda AE, Roman-Ramos R, Garcia-Macedo R, Cruz M.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18499099">x</a>] Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Jun 10;587(1-3):317-21. <b>Glycine increases mRNA adiponectin and diminishes pro-inflammatory adipokines expression in 3T3-L1 cells.</b> Garcia-Macedo R, Sanchez-Muñoz F, Almanza-Perez JC, Duran-Reyes G, Alarcon-Aguilar F, Cruz M.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><u>[21] Glycine, metabolic syndrome and insulin levels (human trials) + studies showing low glycine levels in diabetic patients</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18852529">x</a>] J Endocrinol Invest. 2008 Aug;31(8):694-9. <b>Glycine treatment decreases proinflammatory cytokines and increases interferon-gamma in patients with type 2 diabetes.</b> Cruz M, Maldonado-Bernal C, Mondragón-Gonzalez R, Sanchez-Barrera R, Wacher NH, Carvajal-Sandoval G, Kumate J.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24144057">x</a>] Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2013 Oct;91(10):855-60. <b>Oral supplementation with glycine reduces oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome, improving their systolic blood pressure.</b> Díaz-Flores M, Cruz M, Duran-Reyes G, Munguia-Miranda C, Loza-Rodríguez H, Pulido-Casas E, Torres-Ramírez N, Gaja-Rodriguez O, Kumate J, Baiza-Gutman LA, Hernández-Saavedra D.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://gradworks.umi.com/15/55/1555104.html">x</a>] <b>Glycine supplementation to improve insulin sensitivity in humans</b> by Boni Epse Attobla, Marie-Hippolyte, M.S., THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM, 2014<br /><br /> [x] Martinez-Abundis E, Kam-Ramos AM, Hernandez-Salazar E, Gonzalez-Ortiz. <b>Effect of glycine on insulin secretion, fasting and postprandial glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.</b> 18th International Diabetes Federation Congress, Paris, August 24-29, 2003;abstract 758. <i>[<a href="https://lahey.org/Departments_and_Locations/Departments/Ophthalmology/Ebsco_Content/Macular_degeneration.aspx?chunkiid=24401#ref21">Lahey</a>: "In a small double-blind study, glycine improved blood sugar control in type 2 diabetics.21 Researchers began by giving participants 1 gram of glycine a day, before breakfast, titrating the dose up to 5 grams. The results showed reductions in hemoglobin A1C, but no change in fasting glucose or insulin secretion."]</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11456285">x</a>] Horm Metab Res. 2001 Jun;33(6):358-60. <b>Effect of glycine on insulin secretion and action in healthy first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.</b> González-Ortiz M, Medina-Santillán R, Martínez-Abundis E, von Drateln CR.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12450897">x</a>] Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Dec;76(6):1302-7. <b>The metabolic response to ingested glycine.</b> Gannon MC, Nuttall JA, Nuttall FQ. <i>"When glycine was ingested with glucose, the plasma glucose area response was attenuated by > 50%"</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21170321">x</a>] PLoS One. 2010 Dec 10;5(12):e15234. <b>Plasma metabolomic profiles reflective of glucose homeostasis in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic obese African-American women.</b> Fiehn O, Garvey WT, Newman JW, Lok KH, Hoppel CL, Adams SH. [see Table 2]<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24391874">x</a>] PLoS One. 2013 Dec 31;8(12):e84034. <b>Serum glycine is associated with regional body fat and insulin resistance in functionally-limited older adults.</b> Lustgarten MS, Price LL, Phillips EM, Fielding RA. "Glycine was found to be significantly negatively associated with HOMA-IR and, IMAT and abdominal adiposity."<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15389298">x</a>] Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004 Jul;82(7):506-14. <b>Amino acid metabolism in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat: effects of insulin resistance and of type 2 diabetes.</b> Wijekoon EP, Skinner C, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT. <i>"At the insulin-resistant stage, the plasma concentrations of the gluconeogenic amino acids aspartate, serine, glutamine, glycine, and histidine were decreased [...] It is evident that insulin resistance alone is capable of bringing about many of the changes in amino acid metabolism observed in type 2 diabetes."</i><br /><br /> [x] Br J Nutr. 2012 Jul 14;108(1):57-61. <b>Histidine and arginine are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women.</b> Niu YC, Feng RN, Hou Y, Li K, Kang Z, Wang J, Sun CH, Li Y. <i>"Among the amino acids determined, serum histidine, arginine, threonine, glycine, lysine and serine were found to be significantly lower in obese women as compared to non-obese controls (P < 0·001). The difference was the greatest for histidine (P < 0·001)."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20526369">x</a>] PLoS One. 2010 May 28;5(5):e10883. <b>alpha-hydroxybutyrate is an early biomarker of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in a nondiabetic population.</b> Gall WE, Beebe K, Lawton KA, Adam KP, Mitchell MW, Nakhle PJ, Ryals JA, Milburn MV, Nannipieri M, Camastra S, Natali A, Ferrannini E; RISC Study Group. <i>"Similarly, levels of the amino acid glycine were observed to trend downward with IR"</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27207556">x</a>] Diabetes. 2016 May 3. pii: db151272. <b>A glycine-insulin autocrine feedback loop enhances insulin secretion from human β-cells and is impaired in type 2 diabetes.</b> Yan-Do R, Duong E, Manning Fox JE, Dai X, Suzuki K, Khan S, Bautista A, Ferdaoussi M, Lyon J, Wu X, Cheley S, MacDonald PE, Braun M. <i>"GlyRα1 expression and glycine-induced currents are reduced in T2D β-cells"</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><u>[22] Beneficial effects of glycine+cysteine (human trials)</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20929994">x</a>] Diabetes Care. 2011 Jan;34(1):162-7. <b>Glutathione synthesis is diminished in patients with uncontrolled diabetes and restored by dietary supplementation with cysteine and glycine.</b> Sekhar RV, McKay SV, Patel SG, Guthikonda AP, Reddy VT, Balasubramanyam A, Jahoor F. <i>[dose was 100mg/kg/d, according to the calculation of the author of <a href="http://openheart.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000103.full.pdf">this paper</a>]</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21795440">x</a>] Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Sep;94(3):847-53. <b>Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine supplementation.</b> Sekhar RV, Patel SG, Guthikonda AP, Reid M, Balasubramanyam A, Taffet GE, Jahoor F.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23534396">x</a>] Aging Cell. 2013 Jun;12(3):415-25. <b>Impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and insulin resistance in aging: novel protective role of glutathione.</b> Nguyen D, Samson SL, Reddy VT, Gonzalez EV, Sekhar RV.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24081740">x</a>] J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jan;99(1):169-77. <b>Effect of increasing glutathione with cysteine and glycine supplementation on mitochondrial fuel oxidation, insulin sensitivity, and body composition in older HIV-infected patients.</b> Nguyen D, Hsu JW, Jahoor F, Sekhar RV.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26372395">x</a>] AIDS. 2015 Sep 10;29(14):1899-900. <b>Increasing glutathione concentrations with cysteine and glycine supplementation lowers inflammation in HIV patients.</b> Sekhar RV, Liu CW, Rice S.<br /><br /> <br /> <br /><br /><b><u>[23] Glycine and stroke (human and animal studies)</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10629347">x</a>] Cerebrovasc Dis. 2000 Jan-Feb;10(1):49-60. <b>Neuroprotective effects of glycine for therapy of acute ischaemic stroke.</b> Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Dambinova SA, Raevskiy KS, Alekseev AA, Bashkatova VG, Kovalenko AV, Kudrin VS, Yakovleva EV.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23366470">x</a>] Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2012;2012:2651-4. <b>Assessment of microcirculatory effects of glycine by intravital microscopy in rats.</b> Podoprigora GI, Blagosklonov O, Angoué O, Boulahdour H, Nartsissov YR. <i>"Glycine had a vasodilatory effect on microvessels in the rat brain and mesenterium. The diameter of pial arterioles increased after glycine application especially markedly (up to 250% of initial size). These changes were not observed when physiological saline was used. Even a very small amount of glycine (a drop on the needle) was sufficient to stop the early stages of histamine-induced blood stasis development in 3-5 s in mesenterial microvessels. The vasodilatory effect of glycine on the pial microcirculation correlates with its reported positive therapeutic effect in cerebral ischemic stroke."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25833775">x</a>] J Nutr. 2015 Apr;145(4):720-8. <b>Dietary intakes of glutamic Acid and glycine are associated with stroke mortality in Japanese adults.</b> Nagata C, Wada K, Tamura T, Kawachi T, Konishi K, Tsuji M, Nakamura K. <i>[In the highest quartile of glycine intake, glycine comprised 4.9% of total protein, whereas in the lowest quartile, glycine comprised 4.2% of total protein intake (a 17% difference). It seems that the correlation between glycine and mortality disappears in the age-adjusted model.]</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1043661895867708">x</a>] Pharmacological Research 31 (1995) <b>Correction by glycine and piracetam of the alterations in neurotransmitter amino acids and high integrative functions of brain after focal cortex ischemia.</b> Romanova, G. A., V. S. Kudrin, and L. A. Malikova. <i>"Treatment of ischemic rats by daily administration per os glycine (500 mg/kg) and piracetam (500 mg/kg) was promoted to recovery of disturbed brain functions and was corrected of neurotransmitter amino acids metabolic changes.</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16224578">x</a>] Bull Exp Biol Med. 2005 Jun;139(6):675-7. <b>Effect of glycine on microcirculation in pial vessels of rat brain.</b> Podoprigora GI, Nartsissov YR, Aleksandrov PN.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22808490">x</a>] Bull Exp Biol Med. 2012 May;153(1):44-7. <b>Mechanism underlying the protective effect of glycine in energetic disturbances in brain tissues under hypoxic conditions.</b> Selin AA, Lobysheva NV, Vorontsova ON, Tonshin AA, Yaguzhinsky LS, Nartsissov YR.<br /> <br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25418841">x</a>] J Neurochem. 2015 May;133(3):397-408. <b>Glycine bidirectionally regulates ischemic tolerance via different mechanisms including NR2A-dependent CREB phosphorylation.</b> Chen Z, Hu B, Wang F, Du L, Huang B, Li L, Qi J, Wang X. <i>"Low doses of glycine (L-Gly) significantly decreased hippocampal ischemic LTP (i-LTP), infarct volume, and neurological deficit scores which were administered before ischemia was induced in rats, whereas high doses of glycine exerted deteriorative effects under the same condition. These findings suggested that exogenous glycine may induce IT in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, L-Gly-dependent neuronal protection was inversed by L689, a selective NMDAR glycine site antagonist both in vitro (abolished i-LTP depression) and in vivo (increased infarct size reduction), but not glycine receptor (GlyR) inhibitor strychnine."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613478">x</a>] Pediatr Int. 2016 Sep 10. <b>Amelioration of Brain Damage by Glycine in Neonatal Rat Brain Following Hypoxia-Ischemia.</b> Mori H, Momosaki K, Kido J, Naramura T, Tanaka K, Matsumoto S, Nakamura K, Mitsubuchi H, Endo F, Iwai M.<br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [24] Glycine and sleep (short-term human studies)</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2007.00262.x/abstract">x</a>] Sleep and Biological rhythms, 2007 5(2), 126-131. <b>Glycine ingestion improves subjective sleep quality in human volunteers, correlating with polysomnographic changes.</b> Yamadera W, Inagawa K, Chiba S, Bannai M, Takahashi M, Nakayama K<br /><br /> [<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2006.00193.x/abstract">x</a>] Sleep and Biological Rhythms 2006 4(1), 75-77. <b>Subjective effects of glycine ingestion before bedtime on sleep quality. </b>Inagawa K, Hiraoka T, Kohda T, Yamadera W, Takahashi M.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22529837">x</a>] Front Neurol. 2012 Apr 18;3:61. <b>The effects of glycine on subjective daytime performance in partially sleep-restricted healthy volunteers.</b> Bannai M, Kawai N, Ono K, Nakahara K, Murakami N.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533534">x</a>] Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014 Dec 23. <b>The Sleep-Promoting and Hypothermic Effects of Glycine are Mediated by NMDA Receptors in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.</b> Kawai N, Sakai N, Okuro M, Karakawa S, Tsuneyoshi Y, Kawasaki N, Takeda T, Bannai M, Nishino S. <i>"In acute sleep disturbance, oral administration of glycine induced non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and shortened NREM sleep latency with a simultaneous decrease in core temperature. [...]Pretreatment with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists AP5 and CGP78608 but not the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine inhibited the CBF increase caused by glycine injection into the brain."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [25] Glycine and psychiatric diseases (schizophrenia, depression, psychosis and OCD)</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11806864">x</a>] Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001 Dec;4(4):385-91. <b>Adjunctive high-dose glycine in the treatment of schizophrenia.</b> Javitt DC, Silipo G, Cienfuegos A, Shelley AM, Bark N, Park M, Lindenmayer JP, Suckow R, Zukin SR.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9892253">x</a>] Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Jan;56(1):29-36. <b>Efficacy of high-dose glycine in the treatment of enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia.</b> Heresco-Levy U, Javitt DC, Ermilov M, Mordel C, Silipo G, Lichtenstein M.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8932891">x</a>] Br J Psychiatry. 1996 Nov;169(5):610-7. <b>Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of glycine adjuvant therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia.</b> Heresco-Levy U, Javitt DC, Ermilov M, Mordel C, Horowitz A, Kelly D.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8037263">x</a>] Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Aug;151(8):1234-6. <b>Amelioration of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by glycine.</b> Javitt DC, Zylberman I, Zukin SR, Heresco-Levy U, Lindenmayer JP.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14732596">x</a>] Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Jan 15;55(2):165-71. <b>High-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia.</b> Heresco-Levy U, Ermilov M, Lichtenberg P, Bar G, Javitt DC.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135636">x</a>] Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;162(9):1738-40. <b>Relation of plasma glycine, serine, and homocysteine levels to schizophrenia symptoms and medication type.</b> Neeman G, Blanaru M, Bloch B, Kremer I, Ermilov M, Javitt DC, Heresco-Levy U.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8037263">x</a>] Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Aug;151(8):1234-6. <b>Amelioration of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by glycine.</b> Javitt DC, Zylberman I, Zukin SR, Heresco-Levy U, Lindenmayer JP.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9892314">x</a>] Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Jan;156(1):145-7. <b>Effect of clozapine and adjunctive high-dose glycine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.</b> Potkin SG, Jin Y, Bunney BG, Costa J, Gulasekaram B.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8775762">x</a>] Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1995;5 Suppl:71-5. <b>Plasma concentrations of excitatory amino acids, serine, glycine, taurine and histidine in major depression.</b> Altamura C, Maes M, Dai J, Meltzer HY. <i>"Significantly lower plasma glycine values and a higher serine/glycine ratio were observed in the depressed group. No significant differences in glutamine, histidine, serine or aspartate levels could be detected between the study groups."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23089076">x</a>] Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 Aug;23(8):931-40. <span id="goog_1113661469"></span><b>Glycine treatment of the risk syndrome for psychosis: report of two pilot studies<span id="goog_1113661470"></span>.</b> Woods SW, Walsh BC, Hawkins KA, Miller TJ, Saksa JR, D'Souza DC, Pearlson GD, Javitt DC, McGlashan TH, Krystal JH. <i>"We conclude that glycine was associated with reduced symptoms with promising effect sizes in two pilot studies and a possibility of improvement in cognitive function."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182547">x</a>] Neural Plast. 2009;2009:768398. <b>High-dose glycine treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder in a 5-year period.</b> Cleveland WL, DeLaPaz RL, Fawwaz RA, Challop RS.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19046587">x</a>] J Psychiatr Res. 2009 Mar;43(6):664-70. <b>Adjunctive glycine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults.</b> Greenberg WM, Benedict MM, Doerfer J, Perrin M, Panek L, Cleveland WL, Javitt DC.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br /></b><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><u> [26] Glycine and aspirin</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24779202/">x</a>] Acta Pol Pharm. 2014 Jan-Feb;71(1):139-43. <b>Interaction analysis of aspirin with selective amino acids.</b> Murtaza G, Karim S, Najam-ul-Haq M, Ahmad M, Ismail T, Khan SA, Bin Asad MH, Hussain I. <br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14964343">x</a>] Adv Ther. 2003 Sep-Oct;20(5):237-45. <b>Acetylsalicylic acid tablets with glycine improve long-term tolerability in antiplatelet drug therapy: results of a noninterventional trial.</b> Kusche W, Paxinos R, Haselmann J, Schwantes U, Breddin HK. <i>"After treatment with Gly-ASA, the mean percentage of patients without GI complaints increased more than 2-fold, from 28.2% to 60.6%. Furthermore, the mean percentage of patients reporting any GI symptoms as "always" present decreased from 8.5% to 0.5%. Gly-ASA tolerability was rated "excellent" or "good" by 98% of the patients."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1781803">x</a>] Arzneimittelforschung. 1991 Aug;41(8):812-4. <b>[The effect of glycine on the gastroduodenal tolerability of acetylsalicylic acid. An endoscopic, controlled double-blind study in healthy subjects].</b> [Article in German] Müller P, Dammann HG, Bergdolt H, Simon B. <i>"Both ASA-preparations induced comparable gastroduodenal damages during the whole test period: The lesions score of both groups on day 7, 14 and day 28 was almost identical. In contrast to plain ASA, where 9 of 10 volunteers reported gastrointestinal side effects, all subjects receiving ASA in combination with glycine did not complain from any dyspeptic symptoms, i.e. epigastric pain etc."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2271231">x</a>] Hum Exp Toxicol. 1990 Nov;9(6):389-95. <b>Depletion of plasma glycine and effect of glycine by mouth on salicylate metabolism during aspirin overdose.</b> Patel DK, Ogunbona A, Notarianni LJ, Bennett PN. <br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.proglyta.com/aspirin-and-blindness.html">x</a>] Proglyta.com - <b>Aspirin and Blindness?</b> <i>"Aspirin is an anti-inflammatory drug, so one would expect it to help. How does that fit into the inflammation story? When a cell is injured, it sends out signals—called prostaglandins—to recruit and activate inflammatory cells—some sort of macrophages that start destroying the local environment in an effort to stop infection. A glycine deficiency makes the macrophages hypersensitive to these prostaglandins. But a deficiency in the widespread micronutrient salicylic acid makes the wounded cells make too much prostaglandin. The key enzyme in making prostaglandins is called cyclooxygenase, or COX, and salicylic acid is a natural COX inhibitor. Aspirin also breaks down in the body to salicylic acid."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2385209">x</a>] Med Klin (Munich). 1990 Jul 15;85(7):429-31. <b>[Gastrointestinal tolerance of 30 mg versus 300 mg acetylsalicylic acid daily. An endoscopically controlled double-blind study of healthy subjects].</b> [Article in German] Müller P, Dammann HG, Marinis E, Simon B. <i>"Our data suggest that extremely low doses of ASS are almost harmless to the human gastroduodenal mucosa."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999500">x</a>] Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1996 Dec 7;126(49):2127-9. <b>[Successful therapy of salicylate poisoning using glycine and activated charcoal].</b> [Article in German] Mühlebach S, Steger P, Conen D, Wyss PA.<br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><b><u> [27] Glycine or collagen for bones/joints</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16308135">x</a>] Nutrition. 2005 Nov-Dec;21(11-12):1120-6. <b>Increase in bone mineral density through oral administration of shark gelatin to ovariectomized rats.</b> Nomura Y, Oohashi K, Watanabe M, Kasugai S.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19847319">x</a>] Int J Med Sci. 2009 Oct 9;6(6):312-21. <b>Safety and efficacy of undenatured type II collagen in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a clinical trial.</b> Crowley DC, Lau FC, Sharma P, Evans M, Guthrie N, Bagchi M, Bagchi D, Dey DK, Raychaudhuri SP.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18576295">x</a>] Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jul 15;59(7):905-10. <b>A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, controlled clinical trial of chicken type II collagen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</b> Zhang LL, Wei W, Xiao F, Xu JH, Bao CD, Ni LQ, Li XF.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18416885">x</a>] Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 May;24(5):1485-96. <b>24-Week study on the use of collagen hydrolysate as a dietary supplement in athletes with activity-related joint pain.</b> Clark KL, Sebastianelli W, Flechsenhar KR, Aukermann DF, Meza F, Millard RL, Deitch JR, Sherbondy PS, Albert A.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22500661">x</a>] Complement Ther Med. 2012 Jun;20(3):124-30. <b>Effect of collagen hydrolysate in articular pain: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study.</b> Bruyère O, Zegels B, Leonori L, Rabenda V, Janssen A, Bourges C, Reginster JY.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21927918">x</a>] Osteoporos Int. 2012 Jul;23(7):1909-19.<b> Hydrolyzed collagen improves bone status and prevents bone loss in ovariectomized C3H/HeN mice.</b> Guillerminet F, Fabien-Soulé V, Even PC, Tomé D, Benhamou CL, Roux C, Blais A.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19895915">x</a>] Bone. 2010 Mar;46(3):827-34. <b>Hydrolyzed collagen improves bone metabolism and biomechanical parameters in ovariectomized mice: an in vitro and in vivo study.</b> Guillerminet F1, Beaupied H, Fabien-Soulé V, Tomé D, Benhamou CL, Roux C, Blais A.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11349896">x</a>] J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2001 Feb;47(1):84-6. <b>Ingestion of gelatin has differential effect on bone mineral density and body weight in protein undernutrition.</b> Koyama Y, Hirota A, Mori H, Takahara H, Kuwaba K, Kusubata M, Matsubara Y, Kasugai S, Itoh M, Irie S. <i>"CHs dose-dependently promoted the longitudinal bone growth and height of the growth plate in adolescent male rats, whereas gelatin failed to affect longitudinal bone growth."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20874246">x</a>] J Med Food. 2010 Dec;13(6):1385-90. <b>A food supplement of hydrolyzed collagen improves compositional and biodynamic characteristics of vertebrae in ovariectomized rats.</b> de Almeida Jackix E, Cúneo F, Amaya-Farfan J, de Assunção JV, Quintaes KD. <i>"CH supplementation at the higher level in the ovariectomized rat had an unequivocal contribution in the conservation or preservation of vertebral mass, protein content, and mechanical strength not seen when gelatin was used as a supplement. Similar treatment of the intact rat with the CH, however, appeared to have the opposite effect."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892499">x</a>] Maturitas. 2010 Mar;65(3):253-7. <b>Effect of dietary supplementation with collagen hydrolysates on bone metabolism of postmenopausal women with low mineral density.</b> Cúneo F, Costa-Paiva L, Pinto-Neto AM, Morais SS, Amaya-Farfan J. "<i>CH consumption did not produce any effects on bone metabolism as measured by biochemical indices of bone remodeling in postmenopausal women."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124090">x</a>] Bone. 2009 May;44(5):942-7. <b>Effects of cod bone gelatin on bone metabolism and bone microarchitecture in ovariectomized rats.</b> Han X, Xu Y, Wang J, Pei X, Yang R, Li N, Li Y. <i>"our data confirmed that the cod bone gelatin treatment at 3 g/kg is effective in the prevention of estrogen deficient bone loss by modulating the expression of RANKL and OPG and suppressing the release of proinflammatory cytokines."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23631489">x</a>] J Med Food. 2013 May;16(5):447-53. <b>Porcine skin gelatin hydrolysate promotes longitudinal bone growth in adolescent rats. </b>Leem KH, Lee S, Jang A, Kim HK.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26563333">x</a>] Amino Acids. 2015 Nov 12. [Epub ahead of print] <b>Estrogen-like osteoprotective effects of glycine in in vitro and in vivo models of menopause.</b> Kim MH, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. <i>"Therefore, we suggest that glycine may be useful for the treatment of menopause."</i><br /><br /><br /> <br /> <br /><b><u> [28] Glycine (collagen) and ulcers/wounds</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16557055">x</a>] Adv Skin Wound Care. 2006 Mar;19(2):92-6. <b>Pressure ulcer healing with a concentrated, fortified, collagen protein hydrolysate supplement: a randomized controlled trial.</b> Lee SK, Posthauer ME, Dorner B, Redovian V, Maloney MJ.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11131601">x</a>] Am J Vet Res. 2000 Dec;61(12):1574-8. <b>Effects of a hydrolyzed collagen dressing on the healing of open wounds in dogs.</b> Swaim SF, Gillette RL, Sartin EA, Hinkle SH, Coolman SL.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673883">x</a>] Mar Drugs. 2011;9(5):696-711. <b>Oral administration of skin gelatin isolated from Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) enhances wound healing in diabetic rats.</b> Zhang Z, Zhao M, Wang J, Ding Y, Dai X, Li Y.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3933019">x</a>] Pharmatherapeutica. 1985;4(4):227-30. <b>L-cysteine, glycine and dl-threonine in the treatment of hypostatic leg ulceration: a placebo-controlled study.</b> Harvey SG, Gibson JR, Burke CA "The results revealed that the degree of healing and decrease of pain were significantly better in the group of patients receiving the amino acid combination."<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [29] Glycine (gelatin) for hair and fingernails</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://isas.hu/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Dr.-Nadav-Pam-Israeli-Dermatology-Assosiation-35th-annual-congress-Medical-evidences-of-the-therapeutic-effect-of-edible-gelatin-on-TF-and-AGA..pdf">x</a>] Nadav Pam: <b>Medical evidences of the therapeutic effect of edible gelatin on telogen effluvium and androgenetic alopecia in both men and women</b> (2013)<br /><br /> [<a href="http://en.dermapam.com/infoPages.asp?InfoPageId=9">x</a>] <b>Review of the therapeutic effect of gelatin as a dietary supplement for fingernail changes and fingernail disorders.</b> Zeev Pam M.D.<br /><br />[<a href="https://www.isditwelgezond.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/EFFECT-OF-GELATIN-CYSTINE-ANO-SERENOA-REPENS-EXTRACT-ON-FREE-RAOICALS-LEVEL-AND-HAIR-GROWTH.pdf">x</a>] Morganti et al: <b>Effect of gelatin-cystine and <i>serenoa repens</i> extract on free radicals level and hair growth.</b> J Appl Cosmetol 1998;16:57-64 <i>"The dietetic gelatine-cystine product (Fig. 1) acts in a sirnilar way, causing a natural increase in hair number of 18% (p<0.005) after week 10 and of 29% (p<0.005) at week 50. This confirms our previous data (1-4). Indeed in this study it is also proved that gelatine-cystine causes an increase in hair mass of 24% (p<0.005) after 1 O weeks and of about 40% (p<0.005) at week 50 (Fig. 2)." [4 pills a day]</i><br /><br /> <br /> <br /><b><u> [30] Glycine or collagen for skin health</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23949208">x</a>] Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;27(1):47-55. <b>Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiology: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.</b> Proksch E, Segger D, Degwert J, Schunck M, Zague V, Oesser S.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24131075">x</a>] J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2013 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print] <b>Effects of collagen tripeptide supplement on skin properties: A prospective, randomized, controlled study.</b> Choi SY, Ko EJ, Lee YH, Kim BG, Shin HJ, Seo DB, Lee SJ, Kim BJ, Kim MN.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.aptamedica.se/dokument/effektstudie_skingain.pdf">x</a>] <b>Efficacy Study of Skingain™ ‐ A Product Containing Collagen 1 and a Marine Hydrolysate. </b>Mortensen AW, Strand R<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19352014">x</a>] Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2009 Apr 23;73(4):930-2. <b>Effects of collagen peptide ingestion on UV-B-induced skin damage.</b> Tanaka M, Koyama Y, Nomura Y.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401291">x</a>] Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;27(3):113-9. <b>Oral intake of specific bioactive collagen peptides reduces skin wrinkles and increases dermal matrix synthesis.</b> Proksch E, Schunck M, Zague V, Segger D, Degwert J, Oesser S.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25498544">x</a>] Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015 Jan 9;456(2):626-30. <b>Oral collagen-derived dipeptides, prolyl-hydroxyproline and hydroxyprolyl-glycine, ameliorate skin barrier dysfunction and alter gene expression profiles in the skin.</b> Shimizu J, Asami N, Kataoka A, Sugihara F, Inoue N, Kimira Y, Wada M, Mano H. <br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23815353">x</a>] Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2013 Aug;29(4):204-11. <b>Collagen hydrolysate intake improves the loss of epidermal barrier function and skin elasticity induced by UVB irradiation in hairless mice.</b> Oba C, Ohara H, Morifuji M, Ito K, Ichikawa S, Kawahata K, Koga J. <i>"Repeated UVB irradiation decreased skin elasticity and dermal hyaluronic acid (HA) content in control mice, whereas collagen hydrolysate significantly suppressed both the increase in TEWL and the decrease in stratum corneum water content and improved skin elasticity and dermal HA content."</i><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><u> [31] Glycine (or gelatin) and benign prostatic hypertrophy</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01926497">x</a>] Experientia 1973;29:313-4 <b>Palliative effect of gelatine in benign prostatic hypertrophy</b> E. Aschheim<br /><br /> [<a href="http://prostex.com/feinblatt-bph-article/">x</a>] J Maine Med Assoc. 1958 Mar;49(3):99-101 passim. <b>Palliative treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy; value of glycine-alanine-glutamic acid combination.</b> FEINBLATT HM, GANT JC.<br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><b><u> [32] Glycine: protective mechanisms</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9227496">x</a>] Am J Physiol. 1997 Jun;272(6 Pt 1):G1581-6. <b>Kupffer cells contain a glycine-gated chloride channel.</b> Ikejima K, Qu W, Stachlewitz RF, Thurman RG.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12223345">x</a>] Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002 Oct;283(4):G856-63. <b>Molecular evidence for a glycine-gated chloride channel in macrophages and leukocytes.</b> Froh M, Thurman RG, Wheeler MD.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10698962">x</a>] FASEB J. 2000 Mar;14(3):476-84. <b>Glycine-gated chloride channels in neutrophils attenuate calcium influx and superoxide production.</b> Wheeler M, Stachlewitz RF, Yamashina S, Ikejima K, Morrow AL, Thurman RG.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://catalyticlongevity.org/prepub_archive/glycine-GLP-1.pdf">x</a>] <b>Supplemental Glycine as an “Antidote” to Fructose - Do GLP-1 and Glucagon Mediate This Protection?</b> Mark F. McCarty, James J. DiNicolantonio<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11500467">x</a>] Infect Immun. 2001 Sep;69(9):5883-91. <b>Dietary glycine prevents peptidoglycan polysaccharide-induced reactive arthritis in the rat: role for glycine-gated chloride channel.</b> Li X1, Bradford BU, Wheeler MD, Stimpson SA, Pink HM, Brodie TA, Schwab JH, Thurman RG.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18395289">x</a>] J Hepatol. 2008 Jun;48(6):983-92. <b>Antibiotics protect against fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice: role of endotoxin.</b> Bergheim I, Weber S, Vos M, Krämer S, Volynets V, Kaserouni S, McClain CJ, Bischoff SC.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19934001">x</a>] Diabetes. 2010 Feb;59(2):347-57. <b>Depletion of liver Kupffer cells prevents the development of diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance.</b> Huang W, Metlakunta A, Dedousis N, Zhang P, Sipula I, Dube JJ, Scott DK, O'Doherty RM. <i>"As expected, a high-fat or high-sucrose diet induced steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance. However, these metabolic abnormalities were prevented when liver was depleted of KCs. In vitro, KCs recapitulated the in vivo effects of diet by increasing hepatocyte triglyceride accumulation and fatty acid esterification, and decreasing fatty acid oxidation and insulin responsiveness. To address the mechanisms(s) of KC action, we inhibited a panel of cytokines using neutralizing antibodies. Only neutralizing antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) attenuated KC-induced alterations in hepatocyte fatty acid oxidation, triglyceride accumulation, and insulin responsiveness."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369921">x</a>] Methods Mol Biol. 2008;447:199-212. <b>Isolation of Kupffer cells from rats fed chronic ethanol.</b> McMullen MR, Pritchard MT, Nagy LE. <i>"Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages of the liver, are critical to the onset of ethanol-induced liver injury. Activation of Kupffer cells leads to an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and also reactive oxygen species, a process mediated in part by changes in lipopolysaccharide-induced TLR4-dependent signal transduction."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8045507">x</a>] Hepatology. 1994 Aug;20(2):453-60. <b>Inactivation of Kupffer cells prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury. </b>Adachi Y, Bradford BU, Gao W, Bojes HK, Thurman RG.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17519423">x</a>] Diabetes. 2007 Aug;56(8):1986-98. <b>Loss-of-function mutation in Toll-like receptor 4 prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.</b> Tsukumo DM, Carvalho-Filho MA, Carvalheira JB, Prada PO, Hirabara SM, Schenka AA, Araújo EP, Vassallo J, Curi R, Velloso LA, Saad MJ. <i>"Here, we show that C3H/HeJ mice, which have a loss-of-function mutation in TLR4, are protected against the development of diet-induced obesity. In addition, these mice demonstrate decreased adiposity, increased oxygen consumption, a decreased respiratory exchange ratio, improved insulin sensitivity, and enhanced insulin-signaling capacity in adipose tissue, muscle, and liver compared with control mice during high-fat feeding."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19900676">x</a>] Atherosclerosis. 2010 Apr;209(2):314-20. <b>Toll like receptor 4 in atherosclerosis and plaque destabilization.</b> den Dekker WK, Cheng C, Pasterkamp G, Duckers HJ.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19232835">x</a>] Med Hypotheses. 2009 Aug;73(2):263-4. <b>The hyperpolarizing impact of glycine on endothelial cells may be anti-atherogenic.</b> McCarty MF, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11962256">x</a>] Nutr Cancer. 2001;40(2):197-204. <b>Endothelial cells contain a glycine-gated chloride channel.</b> Yamashina S, Konno A, Wheeler MD, Rusyn I, Rusyn EV, Cox AD, Thurman RG. <i>"Importantly, glycine diminished serum-stimulated proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. Collectively, these data indicate that the inhibitory effect of glycine on growth and migration of endothelial cells is due to activation of a glycine-gated Cl- channel. This hyperpolarizes the cell membrane and blocks influx of Ca2+, thereby minimizing growth factor-mediated signaling."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021915082900375">x</a>] Atherosclerosis. 1982 Jun;43(2-3):381-91. <b>Reduction of casein-induced hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis in rabbits and rats by dietary glycine, arginine and alanine.</b> Katan MB, Vroomen LH, Hermus RJ. "when we fed rats semi-purified diets containing cholesterol, and casein, casein plus glycine, or soy isolate, we obtained mean serum cholesterol levels of 10.4 mmol/l in the casein group, 4.9 in the casein-plus-glycine group and 3.5 in the soy group."<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236003">x</a>] Clin Exp Immunol. 2012 Feb;167(2):269-74. <b>Cysteine, histidine and glycine exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in human coronary arterial endothelial cells.</b> Hasegawa S, Ichiyama T, Sonaka I, Ohsaki A, Okada S, Wakiguchi H, Kudo K, Kittaka S, Hara M, Furukawa S.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2095.1996.tb00065.x/abstract">x</a>] Riley, W. W., et al. <b>Influence of dietary arginine and glycine content on thyroid function and growth of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum).</b> Aquaculture Nutrition 2.4 (1996): 235-242</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20623529">x</a>] J Neurosci Res. 2010 Aug 15;88(11):2420-30. <b>The inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine modulates macrophage activity by activation of neutral amino acid transporters.</b> Carmans S, Hendriks JJ, Thewissen K, Van den Eynden J, Stinissen P, Rigo JM, Hellings N. <i>"We demonstrate that glycine does not affect the production of reactive oxygen species but stimulates myelin phagocytosis and the production of the proinflammatory mediators nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by rat macrophages. These effects of glycine are not mediated by the glycine receptor (GlyR) or by glycine transporters (GlyTs), as neither the GlyR antagonist strychnine nor the antagonist of GlyT1 (ALX5407) reverses the observed effects. In contrast, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, a substrate of neutral amino acid transporters (NAATs), inhibits the glycine-mediated enhancement of myelin phagocytosis as well as of NO and TNF-alpha production. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that glycine modulates macrophage function through activation of NAATs."</i><br /><br /><br /> <br /> <br /><b><u>[33] Health effects of fish/scallop protein</u></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416649">x</a>] Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Apr;1791(4):254-62. <b>Fish protein hydrolysate elevates plasma bile acids and reduces visceral adipose tissue mass in rats.</b> Liaset B, Madsen L, Hao Q, Criales G, Mellgren G, Marschall HU, Hallenborg P, Espe M, Frøyland L, Kristiansen K.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15173391">x</a>] J Nutr. 2004 Jun;134(6):1320-7. <b>Fish protein hydrolysate reduces plasma total cholesterol, increases the proportion of HDL cholesterol, and lowers acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in liver of Zucker rats.</b> Wergedahl H1, Liaset B, Gudbrandsen OA, Lied E, Espe M, Muna Z, Mørk S, Berge RK.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22085913">x</a>] Int J Mol Med. 2012 Feb;29(2):311-8. <b>Dietary sardine protein lowers insulin resistance, leptin and TNF-α and beneficially affects adipose tissue oxidative stress in rats with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome.</b> Madani Z, Louchami K, Sener A, Malaisse WJ, Ait Yahia D.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19952281">x</a>] Physiol Genomics. 2010 Feb 4;40(3):189-94. <b>Fish nutrients decrease expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cultured human macrophages.</b> Rudkowska I, Marcotte B, Pilon G, Lavigne C, Marette A, Vohl MC.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24098955">x</a>] Lipids Health Dis. 2013 Oct 7;12:143. <b>A fish protein hydrolysate alters fatty acid composition in liver and adipose tissue and increases plasma carnitine levels in a mouse model of chronic inflammation.</b> Bjørndal B, Berge C, Ramsvik MS, Svardal A, Bohov P, Skorve J, Berge RK.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21680746">x</a>] J Biol Chem. 2011 Aug 12;286(32):28382-95. <b>Nutritional regulation of bile acid metabolism is associated with improved pathological characteristics of the metabolic syndrome.</b> Liaset B, Hao Q, Jørgensen H, Hallenborg P, Du ZY, Ma T, Marschall HU, Kruhøffer M, Li R, Li Q, Yde CC, Criales G, Bertram HC, Mellgren G, Ofjord ES, Lock EJ, Espe M, Frøyland L, Madsen L, Kristiansen K. <i>"Bile acids (BAs)3 are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. After their synthesis, they are conjugated to the amino acids taurine or glycine in a species-dependent manner (1). Conjugation of bile acids increases their solubility and facilitates their secretion into bile (2). [...] the dietary levels of these amino acids might be crucial for BA conjugation and secretion [...] In conclusion, we provide compelling evidence that plasma bile acid levels can be modulated by the dietary protein source in high fat-treated rats. Increased levels of plasma BAs were associated with a significant reduction in diet-induced obesity and resulted in increased whole body energy expenditure and dissipation of energy in the form of heat."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24124612">x</a>] PLoS One. 2013 Oct 4;8(10):e77274. <b>Beneficial effects of cod protein on inflammatory cell accumulation in rat skeletal muscle after injury are driven by its high levels of arginine, glycine, taurine and lysine.</b> Dort J, Leblanc N, Maltais-Giguère J, Liaset B, Côté CH, Jacques H.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22509810">x</a>] Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012 Jun;37(3):489-98. <b>Beneficial effects of cod protein on skeletal muscle repair following injury.</b> Dort J, Sirois A, Leblanc N, Côté CH, Jacques H.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19356912">x</a>] Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Dec;19(10):690-6. <b>Consumption of cod and weight loss in young overweight and obese adults on an energy reduced diet for 8-weeks.</b> Ramel A, Jonsdottir MT, Thorsdottir I.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24658997">x</a>] Amino Acids. 2014 Mar 23. [Epub ahead of print] <b>Scallop protein with endogenous high taurine and glycine content prevents high-fat, high-sucrose-induced obesity and improves plasma lipid profile in male C57BL/6J mice.</b> Tastesen HS, Keenan AH, Madsen L, Kristiansen K, Liaset B. (via <a href="http://www.ergo-log.com/best-high-protein-slimming-diet-contains-lots-of-taurine-and-glycine.html">ergo-log</a>)<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><u>[34] Glycine and chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=36208#.U1bJwlV_vlY">x</a>] Natural Science, 5, 972-978. (2013) <b>Glycine supplementation reduces the severity of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in hamsters.</b> Sá, O. , Lopes, N. , Alves, M. , Lalla, R. , Oliva, M. and Caran, E. <i>"As compared to control animals, glycine-treated animals demonstrated a highly significant reduction in clinical severity of oral mucositis, neutrophil infiltrate, and MDA levels (p < 0.001 for all)."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><br /><b><u>[35] Glycine and kidneys</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16682108">x</a>] Toxicology. 2006 Jun 15;223(3):202-8. <b>Protection of renal tubular cells against the cytotoxicity of cadmium by glycine.</b> Tang W, Xie J, Shaikh ZA.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9755131">x</a>] Am J Physiol. 1998 Oct;275(4 Pt 2):F595-604. <b>Cyclosporin A increases hypoxia and free radical production in rat kidneys: prevention by dietary glycine.</b> Zhong Z, Arteel GE, Connor HD, Yin M, Frankenberg MV, Stachlewitz RF, Raleigh JA, Mason RP, Thurman RG. <i>"it is concluded that cyclosporin A causes renal injury by mechanisms involving hypoxia-reoxygenation, effects which can be prevented effectively by dietary glycine"</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197363">x</a>] Transplantation. 1997 Jun 15;63(11):1661-7. <b>Prevention of cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity with dietary glycine. </b>Thurman RG, Zhong Z, von Frankenberg M, Stachlewitz RF, Bunzendahl H.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8430835">x</a>] Am J Physiol. 1993 Jan;264(1 Pt 2):F94-9. <b>Glycine protection against hypoxic but not phospholipase A2-induced injury in rat proximal tubules.</b> Wetzels JF, Wang X, Gengaro PE, Nemenoff RA, Burke TJ, Schrier RW.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8433040">x</a>] J Lab Clin Med. 1993 Feb;121(2):263-7. <b>Infusion of glycine does not attenuate in vivo ischemic acute renal failure in the rat. </b>Wetzels JF, Yu L, Shanley PF, Burke TJ, Schrier RW.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8315935">x</a>] Kidney Int. 1993 Jun;43(6):1226-8. <b>Glycine reduces early renal parenchymal uptake of cisplatin.</b> Heyman SN, Spokes K, Egorin MJ, Epstein FH.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1942775">x</a>] Kidney Int. 1991 Aug;40(2):273-9. <b>Protective action of glycine in cisplatin nephrotoxicity.</b> Heyman SN, Rosen S, Silva P, Spokes K, Egorin MJ, Epstein FH.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12010191">x</a>] Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2002 May-Jun;29(5-6):449-54. <b>Effects of glycine on glomerular filtration rate and segmental tubular handling of sodium in conscious rats.</b> Thomsen K, Nielsen CB, Flyvbjerg A. <i>"glycine increases ERPF and GFR and it also inhibits proximal and distal nephron Na+ reabsorption"</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><br /><br /><b><u>[36] Glycine and pancreatic damage (acute pancreatitis)</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474970">x</a>] Pancreatology. 2011;11(1):57-67. <b>Prophylactic glycine administration attenuates pancreatic damage and inflammation in experimental acute pancreatitis.</b> Ceyhan GO, Timm AK, Bergmann F, Günther A, Aghdassi AA, Demir IE, Mayerle J, Kern M, Lerch MM, Büchler MW, Friess H, Schemmer P. <i>"Therefore, glycine seems to be a promising tool for prophylactic treatment of [acute pancreatitis]."</i><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><u>[37] Glycine and trigeminal neuralgia</u></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1650076">x</a>] Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 1991;91(4):105-6. <b>[Glycine in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia].</b> [Article in Russian] Megdiatov RS, Karlov VA, Savchenko IuN, Khokhlov AP. <i>"As many as 98 patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia were given myeglynol (glycine) in a dose of 110 mg/kg a day for 4-5 weeks. A noticeable effect manifesting in the counteracting painful paroxysms was attained in more than 86% of cases. The drug was administered alone at the disease onset. The treatment effect of myeglynol may be related to its capacity to decrease to normal the high concentration of formaldehyde in the blood serum of patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia."</i><b><u><br /></u></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><u>[38] Glycine and cardiovascular system</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23036846">x</a>] Burns. 2013 Jun;39(4):729-35. <b>Effects of glycine supplementation on myocardial damage and cardiac function after severe burn.</b> Zhang Y, Lv SJ, Yan H, Wang L, Liang GP, Wan QX, Peng X.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218075">x</a>] J Physiol. 2004 Aug 1;558(Pt 3):873-82. <b>Glycine protects cardiomyocytes against lethal reoxygenation injury by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition.</b> Ruiz-Meana M, Pina P, Garcia-Dorado D, Rodríguez-Sinovas A, Barba I, Miró-Casas E, Mirabet M, Soler-Soler J.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25988540">x</a>] Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2015 Jun;93(6):465-73. <b>Vascular endothelial function is improved by oral glycine treatment in aged rats.</b> Gómez-Zamudio JH, García-Macedo R, Lázaro-Suárez M, Ibarra-Barajas M, Kumate J, Cruz M. <i>"Glycine improved the endothelium function in aged rats possibly by enhancing eNOS expression and reducing the role of superoxide anion and contractile prostanoids that increase the nitric oxide bioavailability."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23638213">x</a>] Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2013 Apr 15;6(5):821-30. Print 2013. <b>Effects of glycyl-glutamine dipeptide supplementation on myocardial damage and cardiac function in rats after severe burn injury.</b> Zhang Y, Yan H, Lv SG, Wang L, Liang GP, Wan QX, Peng X.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18095544">x</a>] Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2007 Aug;23(4):244-8. <b>[Protective effects of glycyl-glutamine dipeptide supplement on the heart function in burn rats].</b> [Article in Chinese] Lv SJ, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wu W, You ZY, Wang SL, Peng X.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17463141">x</a>] JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2007 May-Jun;31(3):173-80. <b>Glycine does not add to the beneficial effects of perioperative oral immune-enhancing nutrition supplements in high-risk cardiac surgery patients.</b> Tepaske R, te Velthuis H, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Bossuyt PM, Schultz MJ, Eijsman L, Vroom M. [150-300g of glycine before heart surgery --> no benefit]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16720430">x</a>] Acute Card Care. 2006;8(1):58-64. <b>Oral administration of glycine in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. A double blind placebo controlled randomized feasibility trial evaluating safety and efficacy of glycine in the prevention of restenosis after angioplasty.</b> Khan M, Ron Van Der Wieken L, Riezebos RK, Tijssen JG, Kiemeneij F, Slagboom T, Laarman GJ. <i>"Chronic oral administration of glycine was safe and feasible and had similar side effects compared to placebo. However, chronic oral administration of glycine did not lead to a significant reduction in restenosis rates at six months after elective PCI."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/5/1/e002621.full?sid=a00e4123-8cd2-4af1-8550-d910814acc74">x</a>] J Am Heart Assoc. 2015 Dec 31;5(1). pii: e002621. <b>Plasma Glycine and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Suspected Stable Angina Pectoris.</b> Ding Y, Svingen GF, Pedersen ER, Gregory JF, Ueland PM, Tell GS, Nygård OK. <i>"Plasma glycine was higher in women than in men and was associated with a more favorable baseline lipid profile and lower prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (all P<0.001). After multivariate adjustment for traditional coronary heart disease risk factors, plasma glycine was inversely associated with risk of AMI (hazard ratio per SD: 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82-0.98; P=0.017)."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27836671">x</a>] Biochem Pharmacol. 2016 Nov 8. pii: S0006-2952(16)30395-1. <b>Glycine Prevents Pressure Overload Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy Mediated by Glycine Receptor.</b> Lu Y, Zhu X, Li J, Fang R, Wang Z, Zhang J, Li K, Li X, Bai H, Yang Q, Ben J, Zhang H, Chen Q.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28069702">x</a>] Cardiovasc Res. 2017 Jan;113(1):52-60. <b>Remote ischemic conditioning provides humoural cross-species cardioprotection through glycine receptor activation.</b> José Alburquerque-Béjar J, Barba I, Valls-Lacalle L, Ruiz-Meana M1, Pecoraro M, Rodríguez-Sinovas A, García-Dorado D.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b><u> [Extra] Harmful effects from glycine (note: in these studies, glycine wasn't administered orally)</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24740757">x</a>] Mol Cell Biochem. 2014 Apr 17. <b>Glycine aggravates ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury through N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor activation in rats.</b> Arora S, Kaur T, Kaur A, Singh AP. [intraperitoneal injection]<br /><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762704">x</a>] Life Sci. 2011 Aug 15;89(7-8):276-81. <b>Glycine intrastriatal administration induces lipid and protein oxidative damage and alters the enzymatic antioxidant defenses in rat brain.</b> Seminotti B, Knebel LA, Fernandes CG, Amaral AU, da Rosa MS, Eichler P, Leipnitz G, Wajner M.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24939360">x</a>] Mol Cell Biochem. 2014 Oct;395(1-2):125-34. <b>Evidence that glycine induces lipid peroxidation and decreases glutathione concentrations in rat cerebellum.</b> Moura AP, Grings M, Marcowich GF, Bumbel AP, Parmeggiani B, de Moura Alvorcem L, Wajner M, Leipnitz G.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16430558">x</a>] Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006 Feb;50(2):261-2; author reply 262. <b>Glycine is toxic.</b> Hahn RG. <i>"All these comparatives point in the same direction – glycine is the worst irrigating fluid that you can use."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26019359">x</a>] Indian J Anaesth. 2015 May;59(5):318-9. <b>Glycine induced acute transient postoperative visual loss.</b> Pramod A, Rajagopal S, Iyer VP, Murthy HS. <i>"We report a case of transient postoperative blindness following use of large quantities of glycine delivered through a rotatory pump set at an inappropriately high pressure. [...] Her vision showed signs of improvement and returned to normal within 20 h of the procedure."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7793190">x</a>] Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1995 Feb;39(2):214-9. <b>Eye symptoms, visual evoked potentials and EEG during intravenous infusion of glycine.</b> Hahn RG, Andersson T, Sikk M.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26379309">x</a>] Indian J Anaesth. 2015 Aug;59(8):531. <b>Glycine induced retinotoxicity is avoidable.</b> Choudhary D, Sethi P, Sharma V, Bhatia PK.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24051511">x</a>] Urol Int. 2013;91(3):249-55. <b>Glycine 1.5% for irrigation should be abandoned.</b> Hahn RG.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3616403">x</a>] Toxicol Pathol. 1987;15(2):194-7. <b>Effect of glycine on the induction of orotic aciduria and urinary bladder tumorigenesis in the rat.</b> Vasudevan S, Laconi E, Abanobi SE, Rao PM, Rajalakshmi S, Sarma DS. <i>"Administration of glycine (2.5 mmoles/100 g) to rats resulted in a 100-fold increase in urinary OA excretion [...] Attempts to determine whether increased exposure of urinary bladder to high concentrations of OA will influence bladder tumorigenesis revealed that chronic administration of glycine (2.5 mmoles/100 g, ip, daily, 5 days a week for 20 weeks) resulted in a 44% increased incidence of hyperplastic, preneoplastic, and neoplastic lesions. Some of these rats also exhibited stones in urinary bladders."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26497039">x</a>] Mol Neurobiol. 2015 Oct 26. [Epub ahead of print] <b>Intracerebral Glycine Administration Impairs Energy and Redox Homeostasis and Induces Glial Reactivity in Cerebral Cortex of Newborn Rats.</b> Moura AP, Parmeggiani B, Grings M, Alvorcem LM, Boldrini RM, Bumbel AP, Motta MM, Seminotti B, Wajner M, Leipnitz G.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27339764">x</a>] Metab Brain Dis. 2016 Jun 23. <b>Glycine and hyperammonemia: potential target for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.</b> Kristiansen RG, Rose CF, Ytrebø LM. <i>"Lowering glycine levels has demonstrated to be beneficial in lowering ammonia and well as resolving encephalopathy."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28050793">x</a>] Mol Neurobiol. 2017 Jan 3. <b>Glycine Administration Alters MAPK Signaling Pathways and Causes Neuronal Damage in Rat Brain: Putative Mechanisms Involved in the Neurological Dysfunction in Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia.</b> Moura AP, Parmeggiani B, Gasparotto J, Grings M, Fernandez Cardoso GM, Seminotti B, Moreira JC, Gelain DP, Wajner M, Leipnitz G</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b><u> [Extra] Glycine and gingival inflammation</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2013/808367/">x</a>] Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2013;2013:80836 <b>Potential Immune Modularly Role of Glycine in Oral Gingival Inflammation</b> Teresa Schaumann, et al.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15613078">x</a>] J Periodontal Res. 2005 Feb;40(1):43-7. <b>Chronic glycine treatment inhibits ligature-induced periodontal disease in Wistar rats.</b> Breivik T, Gundersen Y, Fonnum F, Vaagenes P, Opstad PK.<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [Extra] Glycine and brain, nerves and spinal cord</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110816">x</a>] J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006 Dec;26(6):595-9. <b>Cerebral metabolic effects of intravenous glycine in healthy human subjects.</b> Neumeister A, Carson R, Henry S, Planeta-Wilson B, Binneman B, Maguire RP, Luckenbaugh DA, D'Souza C, Krystal JH, Frost JJ.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21675033">x</a>] Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010 Oct-Dec;54(4):355-60. <b>Glycine enhances glutamate-induced excitation in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons in awake rats.</b> Mallick HN, Kondoh T, Nishijo H, Ono T, Torii K.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21647662">x</a>] Amino Acids. 2012 Jun;42(6):2129-37. <b>Pharmacokinetics and cerebral distribution of glycine administered to rats.</b> Kawai N, Bannai M, Seki S, Koizumi T, Shinkai K, Nagao K, Matsuzawa D, Takahashi M, Shimizu E.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22238211">x</a>] J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012 Apr;341(1):196-204. <b>Microinjection of glycine into the ventral tegmental area selectively decreases ethanol consumption.</b> Li J, Nie H, Bian W, Dave V, Janak PH, Ye JH.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21414089">x</a>] Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011 Mar;65(2):142-9. <b>Oral administration of glycine increases extracellular serotonin but not dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of rats.</b> Bannai M, Kawai N, Nagao K, Nakano S, Matsuzawa D, Shimizu E.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11343684">x</a>] Biol Psychiatry. 2001 May 15;49(10):876-85. <b>Chronic high-dose glycine nutrition: effects on rat brain cell morphology. </b>Shoham S, Javitt DC, Heresco-Levy U. <i>"A reduction in density of class B, N-type Ca(2+) channels in specific brain regions may represent one general adaptation to long-term, high-dose glycine treatment."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11166522">x</a>] Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 Mar;24(3):330-2. <b>Glycine reduces novelty- and methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity in neonatal ventral hippocampal damaged rats.</b> Kato K, Shishido T, Ono M, Shishido K, Kobayashi M, Niwa S.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19353310">x</a>] Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2009 Mar;15(2):103-8. <b>Effects of glycine on electrical and histological properties of a rat peripheral nerve injury model.</b> Padilla-Martin K, Baltazar-Rendon B, Gonzalez-Maciel A, Nuno-Licona A, Uribe-Escamilla R, Hernandez-Romero A, Ramos A, Alfaro-Rodriguez A. <i>"According to our results, glycine was effective in the morphologic regeneration and functional recovery of the sciatic nerve post-injury in Wistar rats with one month administration."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/440547">x</a>] Neurosurgery. 1979 Feb;4(2):152-6. <b>Effects of glycine administration on canine experimental spinal spasticity and the levels of glycine, glutamate, and aspartate in the lumbar spinal cord.</b> Smith JE, Hall PV, Galvin MR, Jones AR, Campbell RL.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[x] Pain. 2009 Nov;146(1-2):199-204. <b>Intrathecal glycine for pain and dystonia in complex regional pain syndrome.</b> Munts AG, van der Plas AA, Voormolen JH, Marinus J, Teepe-Twiss IM, Onkenhout W, van Gerven JM, van Hilten JJ. <i>"there were no significant differences between ITG and placebo treatment in any of the outcomes"</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11281969">x</a>] Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999 Mar;2(1):35-40. <b>High dose glycine nutrition affects glial cell morphology in rat hippocampus and cerebellum.</b> Shoham S, Javitt DC, Heresco-Levy U. <i>"Adult rats were randomized to receive, for 2 wk, no dietary supplementation or supplementation with 0.8 or 3.2 g/kg per day Gly. [...] </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>No evidence of neuronal or microglial pathology was found. Although astrocyte proliferation was not evident in Gly-treated rats, GFAP-like immunoreactivity was dose-dependently increased in the hippocampus (p<0.01), whereas in cerebellum, a dose dependent decrease in density of astocytic fibres was demonstrated (p<0.01)."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27230112">x</a>] Mol Brain. 2016 May 26;9(1):59. <b>Glycine confers neuroprotection through microRNA-301a/PTEN signaling.</b> Chen J, Zhuang Y, Zhang ZF, Wang S, Jin P, He C, Hu PC, Wang ZF, Li ZQ, Xia GM, Li G, Wang Y, Wan Q. <i>"glycine is an upstream regulator of microRNA-301a"</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27694970">x</a>] Sci Rep. 2016 Oct 3;6:34459. <b>Glycine triggers a non-ionotropic activity of GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors to confer neuroprotection.</b> Hu R, Chen J, Lujan B, Lei R, Zhang M, Wang Z, Liao M, Li Z, Wan Y, Liu F, Feng H, Wan Q.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><br /><br /> <br /><b><u> [Extra] Glycine and seizures</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6442397">x</a>] Neurochem Res. 1984 Dec;9(12):1711-8. <b>Glycine potentiates the action of some anticonvulsant drugs in some seizure models.</b> Toth E, Lajtha A.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7250201">x</a>] Eur J Pharmacol. 1981 May 22;71(4):495-8. <b>Antagonism of L-glycine to seizures induced by L-kynurenine, quinolinic acid and strychnine in mice.</b> Lapin IP.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18830815">x</a>] Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2009 Mar;29(2):253-61. <b>Glycine provokes lipid oxidative damage and reduces the antioxidant defenses in brain cortex of young rats.</b> Leipnitz G, Solano AF, Seminotti B, Amaral AU, Fernandes CG, Beskow AP, Dutra Filho CS, Wajner M. <i>"Patients affected by nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) usually present severe neurological symptoms and suffer from acute episodes of intractable seizures with leukoencephalopathy[...]"</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6134243">x</a>] Neurochem Res. 1983 Mar;8(3):291-302. <b>Anticonvulsant effects of some inhibitory neurotransmitter amino acids.</b> Toth E, Lajtha A, Sarhan S, Seiler N.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3057352">x</a>] Mov Disord. 1988;3(3):222-32. <b>Therapeutic trial with glycine in myoclonus.</b> Truong DD, Fahn S.<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [Extra] Glycine, taurine and asthma</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15083755">x</a>] Eur Respir J. 2004 Apr;23(4):565-8. <b>Amino acids and asthma: a case-control study.</b> Fogarty A, Broadfield E, Lewis S, Lawson N, Britton J. <i>"there was no difference between cases and controls in any of the other amino acids tested, with the exception of plasma glycine, which was associated with a strongly reduced risk of asthma (odds ratio for the highest tertile compared to lowest 0.30"</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282206">x</a>] FASEB J. 2011 May;25(5):1706-17. <b>Novel expression of a functional glycine receptor chloride channel that attenuates contraction in airway smooth muscle.</b> Yim PD, Gallos G, Xu D, Zhang Y, Emala CW.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11716849">x</a>] Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Nov 9;431(1):111-7. <b>Effects of taurine on pulmonary responses to antigen in sensitized Brown-Norway rats.</b> Cortijo J, Blesa S, Martinez-Losa M, Mata M, Seda E, Santangelo F, Morcillo EJ.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><br /><br /><b><u>[Extra] "Glycinergic" drugs</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23369746">x</a>] Life Sci. 2013 Mar 21;92(10):576-81. <b>Glycinamide, a glycine pro-drug, induces antinociception by intraperitoneal or oral ingestion in ovariectomized rats.</b> Beyer C, Komisaruk BK, González-Flores O, Gómora-Arrati P.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19555683">x</a>] Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Aug 15;616(1-3):256-64. <b>Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats is attenuated by a synthetic glycine derivative.</b> Bi W, Wang F, Bi Y, Wang T, Xue P, Zhang Y, Gao X, Liu S, Wang Z, Li M, Baudy-Floc'h M, Robinson SC, Ngerebara N, Bi L.<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><b><u> [Extra] Glycine in dentistry (air-polishing)</u></b><br /><br />[<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/clr.12458_607/full">x</a>] Corbella, S. <b>"Adjunctive glycine powder air-polishing for the treatment of peri-implant mucositis: an observational clinical trial."</b> (2014). <i>"In the test group (with glycine powder), a significant reduction of probing depth was observed. Air-abrasive system with glycine powder can be considered as viable treatment option for peri-implant mucositis as an adjunct to professional oral hygiene maneuvers. Moreover, glycine may have an important effect on the mucosal health, with a consequent reduction of probing depth."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18294230">x</a>] J Clin Periodontol. 2008 Apr;35(4):324-32. <b>Effect of glycine powder air-polishing on the gingiva.</b> Petersilka G, Faggion CM Jr, Stratmann U, Gerss J, Ehmke B, Haeberlein I, Flemmig TF. "The data indicated that GPAP results in less gingival erosion than SBAP or hand instrumentation, further supporting the safety of this new debridement technique."<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17539712">x</a>] J Periodontol. 2007 Jun;78(6):1002-10. <b>Subgingival debridement efficacy of glycine powder air polishing.</b> Flemmig TF, Hetzel M, Topoll H, Gerss J, Haeberlein I, Petersilka G. <i>"GPAP for 5 seconds per surface is effective in removing most of the subgingival biofilm in periodontal pockets with an APD < or =3 mm."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861637">x</a>] J Periodontol. 2012 Apr;83(4):444-52. <b>Randomized controlled trial assessing efficacy and safety of glycine powder air polishing in moderate-to-deep periodontal pockets.</b> Flemmig TF, Arushanov D, Daubert D, Rothen M, Mueller G, Leroux BG. <i>"The results indicate that SubGPAP is more efficacious in removing subgingival biofilm in moderate-to-deep periodontal pockets than SRP. Furthermore, full-mouth GPAP may result in a beneficial shift of the oral microbiota and appears to be well tolerated."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25727403">x</a>] Int J Dent Hyg. 2015 Aug;13(3):177-83. <b>Efficacy of glycine powder air polishing in comparison with sodium bicarbonate air polishing and ultrasonic scaling - a double-blind clinico-histopathologic study.</b> Simon CJ, Munivenkatappa Lakshmaiah Venkatesh P, Chickanna R. <i>"GPAP results in clinically significant improvement in plaque and gingival index scores and histologically causes less gingival erosion than SBAP or ultrasonic instrumentation, further supporting the safety of this debridement technique in periodontal maintenance therapy."</i><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><u>[Extra] Glycine receptor in human sperm (acrosome reaction)</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7578693">x</a>] Biol Reprod. 1995 Sep;53(3):676-83. <b>Studies of porcine and human sperm suggesting a role for a sperm glycine receptor/Cl- channel in the zona pellucida-initiated acrosome reaction.</b> Melendrez CS, Meizel S.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18621921">x</a>] Reproduction. 2008 Oct;136(4):387-90. <b>Identification and spatial distribution of glycine receptor subunits in human sperm.</b> Kumar P, Meizel S.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11751269">x</a>] Biol Reprod. 2002 Jan;66(1):91-7. <b>A role for the human sperm glycine receptor/Cl(-) channel in the acrosome reaction initiated by recombinant ZP3.</b> Bray C, Son JH, Kumar P, Harris JD, Meizel S.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>[Extra] Glycine and opiate addiction (in mice)</b><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14723343">x</a>] Arch Pharm Res. 2003 Dec;26(12):1074-8. <b>Inhibitory effects of glycine on morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice.</b> Shin KW, Hong JT, Yoo HS, Song S, Oh KW. <i>"Accordingly, the inhibition by glycine of the morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity suggests that glycine might be useful for the treatment of morphine addiction."</i><br /><br /> </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b><u>[Extra] Other references</u></b><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16287466">x</a>] BJU Int. 2005 Dec;96(9):1403-8. <b>Effect of glycine on recovery of bladder smooth muscle contractility after acute urinary retention in rats.</b> Hong SK, Son H, Kim SW, Oh SJ, Choi H.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8282049">x</a>] Exp Eye Res. 1993 Nov;57(5):623-8. <b>Decrease in glycation of lens proteins by lysine and glycine by scavenging of glucose and possible mitigation of cataractogenesis.</b> Ramakrishnan S, Sulochana KN.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17624491">x</a>] Amino Acids. 2008 Aug;35(2):451-6. <b>Effects of orally administered glycine on myofibrillar proteolysis and expression of proteolytic-related genes of skeletal muscle in chicks.</b> Nakashima K, Yakabe Y, Ishida A, Katsumata M. <i>"These results indicate that orally administered glycine suppresses myofibrillar proteolysis and expression of proteolytic-related genes of skeletal muscle by decreasing the plasma corticosterone concentration in chicks."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19936090">x</a>] Gene Regul Syst Bio. 2007 Oct 14;1:217-26. <b>Signaling mechanisms of endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors derived from type IV collagen.</b> Sudhakar A, Boosani CS.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17703865">x</a>] Toxicology. 2007 Oct 8;239(3):147-55. <b>The effect of dietary glycine on the hepatic tumor promoting activity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in rats.</b> Bunaciu RP, Tharappel JC, Lehmler HJ, Kania-Korwel I, Robertson LW, Srinivasan C, Spear BT, Glauert HP. <i>"But the data overall indicate that Kupffer cells likely do not contribute to the tumor promoting activities of PCB-77 and PCB-153."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20457173">x</a>] Physiol Behav. 2010 Sep 1;101(2):237-44. <b>No long-term weight maintenance effects of gelatin in a supra-sustained protein diet.</b> Hochstenbach-Waelen A1, Westerterp KR, Soenen S, Westerterp-Plantenga MS.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20615931">x</a>] J Psychopharmacol. 2011 Dec;25(12):1632-8. <b>High-dose glycine impairs the prepulse inhibition measure of sensorimotor gating in humans.</b> O'Neill BV, Croft RJ, Mann C, Dang O, Leung S, Galloway MP, Phan KL, Nathan PJ.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9490031">x</a>] Eur J Biochem. 1998 Feb 1;251(3):597-604. <b>Cycloheximide sensitivity of orotic acid biosynthesis induced by ammonia and glycine administration.</b> Vasudevan S, Laconi E, Rao PM, Rajalakshmi S, Sarma DS, La Piana G, Fransvea E, Marzulli D, Lofrumento NE.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24526813">x</a>] J Toxicol Pathol. 2013 Dec;26(4):405-12. <b>A 4-week Repeated Dose Toxicity Study of Glycine in Rats by Gavage Administration.</b> Shibui Y, Miwa T, Yamashita M, Chin K, Kodama T.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21236294">x</a>] Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011 Apr;98(2):234-40. <b>Effects of the alpha- and gamma-polymorphs of glycine on the behavior of catalepsy prone rats.</b> Markel AL, Achkasov AF, Alekhina TA, Prokudina OI, Ryazanova MA, Ukolova TN, Efimov VM, Boldyreva EV, Boldyrev VV.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1352215">x</a>] Drug Metab Dispos. 1992 Mar-Apr;20(2):234-40. <b>Availability of glycine and coenzyme A limits glycine conjugation in vivo.</b> Gregus Z, Fekete T, Varga F, Klaassen CD.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23660335">x</a>] Toxicol Lett. 2013 Jul 4;220(2):181-6. <b>Attenuation of subchronic formaldehyde inhalation toxicity with oral administration of glutamate, glycine and methionine.</b> Katsnelson BA, Degtyareva TD, Privalova LI, Minigaliyeva IA, Slyshkina TV, Ryzhov VV, Beresneva OY.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15730916">x</a>] Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2005 Feb;4(1):37-40. <b>Protective effects of glycine pretreatment on brain-death donor liver.</b> Zhang SJ, Shi JH, Tang Z, Wu Y, Chen S.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15598699">x</a>] J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1594-8. <b>Low serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity in the human placenta has important implications for fetal glycine supply.</b> Lewis RM, Godfrey KM, Jackson AA, Cameron IT, Hanson MA.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10755525">x</a>] Transplantation. 2000 Mar 15;69(5):773-80. <b>Inhibition of chronic rejection of aortic allografts by dietary glycine.</b> Yin M, Rusyn I, Schoonhoven R, Graves LM, Rusyn EV, Li X, Li F, Cox AD, Harding TW, Bunzendahl H, Swenberg JA, Thurman RG. <i>"These results indicate that dietary glycine minimizes histopathological changes of chronic rejection by reducing the immune response and, in part, by minimizing proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells."</i><br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10198336">x</a>] Am J Physiol. 1999 Apr;276(4 Pt 1):G924-32. <b>Intravenous glycine improves survival in rat liver transplantation.</b> Schemmer P, Bradford BU, Rose ML, Bunzendahl H, Raleigh JA, Lemasters JJ, Thurman RG.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14562417">x</a>] World J Gastroenterol. 2003 Oct;9(10):2374-6. <b>Effects of glycine on plasma and liver tissue changes of TNF-alpha, ET-1 and nitric oxide contents in rats with obstructive jaundice.</b> Fang HQ1, Liu YB, Li HJ, Peng SY, Wu YL, Xu B, Wang JW, Li JT, Wang XB.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11035691">x</a>] Chest. 2000 Oct;118(4):1150-7. <b>Chicken soup inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro.</b> Rennard BO, Ertl RF, Gossman GL, Robbins RA, Rennard SI.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1351812">x</a>] Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol. 1992 May;102(1):147-9. <b>The effect of glycine administration on taurine concentration in the rat liver.</b> Galindo JD, Cremades A, Monserrat F, Peñafiel R.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2078193">x</a>] Biochem Int. 1990 Nov;22(4):649-57. <b>Glycine administration decreases hepatic taurine content in mice.</b> Peñafiel R, Galindo JD, Cremades A, Monserrat F.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1279141">x</a>] J Nutr. 1992 Nov;122(11):2066-73. <b>Cysteine and glycine supplementation modulate the metabolic response to tumor necrosis factor alpha in rats fed a low protein diet.</b> Grimble RF, Jackson AA, Persaud C, Wride MJ, Delers F, Engler R.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23285694">x</a>] Acta Pol Pharm. 2012 Nov-Dec;69(6):1303-6. <b>Effect of Gly-Gly-His, Gly-His-Lys and their copper complexes on TNF-alpha-dependent IL-6 secretion in normal human dermal fibroblasts.</b> Gruchlik A1, Jurzak M, Chodurek E, Dzierzewicz Z. <i>"Because of the anti-inflammatory properties, the copper-peptides could be used on the skin surface instead of corticosteroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which have more side effects. Our observations provide some new information about the role of these tripeptides in skin inflammation."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24916657">x</a>] J Mol Evol. 2014 Jun;78(6):307-9. <b>Genetic code evolution started with the incorporation of glycine, followed by other small hydrophilic amino acids.</b> Bernhardt HS, Patrick WM. <i>"We propose that glycine was the first amino acid to be incorporated into the genetic code, followed by serine, aspartic and/or glutamic acid-small hydrophilic amino acids that all have codons in the bottom right-hand corner of the standard genetic code table."</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26369758">x</a>] J Biol Phys. 2015 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print] <b>Survivability and reactivity of glycine and alanine in early oceans: effects of meteorite impacts.</b> Umeda Y, Fukunaga N, Sekine T, Furukawa Y, Kakegawa T, Kobayashi T, Nakazawa H.<br /><br />[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10626340">x</a>] Ter Arkh. 1999;71(11):58-61. <b>[Comparative efficacy of combined therapy with preductal and amino acid composition in elderly patients with coronary heart disease and class II-III angina]</b>. [Article in Russian] Zaslavskaia RM, Kelimberdieva ES, Komissarova IA, Teĭblium MM, Goncharov LF, Goncharova ZF, Akhmetov KZh. <br /><br />[<a href="http://www.pabst-publishers.de/Medizin/med%20Zeitschriften/txmed/1994-2/article-17.html">x</a>] Schilling, M., et al. <b>"Glycine inhibits phospholipolysis of hypoxic membranes."</b> Tx Med 6 (1994): 140-143.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18054919">x</a>] Fertil Steril. 2008 Oct;90(4 Suppl):1460-9. Epub 2007 Dec 11. <b>Dietary glycine does not affect physiological angiogenesis and reproductive function, but inhibits apoptosis in endometrial and ovarian tissue by down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB.</b> Laschke MW, Schwender C, Scheuer C, Vollmar B, Menger MD. <i>"ANIMAL(S): Syrian golden hamsters." "Furthermore, glycine acts antiapoptotic in endometrial and ovarian tissue through down-regulation of NF-κB expression. Thus, glycine may be used as a therapeutic agent for disorders involving inflammation or pathological angiogenesis without inducing serious side effects in the female reproductive tract. Future studies may further clarify whether the observed antiapoptotic effect of glycine reduces ovarian tissue damage during cryopreservation and transplantation to increase the success rates of modern fertility preservation techniques."</i><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15826086">x</a>] J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Apr 20;53(8):3259-64. <b>Addition of glycine reduces the content of acrylamide in cereal and potato products.</b> Bråthen E, Kita A, Knutsen SH, Wicklund T.<br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240238">x</a>] Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jan;196(1):65.e1-5. <b>Intermediate metabolism in association with the amino acid profile during the third trimester of normal pregnancy and diet-controlled gestational diabetes.</b> Pappa KI, Vlachos G, Theodora M, Roubelaki M, Angelidou K, Antsaklis A. <i>"Of the 21 amino acids, only methionine, glycine, alanine, citrulline, and ornithine levels were found at significantly higher levels in the NP group"</i><br /><br /> [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26000717">x</a>] Sci Rep. 2015 May 22;5:10434. <b>Epigenetic regulation of the nuclear-coded GCAT and SHMT2 genes confers human age-associated mitochondrial respiration defects.</b> Hashizume O, Ohnishi S, Mito T, Shimizu A, Iashikawa K, Nakada K, Soda M, Mano H, Togayachi S, Miyoshi H, Okita K, Hayashi J. <i>"These observations indicated that epigenetic downregulation of both GCAT and SHMT2 with aging (Fig. 3a) was at least partly responsible for the age-associated respiration defects found in elderly fibroblasts (Fig. 1a) by inducing a decrease in glycine production and a resultant decrease in mitochondrial translation. This possibility was supported by our observations that adding glycine to the medium for 10 days restored the reduced respiratory function of TIG102 (Supplementary Fig. 6), suggesting that glycine treatment can effectively prevent elderly fibroblasts from expressing age-associated respiration defects."</i> [<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150526085138.htm">ScienceDaily: Scientists reverse aging in human cell lines and give theory of aging a new lease of life</a>]</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10452229">x</a>] Int J Sports Med. 1999 Jul;20(5):315-21. <b>The effect of arginine or glycine supplementation on gastrointestinal function, muscle injury, serum amino acid concentrations and performance during a marathon run.</b> Buchman AL, O'Brien W, Ou CN, Rognerud C, Alvarez M, Dennis K, Ahn C.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556112">x</a>] Psychiatry Res. 2009 Aug 30;173(2):143-9. <b>Oral glycine administration increases brain glycine/creatine ratios in men: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.</b> Kaufman MJ, Prescot AP, Ongur D, Evins AE, Barros TL, Medeiros CL, Covell J, Wang L, Fava M, Renshaw PF. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17646968">x</a>] Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007 Nov;195(1):85-93. <b>High-dose glycine inhibits the loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) in healthy humans.</b> O'Neill BV, Croft RJ, Leung S, Oliver C, Phan KL, Nathan PJ.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17365994">x</a>] Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2007;67(2):143-53. <b>Capacity of glycine to modulate early inflammatory disturbances after serious gunshot injuries in the pig.</b> Gundersen Y, Vaagenes P, Os Ø, Pillgram-Larsen J, Sundnes KO, Opstad PK.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094036">x</a>] Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Apr 19:ajpendo.00468.2015. <b>Glycine restores the anabolic response to leucine in a mouse model of acute inflammation.</b> Ham DJ, Caldow MK, Chhen V, Chee A, Wang X, Proud CG, Lynch GS, Koopman R.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225947">x</a>] Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2016 May 25:ajpregu.00043.2016. <b>Glycine Enhances Muscle Protein Mass Associated with Maintaining Akt-mTOR-FOXO1 Signaling and Suppressing TLR4 and NOD2 Signaling in Piglets Challenged with LPS.</b> Liu Y, Wang X, Wu H, Chen S, Zhu H, Zhang J, Hou Y, Hu CA, Zhang G. <i>"We found that 1.0% or 2.0% glycine increased protein/DNA ratio, protein content and RNA/DNA ratio in gastrocnemius or longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27798331">x</a>] J Nutr. 2016 Oct 26. pii: jn231266. <b>Glycine Regulates Protein Turnover by Activating Akt/mTOR and by Inhibiting MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 Gene Expression in C2C12 Myoblasts.</b> Sun K, Wu Z, Ji Y, Wu G. <i>"Our results indicate that glycine is a functional amino acid that improves muscle cell growth."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28375879">x</a>] Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017 Jul;20(4):237-242. <b>Glycine metabolism in skeletal muscle: implications for metabolic homeostasis.</b> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Koopman R, Caldow MK, Ham DJ, Lynch GS. <i>"Recent studies demonstrate that supplemental glycine effectively protects muscles in a variety of wasting models, including cancer cachexia, sepsis, and reduced caloric intake. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the effects of glycine remain unclear but likely involve receptor-mediated responses and modulation of intracellular metabolism."</i></span>Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com28tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-29211510587989156132013-12-04T06:47:00.003-08:002014-05-27T10:55:31.108-07:00Raymond Peat<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>"Lactate, glutamate, ammonium, nitric oxide, quinolinate, estrogen, histamine, aminolevulinate, porphyrin, ultraviolet light, polyunsaturated fatty acids and endotoxin contribute to excitatory and excitotoxic processes, vasodilation, angioneogenesis, and fibrosis.</i><br />
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<i>Carbon dioxide, glycine, GABA, saturated fatty acids (for example, Nanji, et al., 1997), vitamin K, coenzyme Q10, niacinamide, magnesium, red light, thyroid hormone, progesterone, testosterone, and pregnenolone are factors that can be increased to protect against inappropriate cellular excitation."</i><br />
<i>- Raymond F. Peat (2013)</i></div>
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Lately, I've spent quite a lot of time reading health articles written by <a href="http://raypeat.com/">Raymond F. Peat</a>. Peat is a biologist (born in 1936), whose <a href="http://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/71712642/DOC032612-001-1.pdf">doctoral thesis</a> (1972) addressed the age-related changes in hamster uterus. In his dissertation work, Peat found that estrogen decreased oxygen tension in the tissues, leading to age-related tissue changes. He also showed that vitamin E could prevent this effect. Since these observations, Peat's work has mostly focused on hormones and other kinds of signaling molecules, and how nutrition affects all of these things.<br />
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While Peat's name isn't very popular to most health-conscious people, some of his ideas have become very popular. For example, the term <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_dominance">estrogen dominance</a> </i>was popularized by <a href="http://www.yourlifesource.com/dr-john-lee-interview.htm">John R. Lee</a> who got his ideas from Peat.<br />
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I started to find Peat's work interesting after noticing that he is aware of <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/08/thyroid-hormones-and-heart-disease_13.html">Broda Barnes'</a> observations of health effects of thyroid hormone. While Barnes focused completely on the thyroid hormone, Peat saw that there are also many other factors that can be influenced with dietary and lifestyle modifications.<br />
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Peat's main idea seems to be that modern lifestyle causes imbalance of stress-related signaling molecules, leading to a vicious cycle of inflammation and inefficient energy production involving excessive anaerobic glycolysis.<br />
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In chronic stress, the metabolism is increasingly mediated by adaptive substances such as prolactin, lactate, estrogen, nitric oxide, TNF, PTH, serotonin and aldosterone, which can protect from acute stress, but also lead to chronic diseases in the long term. In an healthy state, the influence of thyroid hormone and protective steroid hormones (progesterone, DHEA, pregnenolone) and other related substances is increased.<br />
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According to Peat, some of the main causes of chronic stress are lack of protein, sugar, vitamins, minerals or light. He also writes that <a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/nutrition/oils-in-context.shtml">polyunsaturated fatty acids</a> are possibly the most important factor causing stress-related metabolic malfunction.<br />
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<i>"When, in the 1940s, a group of vitamin B6 researchers showed that the supposed "essential fatty acid deficiency" could be cured by a supplement of vitamin B6, it became apparent that the polyunsaturated fatty acids slowed metabolism, and reduced all nutritional needs. The thyroid hormone was powerfully suppressed by the "essential" fatty acids."</i> - Ray Peat<br />
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In animal studies, it has been noticed that the deficiency of "essential" fatty acids (EFA) increases animals' metabolic rate, and the animals will also <a href="http://www.functionalps.com/blog/2012/01/14/essential-fatty-acid-deficiency-resistance-to-traumastressshock/">tolerate various types of stress</a> and toxins much better, and are more resistant to cancer.<br />
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In his <a href="http://www.cholesterol-and-health.com/PUFA-Special-Report.html">special report</a>, Chris Masterjohn didn't completely agree with Peat's idea, but in a <a href="http://www.westonaprice.org/know-your-fats/precious-yet-perilous">later article</a> referred to a study, where they tried to cause an EFA deficiency to the subject, William Brown. During the fat-free experimental diet, Brown's metabolic rate increased, weight decreased and he got rid of his migraine, despite eating ~300 grams of sucrose every day. According to Masterjohn, the elimination of excess EFA from the body could explain those results.<br />
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In addition to restricting EFA intake, Peat recommends <a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/sugar-issues.shtml">sugar</a> instead of starch and large amounts of animal protein, ~100g daily, preferrably from eggs, milk, cheese and <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/12/glycine.html">gelatin</a>. Muscle meats are not that good because of high amounts of <a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/gelatin.shtml">tryptophan and cysteine</a> and high P/Ca ratio. Despite the milk's high tryptophan concentration, milk should be healthy because calcium can decrease <a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/calcium.shtml">parathyroid hormone (PTH)</a>.<br />
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<i>"PTH (like estrogen and serotonin) inhibits cellular respiration and activates glycolysis, lowering the ATP level and shifting the cells metabolism toward the production of lactic acid rather than carbon dioxide. PTH also causes bicarbonate to be lost in the urine." </i>-<i> </i>Ray Peat<br />
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According to Peat, <a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/salt.shtml">salt is healthy</a>*, and could be used as a nutritional supplement. The effect can be partially explained by the fact that higher blood sodium inhibits renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and also protects cells from water retention (swelling).:<br />
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<i>"In this culture, it is hard to see that heart disease, cancer, and cataracts all involve a crucial respiratory defect, with the production of too much lactic acid and too little carbon dioxide, which leads to a “swelling pathology”: A pathological retention of water. The swollen heart beats poorly, the swollen lens turns milky, other cells divide rapidly as a result of swelling." - Ray Peat</i><br />
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Peat emphasizes the importance of <a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/protective-co2-aging.shtml">carbon dioxide</a>, and the harmfulness of it's inhibition by lowered aerobic metabolism, hyperventilation and <a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/aging/altitude-mortality.shtml">lactic acid</a>:<br />
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<i>"The cancer’s production of lactic acid creates the same kind of internal imbalance produced by hyperventilation, and if we look at the physiology of hyperventilation in the light of Warburg’s description of cancer, hyperventilation imitates cancer metabolism, by producing lactic acid “even in the presence of oxygen.” Lactate, a supposedly benign metabolite of the cancer cells, which appears in all the other degenerative conditions, including obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, is itself a central factor in the degenerative process."</i> - Ray Peat<br />
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While diet can affect the health positively, Peat writes that in some cases <a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/thyroid.shtml">thyroid hormones</a> (containing T3) are required, and <a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/progesterone-summaries.shtml">progesterone</a> ja <a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/three-hormones.shtml">pregnenolone</a> can also be very useful for some kinds of diseases. Peat has <a href="http://www.google.com/patents/US4439432">patented</a> a progesterone product (<a href="http://www.longnaturalhealth.com/product/Dr-Peats-Progest-E-Complex-28-ml/PGE">Progest-E</a>), in which progesterone is dissolved in vitamin E.<br />
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<i>"The excess cortisol of depression, old age, and hyperestrogenism often comes down with use of a thyroid supplement, but pregnenolone has avery direct action (in opposition to serotonin) that can quiet the pituitary, reducing ACTH and cortisol. Progesterone has some similar effects, and is protective against excess cortisol, and is a major factor in nerve and brain restoration. Thyroid, progesterone, and pregnenolone are all involved in the formation of new myelin, and in the prevention of the edema that damages it." </i>- Ray Peat<br />
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Peat reminds us that <a href="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/430006/Ray%20Peat%20-%20Using%20Sunlight%20to%20Sustain%20Life.pdf">sunlight</a> is helpful, because the <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/11/the-therapeutic-effects-of-red-and-near.html">red light</a> (and near-infrared) wavelengths activate mitochondrial respiratory enzymes and decrease inflammation. Also, he states that <a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/intelligence.shtml">social isolation</a> can cause significant physical stress. I think that these points are often overlooked in many health discussions.<br />
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<i>"The brain-protecting neurosteroids, including pregnenolone and progesterone, which are increased by some kinds of stimulation, are decreased by isolation stress, and in their absence, serotonin and the glucocorticoids are relatively unopposed." </i>- Ray Peat<br />
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<i>"When I moved from Mexico, first to Montana and then to Oregon in 1966, I became very conscious of how light affects the hormones and the health. (For example, in Montana I experienced an interesting springtime shedding of body hair.) Many people who came to cloudy Eugene to study, and who often lived in cheap basement apartments, would develop chronic health problems within a few months. Women who had been healthy when they arrived would often develop premenstrual syndrome or arthritis or colitis during their first winter in Eugene."</i> - Ray Peat<br />
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When I read Peat's articles for the first time, I couldn't believe that he was serious about some of his opinions, such as the harmful effects of serotonin or estrogen. But when I started reading his articles and checking the references, I found that many of his radical claims are based on real findings, and might have true significance for people really attempting to understand human biology.<br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Peat's expertise is not only limited on biology. He wrote his </span><a href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/william-blake-and-the-mysticisms-of-sense-and-non-sense/oclc/28447701">master's thesis</a><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">on literature, analyzing poet William Blake's works. Peat has also founded a school </span><a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19661002&id=sOVVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IOEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6883,223491">Blake College</a>, in Mexico. However, the school was<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="http://www.visionandacceptance.com/organizing-the-panic-an-interview-with-dr-ray-peat/">closed</a><span style="background-color: white;"> later. On his website, Peat also has an</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="http://raypeat.com/art/">art gallery</a><span style="background-color: white;">, featuring his paintings.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Peat's articles and interviews can be found via </span><a href="http://raypeat.com/" style="background-color: white;">his website</a><span style="background-color: white;">, </span><a href="http://caramellamorbida.blogspot.fi/" style="background-color: white;">MarshmalloW-blog</a><span style="background-color: white;">, Danny Roddy's </span><a href="http://www.dannyroddy.com/" style="background-color: white;">blog</a> and <a href="http://www.hairlikeafox.com/">book</a> and<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="http://www.members.westnet.com.au/pkolb/peat_ind.htm" style="background-color: white;">this Buteyko method site</a><span style="background-color: white;">. There are also some Ray Peat groups on Facebook.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;">Peat often refers to some other researchers' work: <a href="http://www.gilbertling.org/">Gilbert Ling</a>, <a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg">Otto Warburg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Selye">Hans Selye</a>, <a href="http://www.williamfkoch.com/web/version2/biography.php">William F. Koch</a>, <a href="http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/amjcancer/39/2/185">Alexander Lipschütz</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20279202">Biskinds</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1859248/?page=1">Felix Meerson</a> and <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/08/thyroid-hormones-and-heart-disease_13.html">Broda Barnes</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>Notes</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">* In rats, it has been shown that high doses of sodium are harmful mainly if the intake of magnesium and potassium is deficient (<a href="http://www.magnesium-ges.de/bulletin/Karppanen%201990%20Epidemiological%20evidence%20for%20considering%20magnesium%20deficiency%20as%20a%20risk%20factor%20(564).pdf">Karppanen 1990</a>)</span>Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-41584685539450707862013-11-27T05:53:00.001-08:002013-11-27T05:53:28.658-08:00180DegreeHealth blog is no more......so I moved all my 180DegreeHealth posts here. :)<br />
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So far I have published 5 articles:<br />
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<a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/11/therapeutic-effects-of-red-light-and.html">The Therapeutic Effects of Red and Near-Infrared Light (long version)</a><br />
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<a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/11/the-therapeutic-effects-of-red-and-near.html">The Therapeutic Effects of Red and Near-Infrared Light (short version)</a><br />
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<a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/11/circadian-rhythms.html">Circadian rhythms</a><br />
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<a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/08/thyroid-hormones-and-heart-disease_13.html">Thyroid Hormones and Heart Disease (expanded version)</a><br />
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<a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/01/why-we-need-acid-dangers-of-anti-acid.html">Why We Need Acid: The Dangers of Anti-acid Medication</a>Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-50192646433994936362013-11-27T03:33:00.002-08:002014-08-26T14:29:27.110-07:00Circadian rhythms, sleep and health<b>1. The circadian rhythm of a modern man</b><br />
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<i>“In 1910, the average American slept nine hours a night, disturbed only by the occasional Model T backfiring. We now average 7.5 and declining.”</i> – Robert Sapolsky (<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Why-Zebras-Dont-Ulcers-Third/dp/0805073698">Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers</a>)<br />
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The typical Western person’s circadian rhythm differs in at least three main ways of which the human species has adapted to in its history<br />
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First of all, the amount of light during night time. Before artificial lighting popularized, people spent the night in almost complete darkness . Today, most families live in almost constant light even if it is pitch black outside.<br />
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Second, the amount of light during the day is now lower than it has ever been in human history . The reason is that we do not spend much time outdoors. We spend the days indoors, where the amount of light can be over a hundred times less than the amount of light outside.<br />
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<i>“Bright light can help shift even the most extreme body clocks,” says Professor Roenneberg. “But the amount of light in most offices is laughable. You would be lucky to get 400 lux [a unit of measurement of the intensity of light] at a bright vertical office window during the day, whereas outside on a cloudy day in summer you would experience more like 10,000 lux. If it’s a blue sky, you could get as much as 150,000 lux.”</i> (<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:crIcUkp375EJ:www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/could-you-be-suffering-from-social-jet-lag-473723.html+Could+you+be+suffering+from+%27social+jet+lag%27%3F&cd=1&hl=fi&ct=clnk&gl=fi">Independent: Could you be suffering from ‘social jet lag’?</a>)<br />
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The third current problem is sleep duration, which has been decreasing in recent decades.<br />
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In a study on connections between sleep and obesity published this year, it was found that in the 1960’s people slept about 8-9 hours a night. By 1995, the amount had shrunk to seven hours. In 2005, a third of the population slept for about six hours a night. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actigraphy">Actigraphic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysomnography">polysomnographic</a> studies show that middle-aged people only get six hours of sleep on average. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21668294">Reiter et al. 2011</a>)<br />
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Now we are going to speculate the effect of these on health by studying some research material on the subject.<br />
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<b>2. The circadian rhythms’ connection with health – shift work and clinical sleep studies</b><br />
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People doing shift work is an interesting group when reflecting on the circadian rhythms’ effects on health. These people must for follow a very unnatural sleep rhythm because of their profession. Epidemiologic data shows that certain health problems are much more common among shift workers than in the average population.<br />
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<li>Obesity – In a Swedish study 27485 people answered a survey and according to the results, shift work correlates to a 40% higher risk for obesity (BMI over 30) after adjusting for age and socioeconomic factors. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600731">Karlsson et al. 2001</a>)</li>
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<li>Breast cancer – In Denmark the risk of breast cancer in nurses is 80% higher in those working day and night shifts. The longer the shift work had lasted, the larger the risk was. Those who had been working in shifts for over two years, the risk was 160% higher (after adjusting the results) than in those only working during the day. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21852111">Hansen&Stevens 2011</a>)</li>
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<li>Cortisol and obesity – In the Netherlands a small study (122 persons) showed, that in people doing shift work the amount of cortisol in a hair sample was larger (47 .32 vs 29.72 pg/mg). In young people doing shift work the BMI of these people was clearly higher compared to day workers (27.2 vs 23.7). (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21880805">Manenschijn et al. 2011</a>)</li>
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<li>Thyroid problems – In an Italian study the thyroid levels of 220 shift workers and 442 day workers was measured. 3.8% of day workers the values showed subclinical hypothyroidism (TPO-antigens elevated and TSH over 2.51mU/l), when among shift workers the number was 7.7% – the problem is more than twice as common among shift workers than day workers. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17291404">Magrini et al. 2006</a> ; <a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/?p=1260">Perfect Health Diet – Intermittent Fasting as a Therapy for Hypothyroidism</a>)</li>
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<i>“If light were a drug, the government would not approve it,” says Professor Charles Czeisler of the Harvard Medical School. And Professor George Brainard of Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia, adds: “Humans evolved on a planet without electric light over thousands and thousands of generations. The body is designed to be alert and awake during daytime hours and to sleep at night. Now we have a 24-7 society that isn’t in harmony with our biological design.”</i><br />
<i><br />“In the new study, scientists grafted human breast cancer tumours on to rats and infused them with blood taken from women during the day, in the early hours of the morning, and after being exposed to light at night. The blood taken in darkness slowed the growth of the cancers by 80 per cent, but the blood taken after exposure to light accelerated it.” (<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ebvxFMStgecJ:www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/avoid-breast-cancer-sleep-in-the-dark-404522.html+independent+avoid+breast+canser+sleep+in+the+dark&cd=1&hl=fi&ct=clnk&gl=fi">Independent: Avoid breast cancer. Sleep in the dark…</a>)</i><br />
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If even a few years of shift work can clearly be seen as an elevated risk for breast cancer, could a lifetime of sleep deprivation or other light related problems that affect most people have an effect on the risk of chronic disease? I would say it’s possible.<br />
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Some experimental studies have been done, in which for example the test subjects duration of sleep has been reduced.</div>
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<li>In a study conducted by the University of Chicago, eleven young men were sleep deprived (four hours of sleep per night) for six days. This caused the test subjects’ cortisol levels to rise and sugar tolerance to temporarily decline. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10543671">Spiegel et al. 1999</a>)</li>
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<li>The same university published a cross over study, in which 10 overweight people were calorie deprived for two different time periods. During the one period they were allowed to sleep for 8.5 hours and in the other only 5.5 hours. The actual amounts of sleep were 7h 25 min and 5h 14 min. In both groups the subjects weights declined 3 kilograms, but in the sleep deprived group 80% of this weight was muscle. Without sleep deprivation 52% of the dropped weight was muscle and the rest fat. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20921542">Nedeltcheva et al. 2010</a> ; <a href="http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2010/10/big-sleep.html">Whole Health Source – The Big Sleep</a>)</li>
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<li>In an American study conducted in 2009, ten test subjects followed a 28 hour day instead of the normal, 24 hour day. Half way in the study the test subjects spending night time as day time, the test subjects leptin levels were about 20% lower during the day than before the test but during sleep the difference was smaller. Also the insulin levels were on average 22% higher and after breakfast (2h) the blood sugar rose 32% higher than normally. (<a href="http://1.37.208.128/">Scheer et al. 2009</a>)</li>
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<b>3. The environmental light and melatonin secretion</b><br />
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Next we’ll dive into the world of melatonin, but first the basics.<br />
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The ambient light contributes significantly to the body’s circadian rhythm. In particular, blue light (460-490nm) inhibits the pineal gland from secreting melatonin. Melatonin is often called the dark hormone, because it is secreted at night.<br />
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Only blue light affects the secretion of melatonin, so if a person is wearing blue blocker sunglasses, melatonin secretion will not be affected. Of course, removing the short wavelengths (blue light) from lamps will have the same effect. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16842544">Sasseville et al. 2006</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17554209">Kayumov et al. 2007</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21298068">Chellappa et al. 2011</a>).<br />
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Even normal lighting before going to sleep can decrease melatonin secretion which can have effects on health. The melatonin blocking effects of blue light can be significant especially in winter time, when the small amount of daytime exposure to light can cause the body to react more significantly to bright artificial light used in the evening. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193540">Gooley et al. 2011</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17364578">Higuchi et al. 2007</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373104">Park&Tokura 1999</a>).<br />
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Only blue wavelengths of light have effect on melatonin secretion, but for example cortisol levels can rise from other wavelengths as well. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652045">Figueiro&Rea 2010</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11231993">Leproult et al. 2001</a>).<br />
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Below are empirical studies in which the amount or type of light has been altered and the results have been documented:</div>
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<li>In Japan it has been noted that quite bright artificial light (5000 lux) during the day benefits digestion after dinner and that being exposed to light late at night can reduce digestion (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12638695">Sone et al. 2003</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14535358">Hirota et al. 2003</a>, check also <a href="http://www.acne.org/messageboard/topic/243340-a-zinc-less-zinc-regimen-for-adults-draft-4/">“A Zinc-less Zinc Regimen for Adults: Draft 4” on Acne.org forum</a>).</li>
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<li>In Ohio the effect of blue blocker glasses and their effect on a person’s quality of sleep and mood was studied. Orange colored blue blocking glasses improved quality of sleep, but grey control glasses didn’t. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030543">Burkhart&Phelps 2009</a>)</li>
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<li>Blue blocker lenses seem to be very effective for insomnia in ADHD subjects. The average PSQI score fell “from 11.15 to 4.54, dropping below the cut-off score of 5 for clinical insomnia“. (<a href="http://www.dovepress.com/treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-insomnia-with-bl-peer-reviewed-article-CPT">Fargason et al. 2013</a>)</li>
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<li>Doctor James Phelps described a small experiment in his article, in which persons (n=21) suffering from bipolar disorder and sleep complications were given blue blocker glasses for evening usage. Nine test subjects felt their condition improve “very much” while eight people didn’t notice any effect. Also a few felt smaller improvement and also a few were somewhat bothered because of falling asleep too early. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17637502">Phelps 2008</a> ; see also Seth Roberts’ blog post <a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2011/10/23/bipolar-disorder-good-results-with-blue-blocker-glasses/">Bipolar Disorder: Good Results with Blue-Blocker Glasses</a>).</li>
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<li>In New York State a study was conducted in which school children wore blue blocker glasses (with orange lenses) during the day for one school week. This caused their melatonin secretion at evening to begin a half an hour later than normally. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150866">Figueiro&Rea 2010</a>)</li>
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<li>Bright light treatment seems to be beneficial in the treatment of specific mood disorders, including depression and seasonal affective disorder (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15800134">Golden et al. 2005</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21199966">Lieverse et al. 2011</a>).</li>
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I believe that the effect seen in the bright light study mentioned before could be replicated and possibly surpassed with ordinary daylight. Expensive bright lights shine light at 10 000 lux at the best, but outside the amount of light can be ten times larger. Daylight might also have other benefits like vitamin D production caused by UV-radiation, the temporary lowering of blood pressure caused by nitric oxide metabolism, plus the stress-relieving effects of red and near-infrared light. The problem of course is, that in the winter time natural light isn’t available in large amounts in all parts of the world. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18290718">Holick et al. 2007</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19797169">Opländer et al. 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20215123">Feelisch et al. 2010</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23200785">Barrett&Gonzalez-Lima 2013</a>).</div>
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Melatonin can also be used as medication and in clinical trials it has been portrayed as quite a useful drug:<br />
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<li>Melatonin is often used as treatment for insomnia and this has been effective in especially older patients. In those children who suffer from chronic difficulties falling asleep in addition to ADHD melatonin helps relieve problems sleeping as well as ADHD symptoms. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21091391">Wade et al. 2011</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21226679">Rondanelli et al. 2011</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600532">Zhdanova et al. 2001</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18036082">Lemoine et al. 2007</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19486273">Hoebert et al. 2009</a>)</li>
<li>In one study, melatonin had quite a good effect on irritable bowel syndrome. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16268966">Lu et al. 2005</a>)</li>
<li>Melatonin also seems to work pretty well in the treatment of heartburn and illnesses associated with it. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948779">Pereira 2006</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20082715">Kandil et al. 2010</a>)</li>
<li>Melatonin supplements might be beneficial to patients suffering from CFS and/or fibromyalgia. The benefits are possibly caused at least in part, by the improvement of subjects’ quality of sleep. Those who used melatonin showed significant improvement in sleep / sleep parameters. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21158908">Hussain et al. 2011</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16420393">van Heukelom et al. 2006</a>)</li>
<li>According to a recent meta-analysis of melatonin, a slightly higher dose (20mg) seems to be have quite a large effect on conventional cancer treatments. It decreases the mortality rate and reduces treatment side effects significantly. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271210">Wang et al. 2012</a>, see also <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16207291">Mills et al. 2005</a>)</li>
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Even though light is very important influence to human / animal circadian rhythm, apparently among light, food, other people and physical activity also have a notable effect. I’m not yet particularly familiar with that data, so it will not be discussed in this essay.<br />
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<b>4. Tips for improving sleep and health</b></div>
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<u>Get some light after waking up and during the day</u><br />
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The effect of light on the circadian rhythm seems to be the largest immediately after waking up, so walking outside for ten minutes after waking up can be beneficial.<br />
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If you want an adequate amount of blue light during the winter, there are roughly two types of light therapy lamps. Large ones and small ones. The larger lamps have a large lux amount (they are brighter), and the smaller ones compensate with the light spectrum and by a smaller distance between the user and lamp. The lights of small lamps are slightly bluer to compensate for the smaller intensity of light. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21276222">Meesters et al. 2011</a>)<br />
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I have noticed that if I don’t get enough light during the first 1-2 hours after waking, I’ll stay more or less sleepy for the rest of the day.<br />
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Sufficient blue light during the day might be important for alertness, mood and sleep. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18815716">Viola et al. 2008</a>)<br />
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Red and near-infrared light exposure might also improve sleep and increase nocturnal melatonin levels. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182016">Zhao et al. 2012</a>)<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://180degreehealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/circadian1.jpg" height="240" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A light box (left), blue blocker sunglasses (right).</span></span></td></tr>
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<u>Avoid unnecessary light during the late evening</u><br />
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Turning lamps off and dimming your computer’s display are some of the simplest non-pharmaceutical ways to increase melatonin levels at night. And to make it easier to fall asleep.<br />
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If I get a too much light into my eyes at bedtime, I will suddenly become very alert and that means that I need to wait another 1-2 hours until I’ll be able to fall asleep. When I was in high school, this was a significant problem for me. I had to wake up at 7am on almost every morning, yet I usually couldn’t fall asleep before midnight. The late evening, the time when I should have been already sleeping, was the most productive time of the day, because of the strong alerting effect of light at night.<br />
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<a href="http://justgetflux.com/">F.lux</a> is a popular computer program that changes the displays color to orangish automatically in the evening. Personally I prefer to use Gamma Panel (gapa.exe), a program that allows you to remove blue light completely from your computer screen.<br />
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The blue blocker sunglasses are another alternative. If you want to block out blue light, you can buy some nice lenses from ebay (use keyword “aviator blue blocker”) and wear them in the evenings.<br />
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Also red light bulbs (LED) can be used can be used as night reading lamps.<br />
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Poor curtains can leave the room too bright during the night or early morning. A sleep mask is an easy and cheap way to correct this problem.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In the evening, I usually use Gamma Panel software to redden my computer screen. <br />This makes falling asleep much easier.</span></span></td></tr>
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<u>Nutrition and sleep</u><br />
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A combination of melatonin, magnesium and zinc has been shown to have great results in sleep quality studies. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21226679">Rondanelli et al. 2011</a>)<br />
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In a few studies, glycine has been shown to improve quality of sleep. The primary source of glycine is collagen protein or gelatin. This means that head cheese and bone broth are a good source of glycine and can improve quality of sleep. I occasionally make jelly out of gelatin and concentrated juice. (<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2007.00262.x/abstract">Yamadera et al. 2007</a>, <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2006.00193.x/abstract">Inagawa et al. 2006</a>)<br />
<br />
I personally agree with the basics of Matt’s “Eat for Heat” ideology. If I have trouble falling asleep, I try to eat some extra starch and fat calories (e.g. rye/wheat bread with butter and cheese) and avoid too large amounts of fluid.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br />
<u>Other ideas</u></div>
<div>
<u><br /></u>Seth Roberts, a Professor of Psychology, has written a lot about his various experiments, some of which are related to circadian rhythm. (<a href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2xc2h866">Roberts 2004</a>; <a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/">Seth’s blog</a>; <a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/2011/03/seth-roberts-and-circadian-therapy/">Perfect Health Diet – Seth Roberts and Circadian Therapy</a>)<br />
<br />
Here’s a list of things that, according to Roberts’ experiments, could benefit those having problems related to their diurnal rhythm.</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Intake of vitamin D3 might affect one’s circadian rhythm if the doses are high enough. Because of this, Roberts has recommended taking 4000IU (100µg) of vitamin D shortly after waking up. (<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2011/11/02/it-matters-when-you-take-vitamin-d-a-stunning-discovery/">1</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2011/11/03/vitamin-d-sunlight-and-sleep-more/">2</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2011/11/28/vitamin-d-more-reason-to-take-at-sunrise/">3</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2011/12/13/vitamin-d3-and-sleep-update/">4</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2012/01/16/vitamin-d3-more-reason-to-take-it-first-thing-in-the-morning/">5</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2012/01/19/vitamin-d3-and-sleep-more-good-news-from-primal-girl/">6</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2012/01/21/vitamin-d3-first-thing-in-the-morning-what-happens-if-you-try-it/">7</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2012/01/24/vitamin-d3-first-thing-in-morning-improves-falling-asleep/">8</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2012/01/25/vitamin-d3-which-is-better-gelcaps-or-tablets/">9</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2012/01/26/vitamin-d3-at-7-am-4000-iu-better-than-2000-iu-story-8/">10</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2012/01/27/vitamin-d3-first-thing-in-morning-more-experience/">11</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2012/01/28/vitamin-d3-first-thing-in-morning-still-more-experience/">12</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2012/02/01/vitamin-d3-and-sleep-story-10/">13</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2012/02/05/vitamin-d3-and-sleep-story-12/">14</a>,<a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2012/02/06/vitamin-d3-and-sleep-story-13/">15</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Standing so much that your legs become fatigued might be useful. Roberts noticed consistently high quality of sleep when he stood at least 9 hours during a day. He also noticed that this time can be dramatically reduced by standing on one leg. (<a href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2xc2h866#page-13">1</a> (p.13-15) ja <a href="http://blog.sethroberts.net/2011/03/22/effect-of-one-legged-standing-on-sleep/">2</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Morning Faces Therapy: According to Roberts, if one sees faces after waking up, he/she will be more sleepy and unmotivated in the evening, but more alert and motivated in the next morning. (<a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/?p=2820">1</a> ja <a href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2xc2h866#page-5">2</a> (p. 5-13)</li>
</ul>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://180degreehealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/circadian2-300x225.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A mirror, to see my own face during my piano improvisations. (Seth Roberts’ faces therapy)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Acknowledgements</b><br />
<br />
Thanks to Laura Mikkonen for doing most of the translating work (from Finnish to English).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Appendix I: Extra references</b><br />
<br />
1989: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769898">Ford&Kamerow: Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention?</a> “The risk of developing new major depression was much higher in those who had insomnia at both interviews compared with those without insomnia (odds ratio, 39.8; 95% confidence interval, 19.8 to 80.0).”<br />
<br />
1995: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7474543">Morita et al. Inhibitory effect of light of different wavelengths on the fall of core temperature during the nighttime.</a><br />
<br />
1999: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10085462">Blask et al. New actions of melatonin on tumor metabolism and growth.</a> “Melatonin is an important inhibitor of cancer growth promotion while the essential polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid is an important promoter of cancer progression. [...] While melatonin inhibits tumor linoleic acid uptake, metabolism and growth, pinealectomy or constant light exposure stimulates these processes.“<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10553954">Hébert et al. Nocturnal melatonin secretion is not suppressed by light exposure behind the knee in humans.</a><br />
<br />
2000: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10788675">Pinchasov et al. Mood and energy regulation in seasonal and non-seasonal depression before and after midday treatment with physical exercise or bright light.</a> “One week of bright light treatment (2-h exposure to 2500 lux between 14.00 and 16.00 h) increased oxygen consumption in nine winter depressives and nine non-depressed subjects, while no significant change in oxygen consumption was found in nine subjects with non-seasonal depression. Weight loss was observed in the groups treated with physical exercise and in the group of light-treated winter depressives.”<br />
<br />
2004: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14728708">Claustrat et al. Melatonin secretion is supersensitive to light in migraine.</a> “These findings show a clear hypersensitivity to light in young female migraineurs during the headache-free period.”<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15366762">Mistlberger&Skene: Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms: animal and human studies.</a><br />
<br />
2005: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16079591">Higuchi et al. Relationship between individual difference in melatonin suppression by light and habitual bedtime.</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15654938">Barbini et al. Dark therapy for mania: a pilot study.</a><br />
<br />
2006: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17107243">Rybak et al. An open trial of light therapy in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.</a> “Morning bright light therapy was associated with a significant decrease in both subjective and objective measures of core ADHD pathology, improved mood symptoms, and a significant phase advance in circadian preference. Multiple regression showed that the shift toward an earlier circadian preference with LT was the strongest predictor of improvement on both subjective and objective ADHD measures.”<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16879313">Pignone et al. Melatonin is a safe and effective treatment for chronic pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis.</a><br />
<br />
2008: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497298">Fuller et al. Differential rescue of light- and food-entrainable circadian rhythms.</a> “When food is plentiful, circadian rhythms of animals are powerfully entrained by the light-dark cycle. However, if animals have access to food only during their normal sleep cycle, they will shift most of their circadian rhythms to match the food availability.”<br />
<br />
2009: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19638195">Kent et al. Effect of sunlight exposure on cognitive function among depressed and non-depressed participants: a REGARDS cross-sectional study.</a> “Among depressed participants, a dose-response relationship was found between sunlight exposure and cognitive function, with lower levels of sunlight associated with impaired cognitive status (odds ratio = 2.58; 95% CI 1.43-6.69).”<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19329259">Bennett et al. Use of modified spectacles and light bulbs to block blue light at night may prevent postpartum depression.</a> “all new mothers may benefit from using glasses and light bulbs that block blue light when getting up at night to care for their babies.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19139325">Cohen et al. Sleep habits and susceptibility to the common cold.</a> “There was a graded association with average sleep duration: participants with less than 7 hours of sleep were 2.94 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-7.30) more likely to develop a cold than those with 8 hours or more of sleep. The association with sleep efficiency was also graded: participants with less than 92% efficiency were 5.50 times (95% CI, 2.08-14.48) more likely to develop a cold than those with 98% or more efficiency.”<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16030307">Schernhammer&Hankinson: Urinary melatonin levels and breast cancer risk.</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124483">Schernhammer&Hankinson: Urinary melatonin levels and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study cohort.</a> "An increased concentration of urinary aMT6s was statistically significantly associated with a lower risk of breast cancer (odds ratio for the highest versus lowest quartile of morning urinary aMT6s, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.95; P(trend) = 0.004)."<br />
<br />
2010: <a href="http://www.blogger.com/">Fonken et al. Light at night increases body mass by shifting the time of food intake</a><br />
<br />
2011: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21666943">Al Robaee&Alzolibani: Narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy improves the quality of life in patients with psoriasis.</a><br />
<br />
2012: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22988459">Figueiro et al. Light modulates leptin and ghrelin in sleep-restricted adults.</a><br />
<br />
2013: <a href="http://medicine.osu.edu/neuroscience/Documents/Nocturnal%20Light%20Exposure.pdf">Bedrosian et al. Nocturnal Light Exposure Impairs Affective Responses in a Wavelength-Dependent Manner (pdf)</a> “Our results demonstrate that exposure to LAN [light at night] influences behavior and neuronal plasticity and that this effect is likely mediated by ipRGCs. Modern sources of LAN that contain blue wavelengths may be particularly disruptive to the circadian system, potentially contributing to altered mood regulation.”<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23861373">Fonken et al: Dim light at night exaggerates weight gain and inflammation associated with a high-fat diet in male mice.</a><br />
<br />
2014: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24718775">Chen et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin on breast cancer survivors: impact on sleep, mood, and hot flashes.</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887233314001040">Chottanapund et al. Anti-aromatase effect of resveratrol and melatonin on hormonal positive breast cancer cells co-cultured with breast adipose fibroblasts</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24891081">Kahn et al. Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study.</a> "Our pilot study indicates that, similar to sleep restriction, one night of life-like repeated night-wakings negatively affects mood and sustained attention."<br />
<br />
<a href="http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2014/07/18/0008-5472.CAN-13-3156">Dauchy et al. Circadian and Melatonin Disruption by Exposure to Light at Night Drives Intrinsic Resistance to Tamoxifen Therapy in Breast Cancer</a> "In this study, we used a rat model [...] Strikingly, our results also showed that melatonin acted both as a tumor metabolic inhibitor and a circadian-regulated kinase inhibitor to reestablish the sensitivity of breast tumors to tamoxifen and tumor regression."<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Appendix II: Articles, forum threads etc.</b><br />
<br />
<a href="http://phase%20response%20curve/">Wikipedia – Phase response curves in circadian rhythms</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/?p=1260">Perfect Health Diet – Intermittent Fasting as a Therapy for Hypothyroidism</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/TECH/05/13/sleep.gadgets.ipad/index.html?hpt=C1">CNN: Trouble sleeping? Maybe it’s your iPad</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/05/health/05light.html?_r=4&pagewanted=all">NY TIMES: In Eyes, a Clock Calibrated by Wavelengths of Light</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/19/sleeping-or-not-by-the-wrong-clock/">NY TIMES: Sleeping (or Not) by the Wrong Clock</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://forum.lowcarber.org/showthread.php?t=196014">Lowcarber Forums – Lights Out: Sleep, Sugar and Survival by T.S. Wiley</a> (The thread is OK but I don’t recommend Wiley’s book to anyone. It’s a very poorly written book.)<br />
<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:crIcUkp375EJ:www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/could-you-be-suffering-from-social-jet-lag-473723.html+Could+you+be+suffering+from+">Independent: Could you be suffering from ‘social jet lag’?</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/9_25_99/bob2.htm">Slumber’s Unexplored Landscape – People in traditional societies sleep in eye-opening ways</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3351824/This-could-be-your-dream-diet.html">Telegraph: This could be your dream diet</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/health/sc-health-0613-blue-light-20120613,0,3170929.story">Chicago Tribune – Blue light has a dark side</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/myths/lamps_seizures.html">Can lamps cause epileptic or other types of seizures?</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Great-Sleep-Reduced-Cancer-Scientific/dp/1419690388">Great Sleep! Reduced Cancer!: A Scientific Approach to Great Sleep and Reduced Cancer Risk</a> (a somewhat interesting book)<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-light-at-night-depression-20120725,0,7482402.story">LA Times: Exposure to light at night may contribute to depression, study says</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.mattmetzgar.com/matt_metzgar/2012/07/the-dark-sky-association.html">Matt Metzgar: The Dark Sky Association</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.mattmetzgar.com/matt_metzgar/2012/07/total-darkness-time.html">Matt Metzgar: Total Darkness Time</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://suppversity.blogspot.fi/2012/08/circadian-rhythmicity-sunlight.html">Suppversity – Circadian Rhythmicity – Sunlight, Bluelight, Backlight: How Street Lamps, iPads & Co Mess W/ Our Internal Clock. Plus: Tweaks, Tools & Apps to Prevent Negative Side-Effects</a></div>
Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-84050917824677334542013-11-14T06:14:00.001-08:002015-05-19T07:07:49.113-07:00The Therapeutic Effects of Red and Near-Infrared Light (2013 version)<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>New 2015 version of this article has been published.</b></i><br />
<i><b><a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2015/05/the-therapeutic-effects-of-red-and-near.html">Check it out</a>.</b></i><br />
<i><b>-Vladimir</b></i><br />
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<i>"Penetrating red light is possibly the fundamental anti-stress factor for all organisms. The chronic deficiency of such light is, I think, the best explanation for the deterioration which occurs with aging."</i> - Raymond Peat</div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<b>1. Preface</b><br />
<br />
During the last summer, I spent quite a lot time reading Ray Peat's articles. In many of his articles, Peat writes that darkness and blue light can be harmful for health, and red light is healthy and even crucial for well-being.<br />
<br />
Peat doesn't give many references to justify his claims, but nevertheless, there exists a large amount of study data that seems to support his views. Some of the data is presented is this article.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>2. The basic mechanism</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Certain wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation directly increase ATP-levels in the tissues, mainly by activating the cytochrome c oxidase (Cox), the mitochondrial respiratory enzyme discovered by Nobel laureate Otto Warburg.[1-4] One important mechanism seems to be the photodissociation of nitric oxide, which can bind to Cox, inhibiting its ability to bind oxygen.[5-8]<br />
<br />
The most relevant wavelengths are 600-1000nm --- in other words, red light and the penetrating shorter wavelengths of near-infrared radiation (NIR).[1]<br />
<br />
There are important differences in the penetrating power of the different wavelengths. Visible red light doesn't penetrate tissue very well, but near-infrared does that quite well. If near-infrared is directed to the skin, the power seems to decrease 1000-fold by every 2-3 centimetres.[9,10] According to a worm study, even those very small doses seem to have an effect on the cellular level.[11] Later in this article, I will also discuss the issue that some of infrared's effects can also spread by circulation (blood cells).<br />
<br />
When it comes to Peat's claims about blue light, high intensities can inhibit the same enzyme (Cox), and this can lead to retinal damage and other problems. I haven't examined the mechanism of inhibition.[12,13]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>3. The health effects of red light and near-infrared radiation: The extent of research</b><br />
<br />
Red light's positive effects on health are not a recent finding. The very earliest reports on the topic have been published in the 19th century, the most well-known article being <i>The Red Light Treatment of Small-Pox </i>(1895) by Niels Finsen, who also got the 1903 Nobel Prize in medicine, for his research regarding the health effects of light.[14]<br />
<br />
In 1910, John Harvey Kellogg published his 200-page book Light Therapeutics, which included a large amount of information about the therapeutic usefulness of light therapy by incandescent light bulbs and arc lights. According to his book, light therapy can be effectively used for diabetes, obesity, chronic fatigue, insomnia, baldness, cachexia and many other health problems.[15, see also Appendix 3]<br />
<br />
In this writing, I will focus on the contemporary research, most of which has been has been usually studied with low-level laser therapy devices (coherent light). Merely during this year, dozens of controlled human studies have been published on this subject. Many of the studies are also placebo-controlled, because low-power near-infrared light is invisible and doesn't emit heat.<br />
<br />
According to the studies, many different illnesses can be treated with this kind of light therapy. Many of the results have been very encouraging. Here's a list of some illnesses/problems that could be, according to the studies, effectively treated with red light and/or infrared:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Acne [16]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Achilles tendinitis [17]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Angina pectoris [18]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Aphthous stomatitis [19,20]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Body contouring (weight loss) [21,22,90]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis [23-26]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Cholesterol levels [27,28]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis [29,30]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Chronic myofascial pain in the neck [31]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Chronic rhinosinusitis [32,33]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Depression/mood [34-36]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Dry mouth / xerostomia [37,38]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Dysmenorrea [39]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fibromyalgia [40,41]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Gingivitis [42-45]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Hand-foot-and-mouth disease [46]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Herpes labialis [47-52]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Knee osteoarthritis [53-56]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Lateral epicondylitis [57]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Lymphedema (breast cancer-related) [58,59]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Macular degeneration, age-related [60]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Male androgenetic alopecia [61,62]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Myopia (degenerative/progressive) [63]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Onychomycosis [64]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Orofacial myofunctional conditions [65]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Photoaged skin [66,67]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Pressure ulcer [68]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Raynaud's phenomenon [69]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Recovery from third molar extraction [70]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Restless legs syndrome [71,72]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Skin ulcers [73]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sleep quality [74]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">UVB-induced erythema (prevention of sunburns) [75]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Wound healing [76]</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;">(The treatment methods vary between the studies, and this might explain varying study results.)</span><br />
<br />
Many animal studies have also been contucted (see Appendix 2).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>4. The health effects of red light and near-infrared radiation: A few examples of the clinical study results</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<u>Age-related macular degeneration</u><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Researchers in the University of Heidenberg conducted a large trial of 200 subjects, in which they medicated elderly people with and without cataracts by near-infrared light (using low level laser).[60]<br /><br />The intervention group was treated four times during two weeks. Placebo group was given a mock treatment.<br /><br />Placebo didn't affect subject's vision, but of the patients getting infrared, 95% saw significant improvements in their vision. A large portion of the patients were able to see a few rows lower on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snellen_chart.svg">Snellen chart</a>. The improved vision was maintained for 3-36 months after treatment. Four years later, the same researchers got similarly excellent results with amblyopia patients.[87]</span><br />
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<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
<u>Knee Osteoarthritis</u><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Hungarian researchers studied the use of near-infrared light in knee osteoarthritis patients, in a double-blinded placebo controlled trial. Intervention group got infrared treatment on their affected joint twice a week, over a period of four weeks. The placebo group got a similar treatment of 100-fold lower intensity.[53]<br /><br />In the intervention group, the pain scores were (on a scale from 1 to 10):</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">- 5.75 before the treatment</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">- 1.71 after the last treatment session</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">- 1.18 two months after completing the therapy<br /><br />In the placebo group, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">the pain scores were:</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">- 5.62 </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">before treatment</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">- 4.13 </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">after the last treatment session</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">- 4.12 </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">two months after completing the therapy</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<u>Labial herpes</u><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />The researchers of University of Vienna Medical School studied the usage of red light on labial herpes in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.[47]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The subjects were treated in a recurrence-free period. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The intervention group were treated for 10 minutes daily for two weeks with visible red light (low-level laser). Placebo group got a similar treatment, but the laser wasn't turned on. The subjects wore masks, so that they couldn't see whether they were given the real treatment.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The patients were instructed to return to the department at the time of symptom recurrence. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The median recurrence-free interval in the laser-treated group was 37.5 wk compared with 3 wk in the placebo group.</span><br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<b><br /></b><b><br /></b><br />
<b><br /></b><b>5. The systemic anti-inflammatory effect</b><br />
<b><br /></b>Usually the red/near-infrared is applied locally to the treatable tissue. However, light also has systemic effects which seem to be transmitted mainly by circulation of blood. The researcher <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=zhevago+NA">Natalya Zhevago</a> has conducted an interesting study, in which the patients got some <a href="http://www.zepter.com/MainMenu/Products/Medical/Bioptron/Bioptron2.aspx">visible light and infrared</a> to the sacral area (low back).[77] The given light was quite similar to sunlight, except that this light didn't contain UV radiation or blue light, and the infrared portion was polarized. According to one study, polarization of light enchances the metabolic effect slightly.[78]<br />
<br />
The subjects' blood was analyzed after the treatment. The results were interesting. Subjects' pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 etc.) were <i>dramatically</i> reduced in the subjects, especially in those with initially high values. Also, the concentrations anti-inflammatory cytokines increased.[77]<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>A dramatic decrease in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines <b>TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ</b> was revealed: at 0.5 h after exposure of volunteers (with the initial parameters exceeding the norm),<b> the cytokine contents fell, on average, 34, 12, and 1.5 times</b>[...]</i></blockquote>
<br />
The effects were quite opposite to the typical effects of UV radiation, which increases TNF-α ja IL-6 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines.[79] High sun-exposure is also related to increased IL-6 levels.[80]<br />
<br />
In human studies, large doses of IL-6 and TNF-α have been demonstrated to suppress peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism by decreasing T3 and increasing rT3.[81,82] We could also speculate, whether lack of sufficient therapeutic light could be one cause of the "rT3 dominance" and hypothyroid symptoms. In two studies, half of the hypothyroid patients getting near-infrared treatment did not require any medication through the 9-month follow-up after the treatment period, somewhat establishing the importance of light for thyroid health.[29,30] Moreover, in a Russian study (<a href="http://www.healinglightseminars.com/laser-research-library/diabetes/">Kovalyova 2002</a>), the diabetic patients' total cholesterol was reduced from 7.98 to 5.31 in one month, a change also seen in thyroid treatments.[88,89]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>6. Light sources (laser, LED, light bulbs, heat lamps, sunlight)</b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>"Many people who came to cloudy Eugene to study, and who often lived in cheap basement apartments, would develop chronic health problems within a few months. Women who had been healthy when they arrived would often develop premenstrual syndrome or arthritis or colitis during their first winter in Eugene."</i> - Ray Peat</div>
<br />
<br />
In the studies conducted in recent years, red light and near-infrared have been studied mostly with coherent (laser) light devices. Some animal studies have also been conducted with light-emitting diodes (LEDs), eg. many of <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Eells+JT">Janis Eells</a>' studies.<br />
<br />
Despite the fact that most of the studies used <i>coherent</i> light (laser), the coherence of the light is not a requirement for the therapeutic effects, so other light sources can be used therapeutically too. This has been <a href="http://www.spectra-medics.com/llltinfo.html">stated</a> long time ago by a leading researcher Tiina Karu, and has been confirmed in a review article by Harvard researchers.[83] And as mentioned above, J. H. Kellogg has reported the immensely effective therapeutic use of incandescent bulbs as early as in 1910 (see Appendix 3).<br />
<br />
When I was writing my Circadian Rhythms essay, I used to think about the possible explanations of the therapeutic effects of walking outdoors. Sunlight can increase the production of vitamin D and it can also suppress melatonin, but now we have a brand new mechanism explains why it's good to spend time outdoors.<br />
<br />
A review article on this subject states that in central Europe, the amount of IR-A radiation is limited to 20mW/cm2, which is actually quite a good amount compared to the power of the devices used in the low-level laser studies.[1] On the other hand, the wavelengths aren't optimized (to the absorption peaks) as in the laser studies, and daylight also contains UV radiation and blue light, which might reduce the benefits of red light. It should also be remembered that near-infrared radiation doesn't penetrate through the clothes.<br />
<br />
In the indoors, <a href="https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~mpeterso/classes/phys301/projects2001/awgachor/awgachor.htm">halogen lamps</a>, <a href="http://www1.assumption.edu/users/bniece/spectra/complete.html">incandescent lamps</a> and heat lamps are good sources of red and near-infrared light, at least if they're held <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law">close enough</a> to the skin. Heat lamps by <a href="http://www.infraphil.info/Philips_Infraphil-PAR38E.pdf">Philips</a> or <a href="http://www.osram.com/osram_com/products/lamps/specialty-lamps/infrared-lamps/index.jsp?mkturl=uv-ir">Osram</a> have quite a good spectrum with low amount of blue light, but a large amount of their power is emitted as warming IR-B radiation, and only ~12% of the power is emitted as the therapeutic wavelengths (600-1000nm). However, the heat lamps are often high power (up to 250W), so they still emit quite a significant amount of therapeutic wavelengths<i>.</i><br />
<br />
Because of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-out_of_incandescent_light_bulbs">phase-out of incandescent lamps</a>, it will soon be increasingly difficult to get typical incandescent lamps of sufficient power, so in future the heat lamps might be the most practical choice. It's somewhat sad that the incandescent lamps are going to be replaced with compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamps_and_health#SCENIHR_study_and_report">emit some UV</a> but only low amounts of protective red and near-infrared light. This is the reason why some of the researchers, such as <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Funk+RH">Richard Funk</a> and <a href="http://www.international-light-association.eu/PDF/Artificial%20Light%20and%20Health%20PLDC07.pdf">Alexander Wunsch</a>, who also appeared in the <a href="http://users.skynet.be/fc298377/EN_bulbfiction.htm">Bulb Fiction documentary</a>, have stated that increase in the CFL usage might be harmful to citizens' eyes.<br />
<br />
The possible benefits of infrared saunas aren't usually based on this aforementioned mechanism, because most of the saunas don't emit the therapeutic wavelengths of 600-1000nm. For example, in one infrared sauna study, the sauna emitted infrared in the wavelength range of 5000-1000000 nanometres.[84]<br />
<br />
Theoretically, LEDs and lasers with optimized wavelengths would be the best option, but to this date, the products aren't very cheap for the consumers. In theory, the optimal device emits only wavelengths of 700-950nm, so the light would be invisible and wouldn't emit any heat, but still it would produce the therapeutic health benefits by increasing the function of Cox.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>7. Conclusion</b><br />
<b><br /></b>The important biological effects of red light were known even back in the 19th century, yet very few of the biologists seem to know about those findings nowadays. The knowledge of the physiological effects of light is mainly limited to blue light's effects on circadian rhythm, yet the importance of red and near-infrared light is possibly even an more important topic for the public health.<br />
<br />
The general therapeutic usefulness of red light reminds me of the therapeutic uses of thyroid hormone, the topic about which I've <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/08/thyroid-hormones-and-heart-disease_13.html">written before</a>. This connection is actually quite logical, considering that thyroid hormone also increases Cox activity, by increasing the cardiolipin concentration in the mitochondria.[85,86]<br />
<br />
Time will tell whether various treatments or lifestyle interventions based on red and near-infrared light will gain popularity in the near future. But they should, because the most of the study results are very positive*.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
<i>(*Note: There are also several trials in which results in the LLLT group were identical to placebo group (no benefit). In many cases, it's mostly about <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9893504">laser parameters</a> (often a <a href="http://www.laserannals.com/2012/03/11/failed-analyses-cochrane/">very low dose</a>) but some results are also somewhat difficult to explain. I think I will investigate the issue during the summer 2014.)</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">References</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b>
</span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[1] Tiina I. Karu: Multiple Roles of Cytochrome c Oxidase in Mammalian Cells Under Action of Red and IR-A Radiation (2010)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[2] Karu et al: Irradiation with He-Ne laser increases ATP level in cells cultivated in vitro. (1995)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[3] Benedicenti et al: Intracellular ATP level increases in lymphocytes irradiated with infrared laser light of wavelength 904 nm. (2008) </span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[4] Lapchatk et al: Transcranial near infrared laser treatment (NILT) increases cortical adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) content following embolic strokes in rabbits. (2010)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; white-space: pre-wrap;">[5] Huang et al: Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy. (2009)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[6] Brown GC: Nitric oxide inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and mitochondrial respiration: implications for inflammatory, neurodegenerative and ischaemic pathologies. (1997)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[7] Brown GC: Regulation of mitochondrial respiration by nitric oxide inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase. (2001)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[8] Nick Lane: Cell biology: Power games (2006)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; white-space: pre-wrap;">[9] Hudson et al: Penetration of laser light at 808 and 980 nm in bovine tissue samples. (2013)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; white-space: pre-wrap;">[10] </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jagdeo et al: Transcranial red and near infrared light transmission in a cadaveric model. (2012)</span></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[11] Wu&Persinger: Increased mobility and stem-cell proliferation rate in Dugesia tigrina induced by 880nm light emitting diode. (2011)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; white-space: pre-wrap;">[12] Osborne et al: A hypothesis to suggest that light is a risk factor in glaucoma and the mitochondrial optic neuropathies (2008)</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[13] Nick Lane: Are mitochondria the alpha and omega of retinal disease? (2006)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; white-space: pre-wrap;">[14] Niels R. Finsen: The Red Light Treatment of Small-Pox (1895)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[15] John H. Kellogg: Light therapeutics; a practical manual of phototherapy for the student and the practitioner, with special reference to the incandescent electric-light bath (1910)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; white-space: pre-wrap;">[16] Aziz-Jalali et al: Comparison of Red and Infrared Low-level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris. (2012)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[17] Bjordal et al: A randomised, placebo controlled trial of low level laser therapy for activated Achilles tendinitis with microdialysis measurement of peritendinous prostaglandin E2 concentrations. (2006)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[18] Babushkina et al: Results Of 10-Year Use Of Low Intensity Laser Therapy And Conventional Treatment Of Patients With Stenocardia</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[19] Anand et al: Low level laser therapy in the treatment of aphthous ulcer. (2013)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[20] De Souza et al: Clinical evaluation of low-level laser treatment for recurring aphthous stomatitis. (2010)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[21] Jackson et al: Low-level laser therapy as a non-invasive approach for body contouring: a randomized, controlled study. (2009)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[22] McRae&Boris: Independent evaluation of low-level laser therapy at 635 nm for non-invasive body contouring of the waist, hips, and thighs. (2013)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[23] Kuhn et al: Low-level infrared laser therapy in chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in children. (2009)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[24] Gautam et al: Low level laser therapy for concurrent chemoradiotherapy induced oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients - a triple blinded randomized controlled trial. (2012)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[25] Antunes et al: Phase III trial of low-level laser therapy to prevent oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiation. (2013)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[26] Hodgson et al: Amelioration of oral mucositis pain by NASA near-infrared light-emitting diodes in bone marrow transplant patients. (2012)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[27] Jackson et al: Reduction in Cholesterol and Triglyceride Serum Levels Following Low-Level Laser Irradiation: A Noncontrolled, Nonrandomized Pilot Study (2010)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[28] Maloney et al: The reduction in cholesterol and triglyceride serum levels following low-level laser irradiation: a non-controlled, non-randomized pilot study (2009)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[29] Höfling et al: Low-level laser therapy in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a pilot study. (2010)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[30] Höfling et al: Low-level laser in the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism induced by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2013)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[31] Gur et al: Efficacy of 904 nm gallium arsenide low level laser therapy in the management of chronic myofascial pain in the neck: a double-blind and randomize-controlled trial. (2004)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[32] Naghdi et al: A pilot study into the effect of low-level laser therapy in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. (2013)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[33] Krespi&Kizhner: Phototherapy for chronic rhinosinusitis. (2011)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[34] Barrett&Gonzalez-Lima: Transcranial infrared laser stimulation produces beneficial cognitive and emotional effects in humans. (2013)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[35] Schiffer et al: Psychological benefits 2 and 4 weeks after a single treatment with near infrared light to the forehead: a pilot study of 10 patients with major depression and anxiety. (2009)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[36] Meesters et al: Prophylactic treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) by using light visors: bright white or infrared light? (1999)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[37] Vidović Juras et al: Effects of low-level laser treatment on mouth dryness. (2010)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[38] Lončar et al: The effect of low-level laser therapy on salivary glands in patients with xerostomia. (2011)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[39] Shin et al: Skin adhesive low-level light therapy for dysmenorrhoea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial. (2012)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[40] Gür et al: Effects of low power laser and low dose amitriptyline therapy on clinical symptoms and quality of life in fibromyalgia: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2002)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[41] Gür et al: Efficacy of low power laser therapy in fibromyalgia: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2002)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[42] Obradović et al: Low-level lasers as an adjunct in periodontal therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus. (2012)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[43] Igic et al: Chronic gingivitis: the prevalence of periodontopathogens and therapy efficiency. (2012)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[44] Obradović et al: A histological evaluation of a low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to periodontal therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus. (2013)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[45] Makhlouf et al: Effect of adjunctive low level laser therapy (LLLT) on nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis. (2012)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[46] Toida et al: Usefulness of low-level laser for control of painful stomatitis in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease. (2003)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[47] Schindl&Neumann: Low-intensity laser therapy is an effective treatment for recurrent herpes simplex infection. Results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. (1999)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[48] Muñoz Sanchez et al: The effect of 670-nm low laser therapy on herpes simplex type 1. (2012)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[49] Dougal&Lee: Evaluation of the efficacy of low-level light therapy using 1072 nm infrared light for the treatment of herpes simplex labialis. (2013)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[50] Ferreira et al: Recurrent herpes simplex infections: laser therapy as a potential tool for long-term successful treatment. (2011)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[51] de Carvalho et al: Effect of laser phototherapy on recurring herpes labialis prevention: an in vivo study. (2010)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[52] Eduardo Cde et al: Prevention of recurrent herpes labialis outbreaks through low-intensity laser therapy: a clinical protocol with 3-year follow-up. (2012)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[53] Hegedus et al: The effect of low-level laser in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. (2009)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[54] Gur et al: Efficacy of different therapy regimes of low-power laser in painful osteoarthritis of the knee: a double-blind and randomized-controlled trial. (2003)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[55] Stelian et al: Improvement of pain and disability in elderly patients with degenerative osteoarthritis of the knee treated with narrow-band light therapy. (1992)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[56] Alghadir et al: Effect of low-level laser therapy in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis: a single-blinded randomized clinical study. (2013)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[57] Lam&Cheing: Effects of 904-nm low-level laser therapy in the management of lateral epicondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. (2007)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[58] Ridner et al: A pilot randomized trial evaluating low-level laser therapy as an alternative treatment to manual lymphatic drainage for breast cancer-related lymphedema. (2013)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[59] Ahmed Omar et al: Treatment of post-mastectomy lymphedema with laser therapy: double blind placebo control randomized study. (2011)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[60] Ivandic&Ivandic: Low-level laser therapy improves vision in patients with age-related macular degeneration. (2008)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[61] Leavitt et al: HairMax LaserComb laser phototherapy device in the treatment of male androgenetic alopecia: A randomized, double-blind, sham device-controlled, multicentre trial. (2009)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[62] Lanzafame et al: The growth of human scalp hair mediated by visible red light laser and LED sources in males. (2013)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[63] Shyrygina&Khadzhieva: [Effect of infrared low-intensity laser therapy on orbital blood circulation in children with progressive short sightedness]. (2009)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[64] Landsman et al: Treatment of mild, moderate, and severe onychomycosis using 870- and 930-nm light exposure. (2010)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[65] Melchior Mde et al: Does low intensity laser therapy reduce pain and change orofacial myofunctional conditions? (2013)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[66] Baez&Reilly: The use of light-emitting diode therapy in the treatment of photoaged skin. (2007)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[67] Russell et al: A study to determine the efficacy of combination LED light therapy (633 nm and 830 nm) in facial skin rejuvenation. (2005)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[68] Schubert V: Effects of phototherapy on pressure ulcer healing in elderly patients after a falling trauma. A prospective, randomized, controlled study. (2001)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[69] Hirschl et al: Low level laser therapy in primary Raynaud's phenomenon--results of a placebo controlled, double blind intervention study. (2004)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[70] Aras&Güngörmüş: The effect of low-level laser therapy on trismus and facial swelling following surgical extraction of a lower third molar. (2009)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[71] Mitchell et al: Restless legs syndrome and near-infrared light: An alternative treatment option. (2011) </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[72] Mitchell et al: Comparison of two infrared devices in their effectiveness in reducing symptoms associated with RLS. (2011)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[73] Kubota J: Defocused diode laser therapy (830 nm) in the treatment of unresponsive skin ulcers: a preliminary trial. (2004)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[74] Zhao et al: Red Light and the Sleep Quality and Endurance Performance of Chinese Female Basketball Players (2012)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[75] Barolet&Boucher: LED photoprevention: reduced MED response following multiple LED exposures. (2008)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[76] Simunovic et al: Wound healing of animal and human body sport and traffic accident injuries using low-level laser therapy treatment: a randomized clinical study of seventy-four patients with control group. (2000)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; white-space: pre-wrap;">[77] Zhevago&Samoilova: Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokine Content in Human Peripheral Blood after Its Transcutaneous (in Vivo) and Direct (in Vitro) Irradiation with Polychromatic Visible and Infrared Light (2006)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[78] Barulin&Plavskii: Effect of Polarization and Coherence of Optical Radiation on Sturgeon Sperm Motility (2012)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[79] Bashir et al: UVB and proinflammatory cytokines synergistically activate TNF-alpha production in keratinocytes through enhanced gene transcription. (2009)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[80] Levandovski et al: The effect of sunlight exposure on interleukin-6 levels in depressive and non-depressive subjects. (2013)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; white-space: pre-wrap;">[81] Stouthard et al: Effects of acute and chronic interleukin-6 administration on thyroid hormone metabolism in humans. (1994)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[82] van der Poll et al: Tumor necrosis factor: a putative mediator of the sick euthyroid syndrome in man. (1990)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[83] Chung et al: The Nuts and Bolts of Low-level Laser (Light) Therapy (2012)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[84] Oosterveld et al: Infrared sauna in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. A pilot study showing good tolerance, short-term improvement of pain and stiffness, and a trend towards long-term beneficial effects. (2009)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[85] Paradies et al: Cardiolipin-dependent decrease of cytochrome c oxidase activity in heart mitochondria from hypothyroid rats (1997)</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[86] Jakovcic et al: Biochemical and stereological analysis of rat liver mitochondria in different thyroid states (1978)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[87] Ivandic&Ivandic: Low-level laser therapy improves visual acuity in adolescent and adult patients with amblyopia. (2012)</span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.949999809265137px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[88] Т.В. Ковалева: Комбинированная лазерная терапия больных сахарным диабетом с дислипидеимей (2002)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.949999809265137px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[89] Moshkovska&Mayberry: It is time to test low level laser therapy in Great Britain (2005)</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[90] Möckel et al: Influence of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) on reduction of local fat and body weight by physical exercise (2006)</span><br />
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<b>Appendix 1: Recommended articles (+citations)</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.isan.troitsk.ru/dls/publ3/344.pdf">Tiina Karu: Multiple Roles of Cytochrome c Oxidase in Mammalian Cells Under Action of Red and IR-A Radiation (2010)</a> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.laser.nu/lllt/Faq1.htm">The Low Level Laser Therapy - LLLT Internet Guide</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.healinglightseminars.com/laser-therapy/laser-research-library/">Healing Light Seminars - Laser Research Library</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lpor.201300015/full">Wu&Xing: Intracellular signaling cascades following light irradiation (2013)</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933784/"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Hashmi et al: Effect of Pulsing in Low-Level Light Therapy (2010)</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://nashvillehairdoctor.com/low-level-light-therapy-system/"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Nashville Hair Doctor - Low Level Light Therapy System</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24039718">Stress reaction in outer segments of photoreceptors after blue light irradiation. (2013)</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/182368464/2013-gonzalez-lima.pdf">Rojas&Gonzalez-Lima: Neurological and psychological applications oftranscranial lasers and LEDs (2013)</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2637249/">Rojas et al: Neuroprotective effects of near-infrared light in an in vivo model of mitochondrial optic neuropathy (2008)</a> "superoxide dismutase activities were also increased in NIL-treated subjects in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting an in vivo transcranial effect of NIL."</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15704098">Light promotes regeneration and functional recovery and alters the immune response after spinal cord injury. (2005)</a> "6% of the power of a 150 mW 810 nm laser was transmitted through all of the layers of tissue between the [adult rat] dorsal skin surface and the ventral side of the spinal cord." "PBM resulted in a significant suppression [...] of IL6 expression at 6 hours post-injury, with a 171-fold decrease in expression of IL6."</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22936461">Hentschke et al: Low-level laser therapy improves the inflammatory profile of rats with heart failure. (2013)</a> "LLLT reduced plasma IL-6 levels (61.3 %; P<0.01), TNF-α/IL-10 (61.0 %; P<0.01) and IL-6/IL-10 ratios (77.3 %; P<0.001) and increased IL-10 levels (103 %; P<0.05) in the 21 J/cm(2)-HF group. Moreover, LLLT reduced the TNF-α (20.1 % and 21.3 %; both P<0.05) and IL-6 levels (54.3 % and 37.8 %; P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively)"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23179306">Fukuda et al: Infrared low-level diode laser on inflammatory process modulation in mice: pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. (2013)</a> "The low-level laser application decreased the TNF-α and IFN-γ release in vivo of spleen mononuclear cells in mice, especially after two exposure sessions. However, there was no modulation of the IL-6 and TGF-β1 release."</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3288797/#S8title">Chung et al: The Nuts and Bolts of Low-level Laser (Light) Therapy (2012)</a> "It was originally believed that the coherence of laser light was crucial to achieve the therapeutic effects of LLLT, but recently this notion has been challenged by the use of LEDs, which emit non-coherent light over a wider range of wavelengths than lasers. It has yet to be determined whether there is a real difference between laser and LED, and if it indeed exists, whether the difference results from the coherence or the monochromaticity of laser light, as opposed to the non-coherence and wider bandwidth of LED light."</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120414">Eells et al: Mitochondrial signal transduction in accelerated wound and retinal healing by near-infrared light therapy. (2004)</a> "These findings provide a link between the actions of red to near infrared light on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in vitro and cell injury in vivo. Based on these findings and the strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases processes, we propose that NIR-LED photobiomodulation represents an innovative and non-invasive therapeutic approach for the treatment of tissue injury and disease processes in which mitochondrial dysfunction is postulated to play a role including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and Parkinson's disease."</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16686567">Kim et al: Near-infrared light and expectancy effects on maximal isokinetic strength performance: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. (2006)</a> "Individuals in active conditions were outfitted in NIR light-emitting bandages, T-shirts, and socks[...]"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1413363?seq=10">Havelock Ellis: Sexual Education and Nakedness (1909)</a> "The hygienic value of nakedness is indicated by the robust health of the savage throughout the world who go naked. The vigor of the Irish, also, has been connected with the fact that (as Fynes Moryson's Itinerary shows) both sexes, even among persons of high social class, were accustomed to go naked except for a mantle, especially in more remote parts of the country, until the sevcenteeth century. Wherever primitive races abandon nakedness for clothing, at once the tendency to disease, mortality, and degeneracy notably increases, though it must be remembered that the use of clothing is commonly accompanied by the introduction of other bad habits.“</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joim.12251/abstract">Lindqvist et al: Avoidance of sun exposure is a risk factor for all-cause mortality: results from the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort (2014)</a> "The mortality rate amongst avoiders of sun exposure was approximately twofold higher compared with the highest sun exposure group"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8935479">Grimes et al: Sunlight, cholesterol and coronary heart disease. (1996)</a> "the increased concentration of blood cholesterol during the winter months, confirmed in this study, may well be due to reduced sunlight exposure"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.07416.x/full">Al-Tamer et al: Seasonality of Hypertension (2008)</a> "These results suggest that in areas where significant changes in day temperature and daylight duration exist at different times of the year, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and HDL-C levels change accordingly in a cycle with higher blood pressure and serum total cholesterol and lower HDL-C values in the coldest season." </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15013328">Argani&Javanshir: Seasonal variations of blood pressure in hemodialysis and renal transplant recipients. (2004)</a> "We conclude that [blood pressure] and [body weight] are decreased in warmer seasons in both HD and RTX patients."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www5.uwm.edu/news/2013/10/17/light-as-medicine-uwm-researchers-explain-how/">University of Milwaukee - Light as medicine? UWM researchers explain how</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22724459">Mironava et al: The effects of UV emission from compact fluorescent light exposure on human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes in vitro. (2012)</a> "The data presented herein confirm that higher than expected levels of UVA and UVC irradiation can be emitted by commercially available CFL bulbs as a result of the limitation of the current production process and the possible physical defects in the bulbs where the phosphorus coating was compromised. Skin cells exposed to the CFL exhibit 25% and 50% attrition for DO33 and CF-29, respectively. For the surviving cells, a significant increase in the production of ROS, and in the case of the CF-29, a decrease in their ability to contract collagen and abnormal migration behavior, are observed and consistent with previous reports of exposure to UVA and UVC radiation.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[...]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Illumination of all cell to incandescent light (where no UV emissions were detected), had no significant effect on proliferation, ROS production, or mitochondrial activity. Taken together, our results confirm that UV radiation emanating from CFL bulbs (randomly selected from different suppliers) as a result of defects or damage in the phosphorus coating is potentially harmful to human skin."</span><br />
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<b>Appendix 2: Animal studies (with positive results)</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Rats: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23524249">laryngitis</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23613090">reflux laryngitis</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23789588">palatal mucoperiosteal wound healing</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990218">bone metabolism</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.libproxy.helsinki.fi/pubmed/17603852">peripheral nerve regeneration</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24028507">acute joint inflammation</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23933663">zymosan-induced arthritis</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23982719">tendon healing</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812849">acute skeletal muscle injury</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360312">MetSyn-related kidney injury</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20356759">streptozotocin-induced diabetic kidney</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22936461">heart failure-related inflammation</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22850314">cortical metabolic capacity and memory retention</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22793787">traumatic brain injury</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22538842">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21348574">acute myocardial infarction</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860542">second-degree burn healing</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882488">third-degree burn healing1</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19698004">2</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23677436">3</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23557732">lesions of diabetic retinopathy</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12626762">methanol-induced retinal toxicity</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Dogs: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22783835">time to ambulation in dogs after hemilaminectomy</a> (14d vs 3.5d), <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295753">myocardial infarction</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15838719">sperm motility</a>(!!!)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Mice: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22275301">traumatic brain injury</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19530909">myonecrosis induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292010">experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis1</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23840675">2</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Rabbits: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22540090">wound healing</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155955">embolic stroke</a></span><br />
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<br />
<b><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jevSr-LykF08ualZgyhWPERCGB8k6JYy3jrYVweQ-NA/edit?usp=sharing">Appendix 3: Quotes from John Harvey Kellogg's book "Light Therapeutics" (1910) (Google Drive)</a></b><br />
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<b><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RQbgMyzKJbBxR4wUybc6H0AY_iZNa12YkLL7Zo2jaLc/edit?usp=sharing">Appendix 4: Scientific studies about cytochrome oxidase (Google Drive)</a></b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1HGIYPj_ZNjOC23xyD86v8Q9l6WChIp8sHpcmKQSQSZY/edit?usp=sharing"><b>Appendix 5: Ray Peat Quotes: Red Light, Infrared, Light, Darkness (Google Drive)</b></a></div>
Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com26tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-89587440878538013482013-11-07T14:28:00.000-08:002014-05-08T01:14:17.945-07:00The Therapeutic Effects of Red and Near-Infrared Light (short version)<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>The long version of this article can be found <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/11/therapeutic-effects-of-red-light-and.html">here</a>.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i> </i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In the near future, dozens of chronic diseases might be treated effectively with near-infrared and visible red light. There is little talk, yet a lot of research on this subject.[1]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />The mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c oxidase is activated by certain wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. The most important wavelengths are 600-850nm[2], the visible red light and the short-wavelength infrared radiation. The latter of these penetrates much deeper into tissue, affecting the organism more deeply.[3]<br /><br />The activation of cytochrome c oxidase increases the cellular energy metabolism significantly leading to higher ATP production[4-6], and also decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alfa, IL-6) in the circulation dramatically.[7-8]<br /><br />In human studies, near-infrared has been very useful for eg. achilles tendonitis, fibromyalgia, labial herpes, male pattern hair loss, oral mucositis, hypothyroidism, lymphedema, knee osteoarthritis, age-related macular degeneration and lateral epicondylitis. Visible red light has also been useful for body contouring.[9-19]<br /><br />The results have often been dramatic even in the placebo-controlled studies. In one study, almost all of the elderly patients saw improvements of their vision after near-infrared therapy.[17] In another study, patients with knee osteoarthritis saw dramatic decreases in the pain levels after a few weeks of near-infrared therapy.[16] In a third study, nearly half (47%) of the hypothyroid patients could eliminate their thyroxine medication after the near-infrared treatment period.[14]<br /><br />Most of the studies have been conducted with low level laser devices (LLLT), and a smaller part have been done with LED lamps or halogen lamps. But despite the fact that laser has been used in most of the studies, the term “laser” only indicates that the light is coherent, and the research has already shown that the coherence (or polarization) of the light is not a requirement for the biological effectiveness of the near-infrared light.[20-21]<br /><br />Thus, it is completely possible that similar benefits could be achieved with non-laser light sources such as sunlight*, heat lamps or incandescent bulbs. Actually, more than 100 years ago John Harvey Kellogg published a book Light Therapeutics (1910) in which he reported great health benefits from his incandescent bulb therapy.<br /><br />The majority of infrared saunas do not emit near-infrared radiation so their possible benefits are not related to the activation of cytochrome c oxidase.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 1.15; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">*Sunlight also contains ultraviolet radiation and blue light, both of which have opposite effects to near-infrared light. Thus, it might be wise to get sunlight through a window (glass blocks most of UV radiation).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></b>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">References:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[1] A much longer article on this topic, with more than 100 scientific references, <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/11/therapeutic-effects-of-red-light-and.html">has also been published</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[2] Tiina I. Karu: Multiple Roles of Cytochrome c Oxidase in Mammalian Cells Under Action of Red and IR-A Radiation (2010, </span><a href="http://www.isan.troitsk.ru/dls/publ3/344.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[3] Jagdeo et al: Transcranial red and near infrared light transmission in a cadaveric model. (2012)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[4] Karu et al: Irradiation with He-Ne laser increases ATP level in cells cultivated in vitro. (1995)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[5] Benedicenti et al: Intracellular ATP level increases in lymphocytes irradiated with infrared laser light of wavelength 904 nm. (2008)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[6] Lapchatk et al: Transcranial near infrared laser treatment (NILT) increases cortical adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) content following embolic strokes in rabbits. (2010)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[7] Zhevago&Samoilova: Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokine Content in Human Peripheral Blood after Its Transcutaneous (in Vivo) and Direct (in Vitro) Irradiation with Polychromatic Visible and Infrared Light (2006)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[8] Byrnes et al: Light promotes regeneration and functional recovery and alters the immune response after spinal cord injury. (2005)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[9] Bjordal et al: A randomised, placebo controlled trial of low level laser therapy for activated Achilles tendinitis with microdialysis measurement of peritendinous prostaglandin E2 concentrations. (2006)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[10] Gür et al: Effects of low power laser and low dose amitriptyline therapy on clinical symptoms and quality of life in fibromyalgia: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2002)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[11] Schindl&Neumann: Low-intensity laser therapy is an effective treatment for recurrent herpes simplex infection. Results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. (1999)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[12] Leavitt et al: HairMax LaserComb laser phototherapy device in the treatment of male androgenetic alopecia: A randomized, double-blind, sham device-controlled, multicentre trial. (2009)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[13] Antunes et al: Phase III trial of low-level laser therapy to prevent oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiation. (2013)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[14] Höfling et al: Low-level laser therapy in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a pilot study. (2010)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[15] Ahmed Omar et al: Treatment of post-mastectomy lymphedema with laser therapy: double blind placebo control randomized study. (2011)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[16] Hegedus et al: The effect of low-level laser in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. (2009)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[17] Ivandic&Ivandic: Low-level laser therapy improves vision in patients with age-related macular degeneration. (2008)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[18] Lam&Cheing: Effects of 904-nm low-level laser therapy in the management of lateral epicondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. (2007)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[19] Jackson et al: Low-level laser therapy as a non-invasive approach for body contouring: a randomized, controlled study. (2009)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[20] Chung et al: The Nuts and Bolts of Low-level Laser (Light) Therapy (2012)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[21] Barulin&Plavskii: Effect of Polarization and Coherence of Optical Radiation on Sturgeon Sperm Motility (2012)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span>Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-54075366280504536112013-08-13T11:24:00.001-07:002016-12-29T12:12:12.375-08:00Thyroid Hormones and Heart Disease<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>"One of my recurring objects of thought has been the slowness with which raw knowledge is assimilated. For example, I have been thinking about Broda Barnes’s work on the prevention of heart disease with thyroid extract. He did solve much of ‘the riddle of heart attacks,’ but recent statements by the Heart Association show that the dominant forces in the health business haven’t learned anything at all from his work, which he began 50 years ago. His work is clearly presented, not hard to understand, and it is scientifically so sound that no one challenges it, at least not on the scientific level. It is ignored, rejected by people who choose not to be bothered to read it. How many people have died from heart disease, since his work first became available? (And how many more from cancer, tuberculosis, and other diseases he showed occur mainly among hypothyroid people?)"<br />- Raymond F. Peat</i><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>1. Introduction</b></div>
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This review addresses the hypothesis that thyroid insufficiency could be a significant cause of the heart disease and that the traditional thyroid medication (desiccated thyroid) could therefore be a logical strategy for an effective prophylaxis for heart disease. There is a considerable amount of studies carried out on this subject that aren’t very well-known despite their remarkable results.</div>
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In addition to describing these studies conducted mostly in the middle of the 20th century, some parts regarding diagnosis, causes, and treatment of hypothyroidism are included.</div>
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<b>2. Regarding the current CVD treatments</b></div>
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In the last few decades, a large part of the discussion related to heart disease (CVD) has been about cholesterol levels. The modern theories of heart disease often focus on the effect of LDL cholesterol in the genesis of atheroma plaques (in the intima part of blood vessels).<br />
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This is also the reason why low-fat or low-saturated fat diets are recommended for the prevention of heart disease. Saturated fat is supposed to cause CVD by increasing the serum concentration of LDL cholesterol. It’s also the reason why a large amount of the western human population uses cholesterol-lowering drugs, statins.<br />
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These two methods, however, haven’t proved very effective. Especially, if we look at the recent meta-analyses compiling evidence from a large amount of fat-modification trials, they don’t support the view that saturated fat is an important cause of CVD. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21735388">Hooper 2011</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21118617">Ramsden 2010</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19752542">Skeaff&Miller 2009</a>)<br />
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Statins, on the other hand, have proved effective. Meta-analysis published in 2012 revealed that in the context of secondary prevention, statins can decrease total mortality by 20 per cent in men, though no significant benefit was seen in women. Also, the Cochrane review published in 2011 showed that in primary prevention, statins can decrease total mortality by 16 per cent, and heart attacks by a few dozen per cent. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22732744">Gutierrez et al. 2012</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249663">Taylor et al. 2011</a>)<br />
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These results are quite good, but since we want to maximize the effectiveness of medications and even statins do leave a majority of people vulnerable to CVD deaths, it's always good to think about alternative ways to minimize the harms of cardiovascular disease.<br />
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<b>3. Desiccated thyroid and CVD, part I: William B. Kountz</b><br />
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In 1951, physician <a href="http://beckerarchives.wustl.edu/index.php?p=collections/findingaid&id=8527">William B. Kountz</a> published his monograph <a href="http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6091343M/Thyroid_function_and_its_possible_role_in_vascular_degeneration.">Thyroid function and its possible role in vascular degeneration</a>, in which he introduced his 5-year study with 268 subjects.<br />
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As study subjects, Kountz had specifically chosen people with low <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate">basal metabolic rate</a> (BMR; on average, 10 to 18 percent below normal). For the intervention groups he prescribed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccated_thyroid_extract">desiccated thyroid</a> to raise their metabolic rate to the normal level. The control group did not get thyroid. Both groups got some B vitamins as well.<br />
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There were three intervention groups plus their corresponding control groups. Group 1 consisted of middle-aged businessmen, Group 2 consisted of middle-aged office workers, and Group 3 consisted of elderly infirmary patients.<br />
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The study results were promising. The rates of heart attacks were 85, 76 and 44 per cent lower in the intervention groups (group 1, 2 and 3). The reductions in mortality were similar, and are shown below.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezApdV3q2YbmFz4tOwWPvzFxfulgMebVr4GUrSdDEvf1tFxc49XBvoGGnqB8xP4sBFTG4_3PmrEcb6BVYF6JAWlNm74UPblX6fbagmVffqppLbsuLK8aG41R2Yzz5dutpCUEeGixpB0Rx/s1600/kountz-taulukko-eng.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezApdV3q2YbmFz4tOwWPvzFxfulgMebVr4GUrSdDEvf1tFxc49XBvoGGnqB8xP4sBFTG4_3PmrEcb6BVYF6JAWlNm74UPblX6fbagmVffqppLbsuLK8aG41R2Yzz5dutpCUEeGixpB0Rx/s400/kountz-taulukko-eng.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: start;">The absolute values are shown here: </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-WJzNjhJEfRr1m7Cftk9g0djnqNXxB_BgobFJJ0bQC8fN5HRrYs-Wb5f1smb947_9Hfy6OA1DyEbG2uXxylhuHVu8IMqC0BPYj55JjHlNlWXOyXDRvbx2bKrtcLJJe0AQsIJqqpfRxof1/s1600/iodine.jpg" style="text-align: start;">Figure 6</a></span></td></tr>
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<b>4. Desiccated thyroid and CVD, part II: James C. Wren</b><br />
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Two decades after Kountz’s research, physician James Wren conducted two studies which gave additional support to Kountz’s results.<br />
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The first study, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4233980">Thyroid function and coronary atherosclerosis</a>, was published in 1968. During the two years, 74 CVD patients were given desiccated thyroid plus some vitamins. Forty-six controls were matched for the same number of intervention subjects.<br />
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The results were positive. The thyroid treatment decreased subjects’ pains, improved their ECGs and lowered their cholesterol levels 17 per cent on average. 95 per cent of the subjects reported subjective benefit from the treatment. The difference in the mortality rates between the intervention and control group was six-fold (2 vs 12). <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3KJtVBCE0ZPl190LIAxpG5ZF-A4a1mW1Cl-xIIHS1RCzOtK_xXB-GJt-HysB5ZgHF6jfA5gWduLm6pcr_5lOFCgAx3duCOa-s6GUDYCfXJJdrTgD1J3RVBIvQyagvePkYG0FlryF8hBAY/s1600/wren-1968-lainaus2edit.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3KJtVBCE0ZPl190LIAxpG5ZF-A4a1mW1Cl-xIIHS1RCzOtK_xXB-GJt-HysB5ZgHF6jfA5gWduLm6pcr_5lOFCgAx3duCOa-s6GUDYCfXJJdrTgD1J3RVBIvQyagvePkYG0FlryF8hBAY/s400/wren-1968-lainaus2edit.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The results of a second and a little big larger study, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5539637">Symptomatic atherosclerosis: prevention or modification by treatment with desiccated thyroid</a> were published 1971.<br />
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In this five-year study there were 347 CVD patients (1/3 of them were symptomatic), all of which were put on desiccated thyroid medication even though only 9 per cent of them had hypothyroidism based on the blood tests.<br />
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There was no control group, but during the five years of study there were half as many deaths as the statistics would have predicted for the people of the same age. When a rough adjustment for the risk factors (heart disease, hypertension etc) was made, it was clear that the subjects had a fortunate survival rate. Their mortality was only one fifth of the expected number (11 vs. 53).<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFIhzrmjEYlWBzO6QWHf5UNPQfkZSpGTsVfljpzuD9bJ-AsLgmfSuYmPvCsh0UXWduae4cOX-xLzO67hyMdYAE8T02-WeCBS4Gq_VKE9hrWYjAqAtQ-i2U23vV8DbRHviIFH_if5HpCF9q/s1600/wren-1971-taulukko.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFIhzrmjEYlWBzO6QWHf5UNPQfkZSpGTsVfljpzuD9bJ-AsLgmfSuYmPvCsh0UXWduae4cOX-xLzO67hyMdYAE8T02-WeCBS4Gq_VKE9hrWYjAqAtQ-i2U23vV8DbRHviIFH_if5HpCF9q/s400/wren-1971-taulukko.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Did they prevent ~40 unnecessary deaths in this study? (Wren 1971)</span></span></td></tr>
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<b>5. Desiccated thyroid and CVD, part III: Broda Barnes</b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<br />
<img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCE8i3jclhIbMrH5_IH5lVPL9o1Gp_GVKXJdplPYeqvnK8-cLaPKuwPsvJimxNbdBdS7kV7eLRYyZ1SPnICdUuAJr4ApSNiHDtGRRYdKvEO_N1dVDJF3VQSO7YT44INsERiFJPXdsSgzI4/s200/barnes-naama.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="200" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dr. Barnes</span></span></td></tr>
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Physician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broda_Otto_Barnes">Broda Otto Barnes</a>‘ <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/physiological-activity-of-iodine-in-thyroglobulin/oclc/43062459">dissertation</a>, published in 1932, was related to the function of the thyroglobulin protein. In the beginning of his medical practice, he noticed that many of his patients had symptoms that were similar to mild hypothyroidism. After noticing this, he began prescribing desiccated thyroid to a large part of his patients.<br />
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Barnes didn’t diagnose hypothyroidism based on his patients’ blood tests or basal metabolism (BMR), but instead he claimed that basal temperature is a more accurate marker of thyroid hormone function and health. His essay on that subject, <a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=256690">Basal temperature versus basal metabolism</a>, was published in 1942 in The Journal of the American Medical Association. In that article, Barnes wrote that he told his patients to measure their axillary temperature immediately after waking up. Temperature lower than 36.5 celcius (97.8F) was an important indicator of hypothyroidism and thus, a need for a prescription of desiccated thyroid.<br />
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Thirty years later, in 1973, Barnes published some of his patient data in his article <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4720848">On the genesis of atherosclerosis.</a> <b>The occurrence of CVD in his 1500+ patients was 94% lower than Framingham statistics would have predicted.</b> This is a remarkable result considering that Barnes didn’t advocate his patients to quit smoking or change their other habits. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxXtcTpdYsE4wzhV6G_-dVrcgMu9fk4i551q71n0OTIfGrvkpFSsVoIg6bEpIjPceVGfA7UEWMhFdNO5wnaYIW4qEe9aZ6wcdwijQL54ld6-Jc1pbVPCy8_XgmW0hGamEBBa8LiwJ62DAd/s1600/barnes-data.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxXtcTpdYsE4wzhV6G_-dVrcgMu9fk4i551q71n0OTIfGrvkpFSsVoIg6bEpIjPceVGfA7UEWMhFdNO5wnaYIW4qEe9aZ6wcdwijQL54ld6-Jc1pbVPCy8_XgmW0hGamEBBa8LiwJ62DAd/s400/barnes-data.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"72 expected, 4 observed"</td></tr>
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I think it’s wise to mention one of Barnes’ other papers too, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13796871">Prophylaxis of ischaemic heart-disease by thyroid therapy</a> (1959), published in Lancet. The paper shows that thyroid treatment lowers high cholesterol levels very reliably.<br />
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For his study, Barnes chose 80 persons who had high cholesterol (>200mg/dl). Usually the cholesterol levels fell to the range of 170-200mg/dl or 4.4-5.2 mmol/l after the patients had been on their thyroid medication for a sufficient duration. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhya2lzHzuFf-YKOGY9crkJGfJU4AIdT9nT1CTjPM3Z3EmTaCZhI15e3Ku82HJOeXj0bT5bpSvt-Ln-4o4i8hidmDA_vfE7zcm9RI6AKx2ARUFkjhD24OzbZDQbaMfJ2k9qoT0efX178rMP/s400/barnes-kolesteroli.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Even very high initial cholesterol levels could be lowered<br /> effectively with desiccated thyroid. (Barnes 1959)</span></span></td></tr>
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<b>6. Desiccated thyroid and CVD, part IV: Mark Starr, Lerman&White, Russek, Strisower, Moses&Danowski and Eaton</b><br />
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Physician Mark Starr (who has written a book Hypothyroidism Type 2: The Epidemic) has treated his patients according to Broda Barnes’ recommendations. In his book, he mentions that despite having treated over 1600 patients, only two have had a heart attack.<br />
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<i>“I have treated over 1,600 patients during my 14 years of private practice and only two have had a heart attack while under my care.”</i> - Mark Starr, MD<br />
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In 1946, Jacob Lerman and Paul D. White described how of 27 young CVD patients, 21 had BMR less than 10 per cent below normal. Desiccated thyroid raised their BMR and lowered their cholesterol levels. According to Lerman ja White, they couldn’t make any clear conclusions from their observations, but in all except two patients with angina pectoris a little amount of thyroid extract decreased or cured the pain. And the patients without previous angina pectoris symptoms didn’t suffer any adverse effects from thyroid extract either. (J Clin Invest 1946; 25:914)<br />
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In 1959, Henry I. Russek wrote in Circulation the following: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“To access the effects of thyroid therapy in patients with coronary artery disease, this hormone, or an identical placebo, was administered to 58 clinically proven cases of angina pectoris. All patients studied were determined to be euthyroid by appropriate tests (BMR, PBI, and cholesterol). [...]<br />
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Although all patients have been taking maximum doses [180mg] of thyroid extract for 6 to 15 months, no complications from therapy have been observed. Exercise-electrocardiographic tests have not demonstrated diminution in exercise tolerance and, in fact, have shown improved response in 6 patients. Forty-six patients reported subjective benefit as evidenced by an improved sense of well being, greater motivation, alertness and increased exercise tolerance. These observations are not only contrary to the traditional view that thyroid extract is dangerous in the presence of coronary heart disease, but also establish a rationale for its use in selected euthyroid patients with this disorder.” (Circulation 20: 761, 1959)</blockquote>
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In 1957, Strisower et. reported about a two-year-study, in which subjects were given desiccated thyroid (up to 325mg) to lower their cholesterol levels (baseline 216mg/dl). The medication was most useful for those who had the highest initial cholesterol levels. Based on this finding, the group summarized: “The large falls in atherogenic-index values for patients with high initial atherogenic index values suggest that dried thyroid is worthy of consideration as a prophylactic agent against coronary heart-disease.” (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13399145">Strisower et al. 1957</a>)</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiodPL8rwa23PEsnprsniAMPu3YV_UwDyJ9n065Xn_HaXgzs7coYLbYGV6buBG7yJmE5WQFxUjyCLrgfkHBfI0vyXqtGjF7qh-Uh44s5tD_SiDp2w870y7SKeyRZHfbC8eJdYLRXVAQ4nMq/s1600/strisower.bmp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiodPL8rwa23PEsnprsniAMPu3YV_UwDyJ9n065Xn_HaXgzs7coYLbYGV6buBG7yJmE5WQFxUjyCLrgfkHBfI0vyXqtGjF7qh-Uh44s5tD_SiDp2w870y7SKeyRZHfbC8eJdYLRXVAQ4nMq/s400/strisower.bmp" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Strisower et al. 1957)</span></span></td></tr>
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In 1958, Moses ja Danowski wrote about their 10-month trial in which desiccated thyroid (150-180mg) was given for elderly people institutionalized for custodial care. The report says:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“While maintaining a normal protein bound iodine level, statistically significant decreases in total cholesterol and [beta]-lipoprotein cholesterol were found in the great majority of subjects. [...] the data indicate that even in subjects euthyroid by the usual indices, a thyroid deficit exerting considerable effect on the cholesterol-lipoprotein partition may be present.” (Circulation 1958; 18: 761)</blockquote>
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In 1954, C.D. Eaton, a physician from Detroit published an scientific paper about the remarkably high incidence of hypothyroid symptoms in diabetics. Eaton noted that the patients often responded positively to desiccated thyroid and that they also had less of the vascular complications associated with diabetes. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13222100">Eaton 1954</a>)</div>
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<b>7. Other human and animal studies regarding the link between CVD and thyroid hormones</b><br />
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Now we have gone through the clinical data regarding prevention of heart disease with thyroid. Next, we are going to look at some indirect evidence from other kinds of studies.<br />
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1) <u>Clinical hypothyroidism causes heart disease, and thyroxine prevents this effect</u><br />
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In clinical hypothyroidism, LDL levels do increase and LDL also oxidizes much faster than usually (lag time 29min), but thyroxine (T4) restores LDL levels and oxidation rate to normal (lag time 77min). (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9589687">Diekman et al. 1998</a>) This phenomena is at least partially related to the physiological fact that triiodothyronine (T3) increases hepatic LDL receptor activity, which causes LDL to stay less time in the blood because of the increased uptake*. Serum free T3 is also inversely associated with heart disease. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17572141">Lopez et al. 2007</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9712728">Bakker et al. 1998</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3964353">Scarabottolo et al. 1986</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22877896">Ertas et al. 2012</a>)<br />
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Clinically and subclinically hypothyroid people have increased intima-media thickness (IMT), and thyroxine resolves this problem. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14616885">Nagasaki et al. 2003</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18163011">Duman et al. 2007</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126526">Monzani et al. 2004</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19094068">Adrees et al. 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19085705">Cakal et al. 2009</a>)<br />
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Treating subclinical hypothyroidism with thyroxine reduced the total mortality of patients (age less than 70) 64% compared to the control group. The reduction in the total mortality was mainly due to reduced cardiovascular and cancer mortality. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22529180">Razvi et al. 2012</a>)<br />
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On one study, subclinical hypothyroidism was quite strongly correlated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction in elderly women (OR 2.3). In other studies the link seems to be a little bit weaker. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10681281">Hak et al. 2000</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20858880">Rodondi et al. 2010</a>)<br />
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Clinical (and some studies, subclinical) hypothyroidism is associated with increased levels of homocysteine and Lp(a) and increased plasma viscosity. Increased levels of fibrinogen have also been found in subclinical hypothyroidism, but T4 didn’t lower it. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23892857">Kutluturk et al. 2013</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19094068">Adrees et al. 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11932277">Caraccio et al. 2002</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10475887">Hussein et al. 1999</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10646653">Catargi et al. 1999</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18334776">Erdem et al. 2008</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596649">Cakal et al. 2007</a>).<br />
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2) <u>Very often, people with heart disease have also thyroid (gland) problems</u><br />
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István Gáspár studied patients who died from atherosclerosis (n=55). Seventy-one per cent of them had abnormally small thyroid glands. Twenty-four patients also had signs of thyroid inflammation, fibrosis and other kinds of thyroid degeneration. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5675392">Gaspar 1968</a>)<br />
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Gordon J. Azar noticed that in his group of 73 heart attack survivors, approximately half of the subjects had marginal or submarginal thyroid function according to the protein-bound iodine PBI test. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14270627">Azar 1965</a>)<br />
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Unto Uotila’s group, here in Finland in the ’50s, noticed that 58% of men and 50% of women dying of CVD had goiter, while amongst people dying because of other cause, 28% of men and 22% of women had goiter. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13564789">Uotila et al. 1958</a>)<br />
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Dean and Fowler found that women with coronary artery disease have exaggerated TSH response to TRH-stimulation. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3924164">Dean&Fowler 1985</a>)<br />
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3) <u>Higher TSH levels are correlated with raised cholesterol and heart disease even within normal range</u><br />
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The HUNT study included more than 25,000 Norwegians. The women with TSH in the range of 1.5-2.4, had 41 per cent higher CVD mortality the women whose TSH was in the range of 0.5-1.4. TSH of 2.5-3.5 was correlated with 69 per cent increased heart mortality. For men, the trend was not statistically significant. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18443261">Asvold et al. 2008</a>)<br />
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It has also been shown that higher TSH is associated with less favourable serum lipids and higher blood pressure even in the normal TSH range. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17287407">Asvold et al. 2007</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22203234">Boggio et al. 2014</a>) We also know from the 30′s that cholesterol levels higher than 7mmol/L is strongly correlated with hypothyroidism, and usually thyroid extract lowers the cholesterol levels sufficiently. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13796871">Barnes 1959</a>, <a href="http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=539605">Hurxthal 1934</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC434922/">Gildea et al. 1939</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9506856">Michalopoulou et al. 1998</a> etc…)<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQgIpz2c3RUQdzgVthaIIBTTpxGmOtTzw0_8lNRYMTfjo81Ckl6I4WjJzbzhZUrTODCD8Xxbf6rnpivKyLQc-fbctHH0nQJtIdMQxrUgKPgLaoau-AEwzLqHYm3ZRCvkYB_DthMwvpRav8/s1600/hurxthal1934.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQgIpz2c3RUQdzgVthaIIBTTpxGmOtTzw0_8lNRYMTfjo81Ckl6I4WjJzbzhZUrTODCD8Xxbf6rnpivKyLQc-fbctHH0nQJtIdMQxrUgKPgLaoau-AEwzLqHYm3ZRCvkYB_DthMwvpRav8/s400/hurxthal1934.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: start;">The cholesterol levels increase to the left, correlating with </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;">hypothyroid symptoms (Clinical Myxedema) </span><span style="text-align: start;">(Hurxthal, 1934)</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw11YZyekWXbuQCzdWinEpLgQX260vWdsUIlRsXG4OX4p0lopTRGX5z-UH_bPd529ANbTw1hHufTYKVh5uK58z1sUu7BhYMhQJKxnDTDsgn514PVcrfhB7hPBFgFNWCul_KaMoYG6b0G5y/s1600/gildea-hypothyroidism-cholesterol.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw11YZyekWXbuQCzdWinEpLgQX260vWdsUIlRsXG4OX4p0lopTRGX5z-UH_bPd529ANbTw1hHufTYKVh5uK58z1sUu7BhYMhQJKxnDTDsgn514PVcrfhB7hPBFgFNWCul_KaMoYG6b0G5y/s320/gildea-hypothyroidism-cholesterol.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In hypothyroid patients, the cholesterol levels go down<br />when basal metabolic rate goes up.(Gildea, 1939)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
4) <u>Lower free T4, even within reference ranges, is associated with poorer cardiovascular health</u><br />
<br />
It has been noted in a couple of studies that even in clinically euthyroid people, lower FT4 levels are correlated with increased intima-media thickness, calcium scores and risk of hypertension. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22621424">Kim et al. 2012a</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22870927">2012b</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977482">Takamura et al. 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596198">Dullaart et al. 2007</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15240631">Gumieniak et al. 2004</a>)</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br />
<br />
5) <u>The herbivore cholesterol feeding studies</u><br />
<br />
Pathologist Nikolai Anichkov is considered a very important person in the history of cholesterol theory. He showed that “without cholesterol there’s no atherosclerosis.” In 1912, he fed rabbits with cholesterol in vegetable oil medium, and because of this, rabbits developed atherosclerosis. In 1933 Anichkow stated that this rabbits’ atherosclerosis is similar to human atherosclerosis.<br />
<br />
In the same year, Kenneth B. Turner and I.B. Friedland published their own studies on the same topic. Turner noticed that cholesterol feeding raised rabbits’ cholesterol levels to very high levels (13.45mmol/L), and feeding thyroid extract prevented this (4.60mmol/L). Iodine had a similar effect, but thyroxine prevented the rise in cholesterol levels only slightly. Friedland noticed the same thing: thyroid extract prevented cholesterol-induced rise in the serum cholesterol and atherosclerosis. (<a href="http://jem.rupress.org/content/58/1/115.abstract?ijkey=d7f4313b6b6af936e0967cb5dd67a1061e176932&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha">Turner 1933</a>, <a href="http://books.google.fi/books?id=N7mKHhoXHmsC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=Zeitung+Ges.+Exp.+Med+%281933%29:+87:683&source=bl&ots=f61wSAIXP4&sig=VQ-NwhkB37imqFmAHbEdNZTEs1s&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=YqZqUMT7J6b24QTqy4HYBg&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Zeitung%20Ges.%20Exp.%20Med%20%281933%29%3A%2087%3A683&f=false">Friedland 1933</a>, <a href="http://www.jacn.org/content/25/1/1.full">Hoption Cann 2006</a>)<br />
<br />
In the beginning of ’60s, Bernick et al. studied the differences between cholesterol metabolisms of herbivores compared to omnivores. They noticed that the thyroid glands of omnivores expanded (hyperplasia) after cholesterol feeding, possibly due to increased thyroid hormone requirements in liver.** The thyroid glands of the herbivores became smaller (hypoplasia), and they developed atherosclerotic lesions. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1949627/?page=1">Bernick et al. 1962</a>)<br />
<br />
In 1964, L.V. Malysheva noticed that feeding rabbits with cholesterol lowered their metabolic rate even in the important tissues such as liver and brain, and in the long term during the development of atherosclerosis this effect became even larger. The magnitude of this decrease in metabolism has been compared to the post-thyroidectomy decrease in metabolism. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14185911">Malysheva 1964</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17900236">Duntas&Wartofsky 2007</a>) <br />
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<br />
6) <u>Hypertension</u><br />
<br />
Hypertension is an important risk factor of CVD. Desiccated thyroid seems to be a quite potent medication for hypertension.<br />
<br />
In 1952, Pericles Menof published his treatment results based on the data of 334 patients in South African Medical Journal. He had begun to treat essential hypertension with sole thyroid. Based on his 4-year experience, he reported that 69 per cent of his hypertensive patients benefited from the treatment, and that the lack of results in some patients can be explained by their renal hypertension which couldn’t be cured by thyroid. (<a href="http://archive.samj.org.za/1952%20VOL%20XXVI%20Jul-Dec/Articles/06%20December/1.5%20THE%20THYROID%20TREATMENT%20OF%20ESSENTIAL%20HYPERTENTION.Dr.Percicles%20Menof%20.pdf">Menof 1952</a>)<br />
<br />
Fifteen years later Menof had the same thoughts regarding hypertension and thyroid, and in the conclusions of his paper he stated that “relative thyroid insufficiency is the basic factor in the causation of essential hypertension”. (<a href="http://archive.samj.org.za/1967%20VOL%20XLI%20Jan%20-Jun/Articles/05%20May/3.5%20HIGH%20BLOOD%20PRESSURE%20AND%20THYROID%20INSUFFICIENCY-%20RECENT%20DEVELOPMENTS,%20Pericles%20Menof,%20M.B,%20BCh%20.pdf">Menof 1967</a>) Later, he also reported the cholesterol-lowering effect of thyroid extract based on his experience with over 100 patients. He also thought that benefits of thyroid hormones might be related to their antagonistic effect to hyperlipidemic effects of adrenaline and hypertensive effects of noradrenaline. (<a href="http://archive.samj.org.za/1973%20VOL%20XLVII%20Jul%20-%20Dec/Articles/06%20December/2.3%20THE%20THYROID%20AND%20ATHEROSCLEROTIC%20ARTERIAL%20DISEASE.%20Pericles%20Menof.pdf">Menof 1973</a>)<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_CFHj27XkD-UoiE3vRvgC2WimLRrLIeE2j5aF5p-SVeWZ-r5epcvYJLyFnr0glJMABjppqEGTK1zejfQfN1_WYkCgZG3qLMtUaQfXo3hlW75DDIrTPekD5pAi_6Xcc7XiuOzbBYLEzCSn/s1600/menof-1973-conclusions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_CFHj27XkD-UoiE3vRvgC2WimLRrLIeE2j5aF5p-SVeWZ-r5epcvYJLyFnr0glJMABjppqEGTK1zejfQfN1_WYkCgZG3qLMtUaQfXo3hlW75DDIrTPekD5pAi_6Xcc7XiuOzbBYLEzCSn/s320/menof-1973-conclusions.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>"If we are prepared to accept this view, then we must also accept the<br /> conclusion that in the timeous use of the thyroid hormone we have<br /> the solution to the Western world's most pressing medical problem<br /> - the prevention and control of atherosclerotic arterial disease."</i><br />
- Pericles Menof (1973)</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
In 1971, Broda Barnes wrote in the Federation Proceedings, that during 20+ years and 1000+ patients, only twelve patients developed hypertension and of 127 hypertensive patients, 102 benefited from thyroid. He also stated that the reductions in blood pressure happen quite slowly and might take up to three years. (Fed Proc. Vol 31, Issue 2, s. A214)</div>
<br />
Moreover, Fang and Reyes have also studied the usage of desiccated thyroid in the treatment of hypertension, but I haven’t managed to obtain the full text. According to a secondary source, “they were the first to report a coincident fall in the pulse rate in the majority of the cases successfully treated (68%).” (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14375791">Fang&Reyes 1953</a>, <a href="http://archive.samj.org.za/1967%20VOL%20XLI%20Jan%20-Jun/Articles/05%20May/3.5%20HIGH%20BLOOD%20PRESSURE%20AND%20THYROID%20INSUFFICIENCY-%20RECENT%20DEVELOPMENTS,%20Pericles%20Menof,%20M.B,%20BCh%20.pdf">Menof 1967</a>)<br />
<br />
Fang also reported beneficial effects on total cholesterol: "Fourteen cases with hypercholesterolemia of various etiologies were treated with thyroid extract at the dosage of 2-6 grains daily for periods varying from 4 weeks to 16 months. Lowering of the serum cholesterol was noted in all cases. Elevation of the same was noted after the suspension of the therapy. There were no side effects noted". (<a href="http://www.herdin.ph/index.php/component/herdin/?view=research&cid=45044">Fang&Serrano 1960</a>)<br />
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7) <u>Thyroid hormone analogs</u><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>"Today, statins are used as the first treatment choice to lower plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels, but high-risk patients still experience further events of CHD. Thus, there is a need for novel pharmacological strategies. Preclinical and clinical studies using selective [thyroid hormone] analogs are promising and suggest TRβ1 as a potential target for treatment of dyslipidemia."</i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>- (<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925443910002978">Pramfalk et al. 2011</a>)</i></div>
<br />
Various molecules that have similar properties to thyroid hormones are a relatively hot topic in the medical research, and there have been studies especially for treating high cholesterol levels and heart failure (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19337272">Baxter&Webb 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20625286">Cioffi et al. 2010</a>)<br />
<br />
Thyroid hormone analogue <a href="http://www.theheart.org/article/1054023.do">eprotirome</a> (KB2115) has been shown to decrease and improve cholesterol levels very effectivele. Some animal studies <a href="http://www.karobio.com/investormedia/pressreleaser/pressrelease?pid=639535">have shown</a> it to cause cartilage damage, so the research regarding this drug was temporarily stopped. However, a more recent 3-month human study showed a beneficial effect on cholesterol levels with no evidence of adverse effects. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18160532">Berkenstam et al. 2008</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20220185">Ladenson et al. 2010</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23087171">Lin et al. 2012</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24754313">Angelin et al. 2015</a>)<br />
<br />
Another thyroid analogue, sobetirome (GC-1), is provisionally a promising drug, but it hasn’t been tested on humans yet. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14701670">Grover et al. 2004</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15109613">Baxter et al. 2004</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16006512">Johansson et al. 2005</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19282495">Venditti et al. 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208155">Tancevski et al. 2011</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23087171">Lin et al. 2012</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23165163">Mitchell 2013</a>)<br />
<br />
Furthermore, neither of thyroid analogues MB07811 and KB-141 have been tested on humans, but in short-term animal studies, the results have been encouraging. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17878314">Erion et al. 2007</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19072834">Cable et al. 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19183199">Ito et al. 2009</a> and <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16007230">Grover et al. 2005</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18621127">Bryzgalova et al. 2008</a>)<br />
<br />
A very new drug, <a href="http://www.madrigalpharma.com/home-page/pipeline/thr-beta-agonist/">MGL-3196</a>, has been Phase I tested with humans in a 2-week study, and the results showed a very beneficial effect on the cholesterol levels. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24075770">Taub et al. 2013</a>)<br />
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<b>8. Regarding the diagnostics: Is the incidence of hypothyroidism underestimated?</b><br />
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One important thing to remember now is that none of the physicians who saw reduced heart disease in their patients using desiccated thyroid (Kountz, Wren, Barnes, Starr) diagnosed their patients according to the typical guidelines, but instead they based their diagnoses on other markers such as basal metabolic rate, basal metabolism and heart disease.<br />
<br />
Here in Finland, it’s generally accepted that no more than <a href="http://yle.fi/uutiset/kilpirauhanen_voi_olla_syy_outoihin_oireisiin/5676675">half a million Finns suffer from thyroid symptoms</a>. That would equal nine percent of the Finnish population.<br />
<br />
However, some doctors such as Broda Barnes have stated that there are probably a lot more people who would benefit from thyroid treatment. According to Barnes, in 1976 approximately 40% of Americans had symptoms of hypothyroidism. In 1989, Jacques Hertoghe estimated that in Belgium, up to 80 per cent of the population suffered from hypothyroid symptoms.<br />
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In common language, “hypothyroidism” refers mainly to primary hypothyroidism, in which the thyroid gland doesn’t produce thyroid hormones normally, and because of that TSH levels are high and T4 and/or T3 levels are low. The most common reason for primary hypothyroidism is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. It's quite common especially in women.<br />
<br />
However, in addition to actual hypothyroidism, some groups seem to suffer from a low metabolism and various symptoms which seem to be alleviated or cured by thyroid extract.<br />
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Two examples of this are polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and fibromyalgia. In one study it was found that women with PCOS had remarkably low basal metabolic rates, yet in another study it was shown that the majority of these women had normal serum levels of thyroid hormones. In one study, they also got impressive results with thyroxine: <i>"Of the 22 patients with mild hypothyroidism, 10 had polycystic ovaries before thyroxine therapy. In all these patients, the polycystic appearance of the ovaries regressed after euthyroidism was achieved for at least 3 months." </i> (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18678372">Georgopoulos et al. 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23103018">Benetti-Pinto et al. 2013</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21403408">Muderris et al. 2011</a>)<br />
<br />
Fibromyalgia, as a disease, shares many similarities with hypothyroidism. In fibromyalgia, both metabolic rate and basal temperature are reduced as in hypothyroidism. Lowe has reported that even “euthyroid” people (with normal serum levels of thyroid hormones) get good results with T3 medication. According to Broda Barnes, more common ailments such as migraine, recurring infections, acne, menstrual irregularities, and mental disturbances often go hand in hand with low basal metabolic rate and are often cured when the patient’s metabolic rate goes up with thyroid medication. (<a href="http://www.thyroidscience.com/reviews/lowe.yellin.6.17.08/ithr.review.6.17.08.pdf">Lowe&Yellin 2008</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16810133">Lowe et al. 2006</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20342489">Barnes 1947</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18106263">Barnes 1949</a>, <a href="http://endo.endojournals.org/content/24/3/383">Foster 1939</a>, <a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=279369">Litzenberg 1937</a> etc…)<br />
<br />
I think that some mechanism other than low thyroid hormone concentration in serum could cause hypothyroid symptoms. The mechanism is probably related to function of receptors and target tissues. Maybe many people have underlying metabolic problems caused by deficiencies, infections or other things, which inhibit thyroid hormone function and aerobic metabolism on the tissue level.<br />
<br />
It has been observed that people with similar serum levels of thyroid hormones can have very different thyroid hormone levels in tissues. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174716">Peeters 2005</a>, check <a href="http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/90/12/6498/F1.expansion.html">Fig 1</a> and <a href="http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/90/12/6498/F2.expansion.html">Fig 2</a>) Deiodinases can activate or inactivate thyroid hormones inside the cell, and therefore serum levels of thyroid hormones “do not faithfully reflect thyroid hormone signaling in cells.” (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3715916/">Bianco 2013</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18815314/">Gereben et al. 2008</a>) Lowered thyroid hormone activity within the cell could be the reason why some people need TSH-suppressive doses of thyroid hormones in order to feel healthy. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3094667">Fraser et al. 1986</a>) <br />
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<br />
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<b>9. Various thyroid medications (T4, T3, T4+T3 and desiccated thyroid)</b><br />
<br />
In the above studies examining the possibility prophylaxis of heart disease with thyroid hormone, natural desiccated thyroid was used instead of synthetic hormones.<br />
<br />
As a medication, NDT became popular in the ’30s, but after the sixties the synthetic hormones have replaced them almost completely. So nowadays most hypothyroid patients receive T4 monotherapy. Sometimes but still quite rarely patients are treated by synthetic combination therapy (T4+T3), sole triiodothyronine (T3) or desiccated thyroid (NDT; Armour Thyroid being the most popular trademark).<br />
<br />
Can it be said that one of these medications is better than the others?<br />
<br />
The question isn’t an easy one. In some studies combination therapy or NDT has brought clear benefits to the patients(+), but in many studies no benefit was found. However, in several studies the patients preferred the combination therapy to T4 therapy(#), even if there were no differences in symptom scores. In some studies, the addition of T3 was associated with the improvement of cholesterol levels(&). In one old study, the combination therapy led to worse results than T4 therapy(-). <span style="font-size: x-small;">(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19666698">Nygaard et al. 2009</a>(+,#), <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9971866">Bunevicius et al. 1999</a>(+,#), <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12374459">Bunevicius et al. 2002</a>(+,#), <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1737734">Cooke et al. 1992</a>(+), <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22187290">Solter&Solter 2012</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20688622">Fadeyev et al. 2010</a>(&), <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21865366">Celi et al. 2011</a>(&), <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539727">Hoang et al. 2013</a>(#), <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705921">Appelhof et al. 2005</a>(#,&), <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15767619">Escobar-Morreale et al. 2005</a>(#), <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16006298">Rodriguez et al. 2005</a>(#), <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17711927">Slawik et al. 2007</a>(+), <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14665656">Clyde et al. 2003</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14557419">Walsh et al. 2003</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14557420">Sawka et al. 2003</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17465862">Regalbuto et al. 2007</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19701833">Valizadeh et al. 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4097650">Smith et al. 1970</a>(-), <a href="http://www.jscimedcentral.com/Endocrinology/endocrinology-2-1055.pdf">Pepper&Casanova-Romero 2014</a>(#)</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span><br />
<br />
On the other hand, Baisier et al. compared T4 to NDT treatment and in their study, the desiccated thyroid seemed to outdo the synthetic treatment in every possible way. The authors also state that urine free T3 is a more worthy marker than the typical blood tests. NDT-treated patients had much higher urine free T3 than those who received synthetic treatment. (<a href="http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13590840120083376">Baisier et al. 2001</a>, <a href="http://li123-4.members.linode.com/files/Thyroid%20Insufficiency.%20Is%20Thyroxine%20the%20Only%20Valuable%20Drug.pdf">pdf</a>)</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM2dDLCcgABIDsv3C_LNqk3wiftsDhIjDxCUDgeOIvWeKxo4p6gAJGnE4gnp2SFxscZ-46xygJ8gLp8Nkolks-nyoONvtontPhfIRwMWDXSlKQ_wOMRWeSZ8kLmhbnWZAcWqdi7t2235I/s1600/baisier-hertoghe-ym-ndt-data.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM2dDLCcgABIDsv3C_LNqk3wiftsDhIjDxCUDgeOIvWeKxo4p6gAJGnE4gnp2SFxscZ-46xygJ8gLp8Nkolks-nyoONvtontPhfIRwMWDXSlKQ_wOMRWeSZ8kLmhbnWZAcWqdi7t2235I/s400/baisier-hertoghe-ym-ndt-data.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In this study, patients felt much better on desiccated<br />
thyroid medication (Baisier 2001)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
In a way it’s quite contradictory that in some studies, combination treatment is associated with better results while in other studies, no difference has been noted. Lowe (2006) has stated that the differing results are not due to chance, but because of differing methods between studies: combination treatments (incl. T3) could often be more effective than T4 treatment, but the effectiveness can’t usually be seen in typical replacement therapy in which the main goal is to normalize TSH. Instead, the dose should be adjusted by other markers such as symptoms or basal metabolic rate — in the most successful studies the results seem to have been achieved by such treatments. When the dose of thyroid hormone replacement is adjusted according to symptoms, sometimes sufficient treatment will suppress thyrotropin (TSH) to very low or even undetectable levels. (<a href="http://www.thyroidscience.com/Criticism/lowe.dec.2006/lowe.critique.T4.T4.T3.studies.pdf">Lowe 2006</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3094667">Fraser et al. 1986</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17548749">Cooper-Kazaz et al. 2007</a>)<br />
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One reason why TSH-suppressive doses appear helpful, could be the fact that TSH by itself seems to be able to cause inflammation. The progression of Hashimoto's thyroiditis to hypothyroidism can sometimes be prevented with thyroxine, and one explanation for this could be the fact that the thyroid-stimulating effect of TSH might also cause or aggravate inflammation of the tissue. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17766721">Dardano 2007</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17919833">Gavin et al. 2008</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327616">Padberg et al. 2001</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1732791">Takasu et al. 1992</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16006728">Aksoy et al. 2005</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8837324">Romaldini et al. 1996</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065031">Schumm-Draeger et al. 1996</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3342751">Reinhardt et al. 1988</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11701668">Braga et al. 2001</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24661543">Gagnon et al. 2014</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4109651">Ericson et al. 1972</a>)<br />
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There are a couple of differences between NDT and levothyroxine (synthetic T4) that aren’t discussed very often. In desiccated thyroid, the hormones are not free. Instead, they seem to be <a href="http://www.thyroid-s.com/natural-desiccated-thyroid-and-synthetic-are-not-the-same">bound to thyroglobulin</a>. Desiccated thyroid also seems to contain some other biologically active molecules such as T2 and calcitonin, both of which seem to have some potentially useful effects on animals. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21670063">Moreno et al. 2011</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19464748">Mollica et al. 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19116374">Lombardi et al. 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16014396">Lanni et al. 2005</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9644223">Lanni et al. 1998</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1324858">Lanni et al. 1992</a> & <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23385715">Feigh et al. 2013</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7117499">Robert et al. 1982</a>)<br />
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Some studies have also been published on T3 monotherapy. Lowe reported that supraphysiological doses of T3 is an effective and safe treatment for fibromyalgia, even in euthyroid subjects. Celi et al. have reported that using T3 treatment for hypothyroidism, instead of T4, improves the body weight and cholesterol levels of the subjects. In some studies, T3 monotherapy has been useful for asthma, depression, and some types of bipolar disorder. However, many studies have also been unable to demonstrate any benefit for depression. (<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J425v02n02_04">Lowe et al. 1996</a>, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J425v02n04_05">Lowe et al. 1997</a>, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J425v03n01_03">Lowe et al. 1998</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21865366">Celi et al. 2011</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1660452">adbel Khalek et al. 1991</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19108898">Kelly&Lieberman 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352847">Posternak et al. 2008</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16086620">Iosifescu et al. 2005</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7055275">Goodwin et al. 1982</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17548749">Cooper-Kazaz et al. 2007</a>)</div>
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In one large study with approximately one thousand subjects, dextro form of thyroxine (T4) was tried for atherosclerosis prophylaxis. However, the medication increased the total mortality a little bit. Nowadays, levothyroxine has completely replaced this less potent form of T4. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4337170">The Coronary Drug Project 1972</a>, <a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=344082">Barnes 1972</a>)<br />
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There is also a huge amount of discussion about various types of thyroid therapy on the Internet (social media). I’m quite impressed about the numerous anecdotes of better results with NDT (or combination) therapy compared to T4 monotherapy. Many of these patients also report that their medication suppresses their TSH to about zero.</div>
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<b>10. Possible causes of thyroid deficiency / lowered metabolic rate</b><br />
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The function of thyroid hormones is related to a large amount of metabolic processes, so it wouldn’t be very illogical to think that in some people, the inadequate metabolic rate (or thyroid function) could be related to their diet or lifestyle. Below I demonstrate some of the possible associations between diet, lifestyle, thyroid hormone function and CVD.<br />
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<b>Nutritional deficiencies</b> - Iodine deficiency is obviously the most well-known cause of hypothyroidism and goiter. Here in Finland, a large percentage of the population suffered from iodine deficiency goiter in the ’50s. However, salt and some other foods have been fortified with iodine since those times and therefore the deficiency is quite rare nowadays. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3486110">Lamberg 1986</a>, <a href="http://www.duodecimlehti.fi/web/guest/arkisto?p_p_id=dlehtihaku_view_article_WAR_dlehtihaku&p_p_action=1&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&_dlehtihaku_view_article_WAR_dlehtihaku__spage=%2Fportlet_action%2Fdlehtihakuartikkeli%2Fviewarticle%2Faction&_dlehtihaku_view_article_WAR_dlehtihaku_tunnus=duo93759&_dlehtihaku_view_article_WAR_dlehtihaku_p_frompage=uusinnumero">Lamberg 2003</a>)<br />
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Selenium is another trace mineral which is closely related to the thyroid function. In cholesterol-fed rabbits, the combination of selenium and vitamin E gives better protection from atherosclerosis than vitamin E alone. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721693">Schwenke&Behr 1998</a>) In Finland, soils were quite depleted of selenium until the beginning of 1980s. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14506886">Arthur 2003</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16522926">Hoption Cann 2006</a>)<br />
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I have been thinking that the additions of iodine and selenium to the Finnish food supply might have been one of the main contributors to the decline in coronary heart disease during the North Karelia project. The common view is that the project decreased CVD mortality by advocating people to eat less saturated fat (SFA) and to start exercising.<br />
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However, I think it’s quite probable that decreased SFA intake didn’t affect the mortality nearly as much as the changes in iodine and selenium consumption. Paavo Roine’s research group stated in 1958, that while there was higher CVD mortality in the eastern Finland, North Karelia in particular, fat consumption didn’t differ in the east, compared to the western Finland. However, iodine intake was a little bit lower in the eastern Fnland.*** So maybe we shouldn’t blame fat, but iodine deficiency instead. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13564790">Roine et al. 1958</a>)<br />
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Another mineral related to thyroid hormone function and atherosclerosis is copper. Copper deficiency <a href="http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.fi/2010/04/copper-and-cardiovascular-disease.html">seems to cause cardiovascular disease</a> and low dietary intake correlates with metabolic syndrome, which again is negatively correlated with metabolic rate and thyroid hormone levels (even in euthyroid subjects). Copper and zinc can attenuate the damage that cholesterol feeding causes to rabbits. (<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1747-0080.12026/abstract">Shab-Bidar et al. 2013</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1190606">Oliver 1975</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15379959">Alissa et al. 2004</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17090642">Roos et al. 2007</a>)<br />
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Low intake of zinc tends to decrease basal metabolic rate. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3723200">Wada&King 1986</a>)<br />
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<a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/2010/12/micronutrient-deficiencies-an-underappreciated-cause-of-hypothyroidism/">Iron deficiency</a> can also be a problem for some people, but on the other hand, excessive iron could also be a problem, as can be seen from the people with genes causing haemochromatosis (iron overload). (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7435650">Dillman et al. 1980</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12763985">Verdon et al. 2003</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6625774">Edwards et al. 1983</a>)<br />
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Obviously, there are plenty of associations between nutrients and thyroid function.<br />
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<b>Stress</b> - Those who have read Robert Sapolsky’s popular book <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Why-Zebras-Dont-Ulcers-Third/dp/0805073698">Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers</a> or any other similar work, are aware of the fact that chronic stress can make one more susceptible to a large amount of diseases. A popular health-blogger, Chris Kresser, has written about some mechanisms of <a href="http://chriskresser.com/5-ways-that-stress-causes-hypothyroid-symptoms">stress-induced hypothyroid symptoms</a>.<br />
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<b>Endotoxemia, infections, metabolic syndrome and inflammation</b> - When the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative gut bacteria end up in your bloodstream, the situation/condition is called “endotoxemia.” The most well-known problems caused by endotoxemia are sepsis and liver cirrhosis, but Robert McLeod has written an interesting blog post about how <a href="http://entropyproduction.blogspot.fi/2010/03/chronic-forms-of-euthyroid-sick.html">endotoxemia can also disturb the function of thyroid hormones</a>, leading to the decrease of T3 levels and increase of rT3 levels. In rat studies, thyroid hormones protect from the harms of endotoxemia/sepsis. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9950912">van der Poll et al. 1999</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15526723">Yildizdas et al. 2004</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560903">Inan et al. 2003</a>)<br />
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Endotoxemia does also correlate with atherosclerosis. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is also correlated with CVD, and this association can possibly be explained by the increased endotoxin levels associated with IBD. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10588212">Wiedermann et al. 1999</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21386828">Yarur et al. 2011</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7615280">Gardiner et al. 1995</a>)<br />
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Lately, at least here in Finland, saturated fats have been blamed for TLR-4 activation (leading to inflammation), which seems to be caused by the digestion of fats, in which chylomicrons are featured, leading to postprandial endotoxemia. Clinical data seems to present saturated fats as quite harmless, but if there is some harm involved, endotoxemia could be one possible mechanism. However, quite paradoxically, numerous rodent studies have been conducted in which saturated fats of medium chain length seemed to protect animals from liver damage caused by endotoxemia and lipid peroxidation.**** (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9397995">Nanji et al. 1997</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11602676">Nanji et al. 2001</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2646971">Nanji et al. 1989</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22150547">Kirpich et al. 2012</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23453163">Kirpich et al. 2013</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16108051">You et al. 2005</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23126616">Li et al. 2013</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15051845">Ronis et al. 2004</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313679">Romestaing et al. 2007</a>)<br />
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The composition of a meal might also affect whether the dietary fat causes TLR-4 activation. In one study, orange juice prevented the endotoxin-related inflammation caused by a high-fat meal. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200256">Ghanim et al. 2010</a>)<br />
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Fructose is another theoretical cause of endotoxemia. However, high amounts of pure fructose seems to be the real problem, not the moderate amounts of sucrose or fruits. As mentioned above, some forms of fruit (orange juice) might even be able to prevent endotoxemia. Bacterial overgrowth and increased intestinal permeability associated with fructose maldigestion is probably the mechanism for how excess fructose could cause endotoxemia in some people. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19381015">Stanhope et al. 2009</a>, <a href="http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2013/06/19/ajcn.112.057331.abstract">Kavanagh et al. 2013</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18395289">Bergheim et al. 2008</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22525431">Spruss et al. 2012</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22469071">Yilmaz 2012</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1844365">Chesta et al. 1991</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21046243">Shanab et al. 2011</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291785">Miele et al. 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17217453">Gibson et al. 2007</a>)<br />
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Some dietary factors such as dietary antioxidants, choline and glycine, can protect from endotoxemia. Choline can be obtained from liver, egg yolks, milk and meat while bones, cartilage and head cheese are good sources of glycine. Higher consumption of coffee is inversely correlated with liver cirrhosis, but it’s not known whether coffee prevents endotoxemia. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9756519">Rivera et al. 1998</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16369190">Yilmaz et al. 2005</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19060783">Ilcol et al. 2009</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135970">Ilcol et al. 2005</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22000805">Tvarijonaviciute et al. 2012</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9309314">Eastin et al. 1997</a> & <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12589194">Zhong et al. 2003</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694963">Yin et al. 1998</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8760112">Ikejima et al. 1996</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565339">Xu et al. 2008</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23615880">Wang et al. 2013</a> & <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11897178">Gallus et al. 2002</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16772246">Klatsky et al. 2006</a>)<br />
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There seem to be quite strong correlations between antibodies to certain pathogens (C. pneumoniae, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus 2…) and atherosclerosis. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411646">Espinola-Klein et al. 2002</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11435333">Rupprecht et al. 2001</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10839732">Taylor-Robinson&Thomas 2000</a>)<br />
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Uncontrolled diabetes seems to be associated with significantly decreased T4->T3 conversion in liver, but insulin therapy seems to improve or normalize it. (<a href="http://www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2008_39_5/22-4263.pdf">Islam et al. 2008</a>, <a href="http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/jcem-48-5-854?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed&">Pittman et al. 1979</a>, <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01219324">Saunders et al. 1978</a>)<br />
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Many cytokines, protein complexes and other molecules related to inflammation, metabolic syndrome and stress can also have a negative impact on thyroid hormone levels (TNF, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IFN, interferon-gamma, cortisol). N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) might prevent some of IL-6 induced harms, possibly by restoring glutathione levels. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9678522">Bartalena et al. 1998</a> <span style="font-size: x-small;">(<a href="http://eje-online.org/content/138/6/603.long">pdf</a>)</span>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/197800">Westgren et al. 1977</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7962327">Stouthard et al. 1994</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7593416">Corssmit et al. 1995</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10930442">Nagaya et al. 2000</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2229314">van der Poll et al. 1990</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1332102">Kung et al. 1992</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=9781636">Torpy et al. 1998</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=7930379">Bartalena et al. 1994</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=18211669">Abo-Zenah et al. 2008</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=8263160">Boelen et al. 1993</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10094108">Feelders et al. 1999</a> & <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21540553">Wajner et al. 2011</a>)<br />
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<b>Deficiency of red light and near-infrared radiation -</b> I have written about the fact that <a href="http://valtsus.blogspot.fi/2013/11/therapeutic-effects-of-red-light-and.html">red light and near-infrared radiation</a> increase the tissue metabolism and decrease inflammatory cytokines in blood, by activating the mitochondrial enzyme <i>cytochrome c oxidase</i>.<br />
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It has been demonstrated in a vast amount of clinical human studies that near-infrared light is a very powerful treatment to various kinds of diseases. Excellent results have been achieved in hypothyroidism, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, macular degeneration and many other ailments. In two studies, almost 50% of hypothyroid patients did not require any thyroid medication after the treatment period. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20662037">Höfling et al. 2010</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22718472">Höfling et al. 2013</a>) Moreover, in a Russian study, the diabetic patients' total cholesterol was reduced from 7.98 to 5.31 in one month. (<a href="http://www.healinglightseminars.com/laser-research-library/diabetes/">Kovalyova 2002</a>) In cholesterol-fed rabbits, polarized light provides much a stronger protection from atherosclerosis than a statin drug. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22474473">Park et al. 2012</a>)<br />
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Because higher exposure to near-infrared light seems to be beneficial to health, we can assume that a large percentage of population is getting too little of it. Some of the best sources of near-infrared radiation are sunlight, incandescent lamps, heat lamps and low-level laser therapy (LLLT), which is the most common treatment used in the studies.<br />
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<b>11. Other potential benefits of desiccated thyroid therapy</b></div>
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<b><br /></b>In 1976, Broda Barnes published his book Hypothyroidism: The Unsuspected Illness. In the book he claims that there are numerous diseases which often can be cured or relieved with desiccated thyroid. The list includes health problems such as fatigue, migraine, mental health issues, frequent respiratory infections, menstrual irregularities, hypoglycemia, acne, and the vasculary complications of diabetes. Check the Appendix I for some studies about these ailments. <br />
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<b>12. Conclusions</b><br />
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Desiccated thyroid, as a medication, has been studied a few times for prophylaxis of heart disease on clinically euthyroid (normal hormone levels) people. Without exception, the results have been very favourable: In the studies, the cardiovascular mortality in thyroid-treated patients has been less than a fourth of normal. The best effect was seen in people with no background of heart disease.<br />
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These studies also raise some questions concerning the diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism. Modern blood tests seem to leave a significant amount of people with hypothyroid symptoms undiagnosed, so maybe some other tests such as basal temperature, symptoms, basal metabolic rate and total cholesterol, could be useful in the diagnosis of thyroid hormone insufficiency. We should also consider that desiccated thyroid could be a more useful medication than thyroxine monotherapy, and that sometimes the optimal dosage of thyroid hormones will suppress TSH below the “normal” range.<br />
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The medical experts do not usually discuss the studies I’ve been talking about here. One plausible reason could be the fact that these studies do not follow the current RCT gold standard. On the other hand, lack of adequate data doesn’t imply lack of efficacy, and we are faced with the problem that to this date the clinical data on this subject seems to point to the direction that desiccated thyroid could be a very valuable tool in the prevention of the heart disease. <br />
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Scroll down past the endnotes to comment.</div>
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<b>Endnotes</b><br />
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* Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) seems to be an especially good marker for CVD, and better than the traditional markers such as age, total cholesterol HDL, blood pressure, diabetes and smoking. This seems to be quite logical, because immune cells degrade specifically ox-LDL, not unoxidized LDL. (<a href="http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/21/5/844.abstract">Holvoet et al. 2011</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16043640">Meisinger et al. 2005</a>, <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/ancestralhealth/ahs-slideschris-masterjohn">Chris Masterjohn’s presentation</a>, <a href="http://blog.cholesterol-and-health.com/2011/03/genes-ldl-cholesterol-levels-and.html">Chris Masterjohn’s cholesterol article</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9837872">Sata&Walsh 1998</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6838433">Henriksen et al. 1983</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6587396">Steinbrecher et al. 1984</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9153208">Watson et al. 1997</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9568715">Nagy et al. 1998</a>)<br />
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** I’ve been thinking whether this fact, combined with Eaton’s observation of diabetics’ hypothyroid symptoms and Islam et al. observation of lowered free T3 in diabetics, could explain why in some studies egg consumption is correlated with heart disease in diabetic subjects but not in non-diabetic subjects. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23295181">Rong et al. 2013</a>, <a href="http://www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2008_39_5/22-4263.pdf">Islam et al. 2008</a>)<br />
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*** The absolute difference was just 11-16µg depending on the time of the year, but even these minor amounts might have physiological significance because the total intake of iodine by Finns was as little as 51-71µg per day.<br />
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**** Even though dietary polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) can decrease the levels of LDL cholesterol, some of those fats seem to also increase the oxidation of LDL. Vitamin E and some phenolic compounds in the fat can reduce or prevent this increase. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8911273">Mata et al. 1996</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9351376">Mata et al. 1997</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9683400">Schwab et al. 1998</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21122147">Palomäki et al. 2010</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/11840183">Kratz et al. 2002</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20386648">Cicerale et al. 2010</a>)<br />
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<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Appendix I: Extra citations from articles related to thyroid function and/or heart disease</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b>1916: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19867972" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bailey CH: Atheroma and other lesions produced in rabbits by cholesterol feeding.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Enlargement of the adrenals has been noted by several of the previously mentioned investigators and also by Rothschild (25), who reports experiments on the relationship of the adrenals to cholesterol metabolism and hypercholesterinemia. Enlargement of the adrenals appears to be a consistent finding, having been present in all rabbits except Nos. 2 and 3. In Rabbits 5 and 14 these organs were about four times the normal size.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b>1929: <a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=268592" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Swaim LT: Chronic arthritis: Further metabolism studies</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“In 200 cases of chronic arthritis there was an abnormal metabolic rate in 39 per cent; 20 per cent were minus and 19 per cent plus. [...] An interesting drop in metabolic rate was noted in some cases after the administration of thyroid extract, with an improvement in the stability and regularity of the graphic metabolic chart.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b>1935: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19870444" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Turner&Bidwell: Further observations on the blood cholesterol of rabbits in relation to atherosclerosis.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“In thyroidectomized rabbits fed cholesterol and potassium iodide, both thyroid and thyroxin delayed but did not prevent a rise in blood cholesterol. Even with the hypercholesterolemia in these animals, however, the incidence of atherosclerosis was low.” “Page and Bernhard (4) also found that rabbits fed cholesterol and an organic iodide developed an average plasma cholesterol higher than those fed cholesterol alone. The animals given iodide, however, were largely protected from atherosclerosis”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b>1937: <a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=279369" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Litzenberg JC: The endocrines in relation to sterility and abortion</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Since 1922 I have studied the relation of the basal metabolic rate to sterility, abortions and menstrual disturbances. In our first small series of sixty-nine consecutive women, in whom no other evidence of myxedema was present, 50 per cent had a low basal rate; adding those who had conceived but aborted, the figure was 56 per cent. Carefully supervised thyroid medication resulted in 33.3 per cent conception, 14 per cent of whom aborted. [...] Haines and Mussey of the Mayo Clinic confirmed our thyroid treatment of functional menstrual disturbances, saying: “Because of a desire to determine the effectiveness of thyroid medication alone, in the treatment of certain menstrual disturbances, no patient received any other treatment. All were definitely improved; amenorrhea, 72 per cent; oligomenorrhea, 55 per cent; menorrhagia, 73 per cent, and general health, 75 per cent.”"</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>1938: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2133549/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Turner et al: The role of the thyroid in the regulation of the cholesterol of rabbits.</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b>1939: <a href="http://endo.endojournals.org/content/24/3/383" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Foster&Thornton: Thyroid in the treatment of menstrual irregularities</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Fifty patients with ages ranging from 16 to 34 years were seen because of dysmenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, amonerrhea, metrorrhagia and menorrhagia. All were apparently healthy individuals with normal pelvic findings. These patients had B.M.R. ranging from -1 to -33 with an average of -15. All were treated with desiccated thyroid. Of 25 cases of dysmenorrhea 17 had complete relief, 5 partial, and 3 no relief. Of 17 individuals with an oligomenorrhea all had complete relief. Of 4 patients with amenorrhea lasting from 8 months to 4 years only one had relief of her symptoms. Among 13 patients with metrorrhagia 12 had complete relief and of 7 with a menorrhagia 6 had complete relief.”</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1939: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC537100/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wharton GK: Unrecognized hypothyroidism</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Many patients who could be helped by thyroid therapy are not recognized as hypothyroid. Standard textbooks subdivide hypothyroidism into myxcedema and cretinism, and refer to the basal metabolic rate as the significant diagnostic criterion. However, there are other important manifestations of hypothyroidism and methods of investigation based upon recent advances in the knowledge of the physiology of this gland. Endocrine factors are important in migraine, arthritis, acne vulgaris, hypertension, fatigue, growth and sexual disturbances, as these cases show.”</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1942: <a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=256690" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Barnes BO: Basal temperature versus basal metabolism.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“The blood cholesterol has been extensively used by some investigators but has been found useless in the present study. Since most of the present observations were carried out on college students, the failure of a correlation between metabolic rate and cholesterol content of the blood may be due to the age of the patient. Further work would be necessary to prove this point. The pulse rate has been suggested by some authors, but in college students many rapid pulses have slowed down on thyroid therapy.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“The therapeutic results would leave no doubt in the mind of the physician or the patient that what had appeared to be a classic hyperthyroid syndrome was in reality hypothyroid in causation. The body temperature was the only criterion on which a correct diagnosis might have been made. That such cases are not rare is indicated by 6 additional cases that I have observed during the past twelve months. In 5 of these an operation had been performed, and the subsequent history left no doubt of a mistaken diagnosis.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b>1946: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16748061" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Popják G: The effect of feeding cholesterol without fat on the plasma-lipids of the rabbit. The role of cholesterol in fat metabolism.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“During prolonged cholesterol feeding all plasma-lipids show a progressive increase.” “During the administration of cholesterol the iodine value of the phospholipid fatty acids decreased markedly, i.e. these phospholipids contained more saturated fatty acids than before the experiment.[...] There appears to be a selective ‘secretion’ into the blood by the liver of the phospholipids containing the more saturated fatty acids.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b>1947: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20342489" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Barnes BO: Headache; etiology and treatment.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Practically all cases presented evidence of thyroid deficiency, and hence, were treated with thyroid extract. Within thirty days after medication was started, a marked decrease in both frequency and severity has been the rule. Many cases of migraine have been completely relieved”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1949: </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18135958" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kirk et al. The correlation between thyroid function and the incidence of arteriosclerosis.</a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[This group didn't find strong correlations between PBI and atherosclerosis, but lowered basal metabolic rate was associated with peripheral atherosclerosis. "The findings suggest an influence of the thyroid gland on the development of medial arteriosclerosis in human subjects."]</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18106263" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Barnes BO: The treatment of menstrual disorders in general practice.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">[From Barnes' book: </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"In 1949, I published </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18106263" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-size: small; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a report</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> on 143 women with menstrual disorders whom I had seen in my practice and for whom, after taking a thorough history and carrying out a complete physical examination including examination of the pelvis, I had prescribed thyroid therapy. These were women without evidence of fibroids, ovarian cysts, or any other organic disease. In some, basal metabolism test indicated thyroid deficiency; in others, the basal temperature test was used.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Forty-eight of the women suffered from menstrual cramps. Only five failed to get some relief from thyroid therapy; thirty-five experienced complete relief.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Forty-five of the women had irregular cycles. Forty-three benefited, with the cycles becoming completely regular in forty-one.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Fifty women suffered from excessive bleeding. Two failed to benefit; two improved somewhat; forty-six resumed periods with normal flow."]</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">1950: </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14789321" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kountz WB: Vascular degeneration in hypothyroidism.</a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“This work reveals that hypothyroidism and its associated metabolic deficiency in man may lead to advanced degeneration of the blood vessels when present over an extended period”</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1951: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14799615" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Herbut et al: The effect of hepbisul (heptyl aldehyde-sodium bisulfite addition compound) and thyroxin on Walker rat carcinoma 256.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Hepbisul and natural [<i>levo</i>]thyroxin were administered subcutaneously to Sprague-Dawley rats bearing the Walker rat carcinoma 256. Of the 108 animals treated, 27 showed complete regression of the tumors and 12 others showed a favorable histologic response.” “Hepbisul and synthetic [<i>dextro</i>]thyroxin resulted in a favorable response in 2 of 50 animals treated or a total of 4 per cent. The cause of this discrepancy is unknown.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>1953: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14375791" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fang&Reyes: Thyroid extract in the management of hypertension.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">["Fang and Reyes reported successful results in the treatment of 50 cases of hypertension. All received a uniform dose of thyroid gr.3 [180mg]. They were the first to report a coincident fall in the pulse rate in the majority of the cases successfully treated (68%).”]</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.speciation.net/Database/Journals/Federation-Proceedings-;i1921" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Barnes BO: Etiology and treatment of lowered resistance to upper respiratory infections.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“During the past 11 years over 150 patients susceptible to respiratory infections have been treated with thyroid, with gratifying results. In addition to feeling better, their incidence of colds and sore throats has been reduced to normal.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1954: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2007963/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">J. G. C. Spencer: The Influence of the Thyroid in Malignant Disease</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“A higher death rate from cancer was shown to exist in two Swedish counties, Kopparberg and Gefleborg[...] Those two counties (…) were found to have a higher incidence of goitre as compared with the rest of the country.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“The association of goitre and malignant disease in the post-mortem room was strikingly illustrated by analysis of 1000 post mortems at the Middlesex Hospital (Stocks, 1924) [...] The final result of the survey showed that thyroid anomalities occurred in 18.7 per cent of 500 persons dying of cancer and only in 3.9 per cent of 500 persons dying of conditions other than cancer.”</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> ”The presence of excess of thyroxine in the tissues appears to be prejudicial to the successful grafting of tumours from one mouse to another.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“In an attempt to explain how this change in tissue is effective we are left with several possibilities : (a) That thyroxine encourages normal physiological tissue respiration rather than the so-called anaerobic type which appears to be the one demonstrable biochemical difference between normal and neoplastic tissue (Greenstein, 1947)”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13222100" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Eaton CD: Co-existence of hypothyroidism with diabetes mellitus.</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> [I couldn't find this paper so the citation is from a secondary source] </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“[...]when he sought to determine the incidence of hypothyroidism in diabetic patients by means of the basal metabolic rate, he found that even though that test is not very sensitive and may miss many cases of low thyroid function, it established that hypothyroidism was frequent in diabetics, more so than in the nondiabetic population. When he then began administration of thyroid in small, physiological doses to his hypothyroid diabetic patients, he found that the thyroid had no influence on the diabetes. [...] But there were other marked changes in his patients [...] They lost their fatigue, their skin problems, and other symptoms of thyroid deficiency which had not been controlled by the control of the diabetes. Their susceptibility to infections decreased greatly. Dr. Eaton also noted that there were fewer problems with thromboses, or blood clots, in the arteries, which he correctly interpreted as being due to improved circulation and less pooling and stagnation of blood. And he also noted that, as the result of increased circulation in the extremeties, there was less gangrene even in those with arteriosclerosis.”]</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>1955: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13228382" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Feinblatt et al: Treatment of arteriosclerosis and vague abdominal distress with niacinamide hydroiodide, without side-effects.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">[Feinblatt et al. [83], in a series of 59 arteriosclerosis patients, reported a reduction in dizziness (71%), headache (61%), disturbed orientation (50%), and fatigue (41%). Subjects were given both iodine and niacinamide.]</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1958: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13563199" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wallach et al: Cardiac disease and hypothyroidism; complications induced by initial thyroid therapy.</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13564789" style="font-size: 13px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Uotila et al: Goitre and atherosclerosis.</span></b></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"In hypothyroidism an excessive amount of thyrotrophic hormone is secreted. In addition to its stimulating effect on the thyroid gland, thyrotrophin affects connective tissue directly by increasing its mucopolysaccharide content (Asboe-Hansen and Iversen 1951). It also prevents the maturation of granulation tissue whereas growth hormone promotes it (Saikku 1956). We think it likely that the acknowledged tendency of hypothyroid patients to arteriosclerosis is attributable not only to a raised serum-cholesterol level but also to the overproduction of thyrotrophin."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1961: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13752096" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Keating et al. Treatment of heart disease associated with myxedema.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">["Keating et al. (68) reported a series of 1503 patients with hypothyroidism seen at the Mayo Clinic, 55 (3%) of whom had angina at the time of diagnosis. Among these patients with preexisting angina, improvement or no change in symptoms occurred in 84% after thyroid hormone replacement, with worsening of angina in only 16%. Thirty-five patients (2%) without preceding angina developed it after initiation of thyroid hormone therapy. The 1-yr cardiovascular mortality in those with preexisting angina and treated hypothyroidism was 3%, which is actually less than the 9–15% 1-yr cardiac mortality reported for angina patients during the same era (64)."]</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>1962: <a href="http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/jar/article/PIIS0368131963800071/abstract" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Myasnikov et al. The influence of thyroid hormones on cholesterol metabolism in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“It was found that desiccated thyroid produced an increase in the absorption of radioactive cholesterol by the blood and also produced an increase in the radioactivity present in the liver, the aorta, the adrenal glands and in the brain.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13905547" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hay KM: The influence of thyroid on water metabolism in migraine.</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> ”Patients subject to frequent attacks of migraine have a constitutional instability of their salt and water balances, with retention occurring in the prodromal phase, and a diuresis during and after the onset of the main symptoms. These changes do not in themselves account for migraine, but they serve as indicators of the state of flux in the background metabolism, which is part of the migraine syndrome. Evidence has been given to show that small doses of thyroid can modify the diumal weight changes in migraine, with clinical improvement in the majority of cases.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1964: <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.1330220325/abstract" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dupertuis CW: The thyroid-vitamin approach to cholesterol atheromatosis and chronic disease. A ten year study. By Murray Israel, M.D. VIII & 132 pp. The George Press, Inc., New York, 1960</a> [book review] <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“According to this concept, hypofunction of the thyroid gland is fundamentally related to the deposition of cholesterol in the intima as well as to a chain of other commonly associated symptoms such as nervousness, irritability, depression and fatique.” Treatment for the alleviation of these conditions was based on the administration of a combination of thyroid extract in varying dosages with standaradized amounts of Vitamin Complex. [...] According to him, of the original 714, 443 remain under active treatment from seven months to more than 30 years later, but 202 are lost to follow-up for various reasons, especially economic. Others have died or moved away. The improvement rate of 92 per cent, however, is given on 655 patients. [...] As one reads this account of the results of the thyroid-vitamin therapy, one is impressed with the generally good results obtained. There seems to be no question that sluggish thyroids do contribute to a large number of clinical disorders and that these conditions can be improved by the thyroid-vitamin treatment.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>1971: <a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=336034" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Barnes BO: Physical Fitness in Military Personnel</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Heart attacks have been always infrequent in Graz. In 1930, there were only 0.8% of the deaths from this cause. At the height of World War II, this fell to 0.3%. This drop was not the result of less atherosclerosis due to changes in the diet, since the coronary vessels showed approximately a fourfold increase in sclerosis in 1944. A marked rise in tuberculosis during the war was responsible for killing adult males with advancing coronary sclerosis before heart attacks could occur. The introduction of antibiotics at the end of the war curtailed deaths from infectious diseases; myocardial infarctions rose year by year until the incidence in 1966 was 7% of the total deaths.”</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=344082" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Barnes BO: The Coronary Drug Project</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“[...] the directors should be censored for selecting dextrothyroxine sodium, a synthetic preparation of variable activity, which has been listed as contraindicated in coronary disease by the <i>Physicians Desk Reference</i>. [...] The use of 6 mg of dextrothyroxine sodium by the Coronary Drug Project represented the calorigenic equivalent of 0.45 mg of levothyroxine sodium or 4.5 grains of desiccated thyroid. Since 1925 it has been repeatedly demonstrated that such dosages may be fatal in patients with coronary disease.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://books.google.fi/books/about/Federation_proceedings.html?id=8CHpAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Barnes BO: The role of hypothyroidism in hypertension</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“A 20-year follow-up on over 1000 patients receiving thyroid therapy reveals that new cases of hypertension are rare; only 12 new cases appeared in the interval. In 127 patients the blood pressure was elevated before thyroid was started. In 102 of these a marked reduction in pressure occurred; only a few required any other medication. In 19 others there was no change in the blood pressures, while 6 showed a mild further elevation over the years. [...] The reduction is very gradual, and in some cases may require as long as 3 years. [..] Basal Temperatures have been found more reliable than customary thyroid-function tests in selecting patients likely to respond to thyroid administration. [...] The improvement may be due to diuresis, increased renal blood flow and less atherosclerosis.”</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1974: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC301501/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dencla WD: Role of the pituitary and thyroid glands in the decline of minimal O2 consumption with age.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“All the major endocrine ablations were performed in this and earlier work, and only pituitary ablation (a) restored in adults part of the responsiveness to thyroxine found in immature rats and (b) arrested the normal age-associated decrease in responsiveness to thyroxine in immature rats. Bovine pituitary extracts were found that decreased the responsiveness of immature rats to thyroxine.” [ks. myös <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16643985" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Powers et al. 2006</a> ja <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12652188" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Everitt 2003</a>]</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>1976: <a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=350123" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Barnes BO: Thyroid Supplements and Breast Cancer</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“[...]they state that “a definite relationship between breast cancer and hypothyroidism has been established.” This is certainly true, and the most convincing evidence for it are some personal, unpublished observations on the routine autopsies performed in Graz, Austria. Graz is a goiter area; the entire population suffers from a relative thyroid deficiency. Thyroid replacement is rarely employed there. Yet the incidence of breast cancer is as high as ten times that seen in the United States.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1978: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/623084" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Seino et al. Hypogastrinemia in hypothyroidism.</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“The decreased gastrin level in patients with hypothyroidism was significantly improved after the thyroid function was normalized by treatment.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/680421" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Saunders et al. Thyroid hormones in insulin requiring diabetes before and after treatment.</a> ”<span style="font-size: xx-small;">“[Plasma T4 and T3 concentrations] were both low in diabetics, with T3 frequently in the hypothyroid range, while [...] [rT3 concentrations] were elevated. All three returned to normal following the treatment.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1981: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7293651" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lamberg et al. Further decrease in thyroidal uptake and disappearance of endemic goitre in children after 30 years of iodine prophylaxis in the east of Finland.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Endemic goitre of moderate severity was mainly found in the east of Finland in the 1930′s. Studies in the 1950′s showed an average daily iodine intake of 65-70 micrograms in the west and 50-65 micrograms in the east of the country. The use of iodized salt was introduced in the late 1940′s but added only 15 micrograms of iodine to the daily intake. In the late 1950′s iodine prophylaxis was intensified and the use of salt containing 25 mg KI/kg was recommended. In 1978 about 95% of all household salt used in the Savonlinna area was iodized. This region in the east of Finland has been used as an area of surveillance and studies have been carried out there in 1959, 1969 and 1979. During this period the thyroidal uptake decreased from 67 to 23% in non-goitrous subjects and from 62 to 28% in goitre patients the difference between the two last figures being statistically significant. The goitre patients also had significantly higher serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels. During the same period the urinary excretion of stable 127I increased from 45 micrograms to about 250 micrograms a day. Concomitantly the goitre prevalence among school children has decreased. Having been in the early 1950′s in most parts 15-30% it is generally now 1-4%. It seems that the iodine intake is now adequate and that the endemia is gradually subsiding.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7316045" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Estes NC: Mastodynia due to fibrocystic disease of the breast controlled with thyroid hormone.</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> ”Nineteen patients were evaluated for breast pain and nodularity associated with fibrocystic disease. Rapid pain relief occurred in 73% of patients, with total relief in 47 percent after daily treatment with 0.1 mg of levothyroxine. Softening of breast tissue and decreased nodularity occurred within 3 months in many patients. Three patients had elevated levels of serum prolactin before treatment, with dramatic pain relief and normalization of prolactin levels after treatment.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7338211" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hesch et al. Treatment of dopamine-dependent shock with triiodothyronine.</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1983: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6848458" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Saito et al. Hypothyroidism as a cause of hypertension.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Adequate thyroid hormone replacement therapy for an average 14.8 months in 14 patients resulted in a normalization of thyroid function and a reduction of blood pressure (p less than 0.01). In four who showed no change in thyroid function due to inadequate replacement therapy, blood pressure remained elevated. These results suggest a close association between hypertension and hypothyroidism.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1984: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6694559" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Leibel&Hirsch: Diminished energy requirements in reduced-obese patients. (1984)</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“The mean individual energy requirement of the reduced-obese subjects (2171 kcal/d) was less than that for the control subjects (2280 kcal/d) despite the fact that they still weighed 60% more than the controls.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1985: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4067667" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Katamine et al. Effects of the long-term (17-19 months) feeding of high-iodine eggs on lipid metabolism and thyroid function in rats.</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 16px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/Sarne&Refetoff:%20Measurement%20of%20thyroxine%20uptake%20from%20serum%20by%20cultured%20human%20hepatocytes%20as%20an%20index%20of%20thyroid%20status:%20reduced%20thyroxine%20uptake%20from%20serum%20of%20patients%20with%20nonthyroidal%20illness." style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">Sarne&Refetoff: Measurement of thyroxine uptake from serum by cultured human hepatocytes as an index of thyroid status: reduced thyroxine uptake from serum of patients with nonthyroidal illness.</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> "In patients with NTI, the results of in vitro estimations of free T4 do not always correlate with the transfer of T4 to tissues, as assessed by T4 uptake in human hepatoma cells. In patients with NTI, equilibrium dialysis may overestimate and resin uptake measurements may underestimate the amount of T4 taken up by tissues. In some patients with severe NTI, tissue uptake of T4 is reduced."</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1986: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3011834" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Brent&Hershman: Thyroxine therapy in patients with severe nonthyroidal illnesses and low serum thyroxine concentration.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“A significant rise in serum T3 occurred in the control group on day 7, but was delayed until day 10 in the treatment group.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3094667" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fraser et al: Are biochemical tests of thyroid function of any value in monitoring patients receiving thyroxine replacement?</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“It is clear from table IV, however, that serum thyroid hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations cannot be used with any degree of confidence to classify patients as receiving satisfactory, insufficient, or excessive amounts of thyroxine replacement.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3785301" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Brayshaw&Brayshaw: Thyroid hypofunction in premenstrual syndrome</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">[54 women with PMS were studied. Various thyroid tests were done (TRH-stimulation test especially). The average TSH level of the women was within the "normal" range (<4.0) but still 51 of the women showed some cues of hypothyroidism. 34 of these patients were given T4 medication. <i>All </i>of these 34 women were cured from PMS symptoms.]</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3740255" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">van der Heyden et al: Effects of caloric deprivation on thyroid hormone tissue uptake and generation of low-T3 syndrome.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“In conclusion, during caloric restriction, transport of T4 and T3 into tissues is diminished, and this phenomenon is much more pronounced for T4 than for T3.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1989: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2718701" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Escobar del Rey et al.: Generalized deficiency of 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) in tissues from rats on a low iodine intake, despite normal circulating T3 levels.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“The present results show that, despite normal plasma T3, a deficiency of T3 occurs in more tissues of rats on a low iodine intake than previously assumed.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2614015" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lindberg et al. The impact of 25 years of iodine prophylaxis on the adult thyroid weight in Finland.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“In the 1950′s the iodine intake calculated both from urinary excretion of stable iodine and from food analysis data was 50-70 micrograms per day the intake being lower in the main endemic area in the eastern part of the country. [...] At the beginning of the 1980′s the iodine intake calculated in the same way was around 300 micrograms per day all over the country. [...] A significant decrease in thyroid weight from a mean of 44 to a mean of 34 g was observed.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2929691" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wilansky&Greisman: Early hypothyroidism in patients with menorrhagia.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“The functional status of the thyroid gland was evaluated in 67 apparently euthyroid menorrhagic women by a thyrotropin-releasing hormone test. Fifteen of 67 showed mild primary hypothyroidism characterized by a small but significant elevation of basal levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (5.9 +/- 0.76 versus 2.4 +/- 0.24 mU/L) and lowering of serum thyroxine levels (85 +/- 4.2 versus 105 +/- 3.0 nmol/L) to levels that were nevertheless within the normal range [...] The terms early and potential hypothyroidism appear to better describe the preliminary phases of hypothyroidism than do other terms in current use. Menorrhagia disappeared within 3 to 6 months and did not reappear in 1 to 3 years of follow up in all patients with early hypothyroidism to whom L-thyroxine was given.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2714458" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Powell et al. Can thyroxine halt the progression of peripheral arterial disease?</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Non-invasive assessment showed that three of the 15 (20%) women treated with thyroxine had progression of arterial disease, two in the legs and one in the legs and coronary arteries; two women showed improvement of ankle/brachial pressure indices. There was no accelerated angina, myocardial infarction, stroke or death in this group. Fifty-six of the 58 patients with normal levels of TSH were alive at follow-up and there was progression of distal disease in 24 (43%), coronary artery disease in 6 (11%), increasing carotid stenosis in four and two complained of transient ischaemic attacks. In this group, disease progression affected 32/56 (57%) of the women and this is significantly greater than in the thyroxine treated group chi 2 (P less than 0.05).” “The changes in apolipoprotein B and serum lipids may ameliorate the progression of arterial disease with only 20% of the treated women showing disease progression after one year compared with more than half of the cohort from whom they were selected.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1990: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1702669" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Oster&Prellwitz: Selenium and cardiovascular disease</a>. <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“For humans, ecological and epidemiological results are reported that show a relationship between the serum selenium concentration and cardiovascular disease in populations where low serum selenium concentrations are found, e.g., in Eastern Finland. From clinical studies done in Germany (FRG and GDR), Finland, and Sweden, subnormal serum selenium and partially whole blood selenium concentrations are reported in patients with acute myocardial infarction.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1752940" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Witztum&Steinberg: Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“The nature of the substrate for lipid peroxidation, mainly the polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipid esters and cholesterol, is a dominant influence in determining susceptibility. As noted by Esterbauer et al. (52), there is a vast excess of polyunsaturated fatty acids in LDL, in relationship to the content ofnatural, endogenous antioxidants. The importance ofthe fatty acid composition was impressively demonstrated by our recent studies of rabbits fed a diet high in linoleic acid (18:2) or in oleic acid (18:1) for a period of 10 wk. LDL isolated from the animals on oleic acid-rich diet were greatly enriched in oleate and low in linoleate. This LDL was remarkably resistant to oxidative modification, measured either by direct parameters oflipid peroxidation (i.e., TBARS and conjugated dienes) or by the indirect criterion of uptake by macrophages (53).”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1992: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1387859" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nestler et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone: the “missing link” between hyperinsulinemia and atherosclerosis?</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“A well-established epidemiologic association exists between hyperinsulinemia and macrovascular disease. However, the mechanism or mechanisms by which hyperinsulinemia promotes atherogenesis is unknown. Recent evidence indicates that the adrenal steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) exerts multiple antiatherogenic effects and also suggests that hyperinsulinemia may reduce serum DHEA and DHEA-sulfate levels by decreasing production and enhancing metabolic clearance.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7517162" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kauf et al. Sodium selenite therapy and thyroid-hormone status in cystic fibrosis and congenital hypothyroidism.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“The effectiveness of a peroral sodium selenite therapy (115 micrograms Se/m2 BSA/d) administered to cystic fibrosis patients (n = 32) could after three months be identified in a significant serum selenium increase (0.69–&gt;0.96 mumol/L), a significant malondialdehyde decrease (2.72–&gt;1.64 mumol/L), as well as in a significant serum vitamin E increase (4.31–&gt;5.72 micrograms/mL). Parallel to that, a serum T3 increase as well as a highly significant decrease in the serum T4/T3-ratio were found, too, which point to improved peripheral T4–&gt;T3 conversion during selenium medication.”</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1605145">Staub et al: Spectrum of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism: effect on thyrotropin, prolactin, and thyroid reserve, and metabolic impact on peripheral target tissues.</a> <span style="font-size: x-small;">"In grade I subclinical hypothyroidism (basal TSH below 6 mU/L), we found significant changes in the clinical index (p less than 0.05), apoprotein A-I level (p less than 0.05), and stimulated prolactin level after oral TRH (p less than 0.001). The findings were similar in grade II (TSH 6 to 12 mU/L). Further changes could be demonstrated in grade III (TSH above 12 mU/L) with a definite elevation of ankle reflex time (p less than 0.001), serum myoglobin level (p less than 0.01), and, to a lesser extent, creatine kinase (p greater than 0.1). The mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level showed an increase of 18%, which was not significant because of marked individual variations (p = 0.15)."</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1993: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8301233" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Feingold et al. Effect of endotoxin on cholesterol biosynthesis and distribution in serum lipoproteins in Syrian hamsters.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Both low and high dose LPS increase hepatic cholesterol synthesis (low dose 85%, high dose 205%) and total HMG-CoA reductase activity (low dose 2.97-fold, high dose 9.96-fold).”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8077346" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hennemann et al. Decreased peripheral 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) production from thyroxine (T4): a syndrome of impaired thyroid hormone activation due to transport inhibition of T4- into T3-producing tissues.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Because T4 into T3 conversion efficiency in the REP (the main source of plasma T3 production) was normal, it was concluded that the lowered T3 production in the subject was caused by transport inhibition of T4 into the liver. Although the occurrence of the syndrome is rare, its significance is of general importance, in that it shows that transport of thyroid hormone may vary at the tissue level. Furthermore, as T3 is the principal biologically active thyroid hormone, regulation of transport of T4 into the REP may play a (patho)physiological role in the ultimate determination of thyroid hormone activity in the tissues.”</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8442772" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hanna et al. Inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation by thyronines and probucol.</a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1995: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8675653" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Escobar-Morreale et al. Replacement therapy for hypothyroidism with thyroxine alone does not ensure euthyroidism in all tissues, as studied in thyroidectomized rats.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“No single dose of T4 was able to restore normal plasma thyrotropin, T4 and T3, as well as T4 and T3 in all tissues, or at least to restore T3 simultaneously in plasma and all tissues. Moreover, in most tissues, the dose of T4 needed to ensure normal T3 levels resulted in supraphysiological T4 concentrations. Notable exceptions were the cortex, brown adipose tissue, and cerebellum, which maintained T3 homeostasis over a wide range of plasma T4 and T3 levels.”</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7883859" style="font-weight: bold;">Boelen et al. Soluble cytokine receptors and the low 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine syndrome in patients with nonthyroidal disease.</a> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">"</span><span style="line-height: 16px;">The variability in serum T3 was accounted for 35% by changes in ln (sTNF alpha R p75) and 14% by changes in ln (IL-6)."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1996: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8641203" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Escobar-Morreale et al. Only the combined treatment with thyroxine and triiodothyronine ensures euthyroidism in all tissues of the thyroidectomized rat.</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8633935" style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">Klemperer et al. Triiodothyronine therapy lowers the incidence of atrial fibrillation after cardiac operations.</a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal;">Triiodothyronine-treated patients had a lower incidence of atrial fibrillation (24% versus 46%; p = 0.009), and fewer required cardioversion (0 versus 6; p = 0.012) or anticoagulation (2 versus 10; p = 0.013) during hospitalization. Six patients in the T3 group versus 16 in the placebo group required antiarrhythmic therapy at discharge (p = 0.019)."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small; line-height: normal;">1997: </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9062480" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Zulewski et al: Estimation of tissue hypothyroidism by a new clinical score: evaluation of patients with various grades of hypothyroidism and controls. (1997)</span></b></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="line-height: normal;">"In overt hypothyroid patients, the new score showed an excellent correlation with ankle reflex relaxation time and total cholesterol (r = 0.76 and r = 0.60; P &lt; 0.0001), but no correlation with TSH (r = 0.01)."</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">1998: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9788246" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Vine et al. Dietary oxysterols are incorporated in plasma triglyceride</a></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9788246" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-rich lipoproteins, increase their susceptibility to oxidation and increase aortic cholesterol concentration of rabbits.</a><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Seven animals received rabbit chow supplemented with 1.0% auto-oxidized cholesterol (containing 6% oxysterols), 8 rabbits received 1.0% purified cholesterol supplemented chow (control diet), and 5 rabbits received standard rabbit chow.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">“Oxidized cholesterol feeding increased total plasma cholesterol 8-fold, reflecting a greater proportion of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins [...] However, the increase in plasma cholesterol after supplementation with pure cholesterol was more than double that seen with the oxidized cholesterol-fed rabbits.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">“[...]the concentration of aortic total cholesterol in rabbits fed oxidized cholesterol was increased more than 2-fold (653 ± 131 μg/g versus 278 ± 39 μg/g aorta, respectively) compared to unsupplemented and purified cholesterol-fed rabbits (Fig. 6). Supplementation of the diet with pure cholesterol caused no significant increase in arterial cholesterol concentration (398 ± 41 μg/g aorta) compared to the unsupplemented group.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">“In addition, it has been suggested that arterial fatty lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits are due to oxysterols associated with USP-grade cholesterol (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/990067" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">16</a>) [...] It is possible that the atherogenic basis of cholesterol-fed diets is positively related to the level of oxidized sterol products.“</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>1999: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10468996" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Monzani et al. Neuromuscular symptoms and dysfunction in subclinical hypothyroid patients: beneficial effect of L-T4 replacement therapy.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Neuromuscular symptoms were significantly more frequent in patients than in controls (P = 0. 0001), and correlated with TSH values (r = 0.52; P = 0.0001). Among patients showing three or more symptoms (n = 11), sEMG documented the presence of repetitive discharges in 8 patients. L-T4 therapy led to a significant improvement of symptoms (P = 0.0001); persistent repetitive discharges were no longer observed.” [Patients' average TSH at baseline was 5.39mIU/l. FT4 vas 11.1 (12.2 in controls) and FT3 was 4.8 (4.9 in controls)]</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2000: <a href="http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13590840050043512" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Downing D: Hypothyroidism: Treating the Patient not the Laboratory</a> (<a href="http://www.encognitive.com/files/Hypothyroidism:%20Treating%20the%20Patient%20not%20the%20Laboratory.pdf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pdf</a>)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10719389" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Carvalho et al. Thyroid peroxidase activity is inhibited by amino acids.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Normal in vitro thyroid peroxidase (TPO) iodide oxidation activity was completely inhibited by a hydrolyzed TPO preparation (0.15 mg/ml) or hydrolyzed bovine serum albumin (BSA, 0.2 mg/ml). A pancreatic hydrolysate of casein (trypticase peptone, 0.1 mg/ml) and some amino acids (cysteine, tryptophan and methionine, 50 microM each) also inhibited the TPO iodide oxidation reaction completely, whereas casamino acids (0.1 mg/ml), and tyrosine, phenylalanine and histidine (50 microM each) inhibited the TPO reaction by 54% or less. A pancreatic digest of gelatin (0.1 mg/ml) or any other amino acid (50 microM) tested did not significantly decrease TPO activity.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1312295/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Roberts WC: Twenty questions on atherosclerosis</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“The only way to produce atherosclerosis in a carnivore is to take out the thyroid gland”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2001: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12473547" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Umans-Eckenhausen et al: Low-density lipoprotein receptor gene mutations and cardiovascular risk in a large genetic cascade screening population.</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> ”Patients with FH had CVD 8.5 times more often compared with their unaffected relatives (RR, 8.54; 95% CI, 5.29 to 13.80).”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://moreno%20et%20al.%20are%20the%20effects%20of%20t3%20on%20resting%20metabolic%20rate%20in%20euthyroid%20rats%20entirely%20caused%20by%20t3%20itself/?" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Moreno et al. Are the effects of T3 on resting metabolic rate in euthyroid rats entirely caused by T3 itself?</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“These results seem to indicate that when T3 is injected into [euthyroid] animals, not all the effects on RMR are attributable to T3 itself, the early effect presumably being largely because of its in vivo deiodination to 3,5-T2.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11493579" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hennemann et al. Plasma membrane transport of thyroid hormones and its role in thyroid hormone metabolism and bioavailability.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Thyroid hormone uptake in the intact rat and human liver is ATP dependent and rate limiting for subsequent iodothyronine metabolism. In starvation and nonthyroidal illness in man, T4 uptake in the liver is decreased, resulting in lowered plasma T3 production. Inhibition of liver T4 uptake in these conditions is explained by liver ATP depletion and increased concentrations of circulating inhibitors, such as 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid, indoxyl sulfate, nonesterified fatty acids, and bilirubin.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2002: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11994393" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rosenbaum et al. Low dose leptin administration reverses effects of sustained weight-reduction on energy expenditure and circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones.</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 16px;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12269922">Koyuncu et al: Effect of thyroid hormones on stress ulcer formation.</a> </b></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">"</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 16px;">It was found that both triiodothyronin and thyroxin reduce the length and depth of the stress ulcers (P < 0.001)."</span></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12611642"><b>Clejan et al. Blood histamine is associated with coronary artery disease, cardiac events and severity of inflammation and atherosclerosis.</b></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"Histamine and isoprostane levels increase in SCAD and ACS patients. Mast cell activation and lipid oxidation generated during atherosclerosis manifest this inflammatory response. Accelerated isoprostane formation and depleted ascorbate paired with histaminemia is active in CAD and predispose patients to acute coronary syndrome. <u>Blood histamine alone may be a better risk factor for coronary events, and a better prognostic indicator than CRP even when combined with lipid indexes</u>."</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12193311"><b>Solá et al. Massive triiodothyronine intoxication: efficacy of hemoperfusion?</b></a><b> </b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"A case of massive accidental triiodothyronine intoxication (1000-fold the usual therapeutic dose, for 8 days) is reported with important disturbances of cardiovascular and central nervous systems that required intensive care support. Serum free triiodothyronine levels were 4789 pmol L(-1) on admittance (normal values, 3.5-6.5 pmol x L(-1)). In the absence of a specific treatment, hemoperfusions were performed but failed to accelerate significantly the decay of blood levels of free triiodothyronine (apparent half-life 25.9 hours; 95% confidence interval: 19.8-37.4 hours). The patient, a young woman, made a satisfactory recovery, in spite of important clinical complications."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2003: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC374382/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wilson et al. Hypocholesterolemia in sepsis and critically ill or injured patients</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Hypocholesterolemia is an important observation following trauma. In a study of critically ill trauma patients, mean cholesterol levels were significantly lower (119 ± 44 mg/dl) than expected values (201 ± 17 mg/dl). In patients who died, final cholesterol levels fell by 33% versus a 28% increase in survivors. Cholesterol levels were also adversely affected by infection or organ system dysfunction. Other studies have illustrated the clinical significance of hypocholesterolemia. Because lipoproteins can bind and neutralize lipopolysaccharide, hypocholesterolemia can negatively impact outcome. New therapies directed at increasing low cholesterol levels may become important options for the treatment of sepsis.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12808136" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Stump et al. Effect of insulin on human skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production, protein synthesis, and mRNA transcripts.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Here we report increases in vastus lateralis muscle mitochondrial ATP production capacity (32-42%) in healthy humans (P &lt; 0.01) i.v. infused with insulin[...]“</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2004: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15253676" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gaby AR: Sub-laboratory hypothyroidism and the empirical use of Armour thyroid.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Research supporting the existence of sub-laboratory hypothyroidism is reviewed, and the author’s clinical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of this condition is described.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15329324" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nevin&Rajamohan: Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro LDL oxidation.</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15158307" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Aviram et al: Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“PJ consumption resulted in a significant IMT reduction, by up to 30%, after 1 year. The patients’ serum paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) activity was increased by 83%, whereas serum LDL basal oxidative state and LDL susceptibility to copper ion-induced oxidation were both significantly reduced, by 90% and 59%, respectively, after 12 months of PJ consumption [...] Systolic blood pressure was reduced after 1 year of PJ consumption by 12%”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15283976" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Faure et al. Thyroid hormone (T3) and its acetic derivative (TA3) protect low-density lipoproteins from oxidation by different mechanisms.</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2005: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15886232" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Peeters et al. Serum 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (rT3) and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine/rT3 are prognostic markers in critically ill patients and are associated with postmortem tissue deiodinase activities.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Odds ratio for survival of the highest vs. the lowest quartile was 0.3 for rT3 and 2.9 for T3/rT3.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16410660">Nakahara et al: Association of antipituitary antibody and type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase antibody in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease.</a> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">"[antipituitary antibody]</span><span style="line-height: 16px;"> was positive in 31.0% (13/42) of patients with Hashimoto's disease" "D2 peptide antibody was positive in 26.2% (11/42) of patients with Hashimoto's disease"</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16270280" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Staprans et al. The role of dietary oxidized cholesterol and oxidized fatty acids in the development of atherosclerosis.</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> ”We hypothesize that diet-derived oxidized fatty acids in chylomicron remnants and oxidized cholesterol in remnants and LDL accelerate atherosclerosis by increasing oxidized lipid levels in circulating LDL and chylomicron remnants. This hypothesis is supported by our feeding experiments in animals. When rabbits were fed oxidized fatty acids or oxidized cholesterol, the fatty streak lesions in the aorta were increased by 100%. Moreover, dietary oxidized cholesterol significantly increased aortic lesions in apo-E and LDL receptor-deficient mice. A typical Western diet is rich in oxidized fats and therefore could contribute to the increased arterial atherosclerosis in our population.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15684146" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Casey et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy outcomes.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Pregnancies in women with subclinical hypothyroidism were 3 times more likely to be complicated by placental abruption (relative risk 3.0, 95% confidence interval 1.1-8.2). Preterm birth, defined as delivery at or before 34 weeks of gestation, was almost 2-fold higher in women with subclinical hypothyroidism (relative risk, 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.9).”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/20/3122.abstract?ijkey=c3f4480ebcabe1f9938c227794d0d9d9507d0901&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tang et al. Low Thyroid Function Leads to Cardiac Atrophy With Chamber Dilatation, Impaired Myocardial Blood Flow, Loss of Arterioles, and Severe Systolic Dysfunction</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">[a rat study]</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16100044" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sato et al. Thyroid hormone targets matrix Gla protein gene associated with vascular smooth muscle calcification.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Our findings suggest that a physiological concentration of thyroid hormone directly facilitates MGP gene expression in smooth muscle cells via thyroid hormone nuclear receptors, leading to prevention of vascular calcification in vivo.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/90/7/4019.long" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Knudsen et al. Small Differences in Thyroid Function May Be Important for Body Mass Index and the Occurrence of Obesity in the Population</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16416346" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Alevizaki et al. TSH may not be a good marker for adequate thyroid hormone replacement therapy.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“We conclude that patients with T4-treated hypothyroidism have lower T3 levels, lower T3/T4 ratio and lower SHBG than normal individuals with the same TSH, perhaps indicating relative tissue hypothyroidism in the liver. TSH levels used to monitor substitution, mostly regulated by intracellular T3 in the pituitary, may not be such a good indicator of adequate thyroid hormone action in all tissues. The co-administration of T3 may prove more effective in this respect, provided novel suitable preparations are developed. Until this is accomplished, substitution in hypothyroidism should aim at low normal TSH, to ensure normal T3 levels.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2006: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400329" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Watanabe et al. Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">["In this study, mice that were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with bile acids were noted to be resistant to diet-induced obesity, but this protective effect of bile acids was lost in D2-knockout mice."]</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16554528" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cohen et al: Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Of the 3363 black subjects examined, 2.6 percent had nonsense mutations in PCSK9; these mutations were associated with a 28 percent reduction in mean LDL cholesterol and an 88 percent reduction in the risk of CHD” “”Of the 9524 white subjects examined, 3.2 percent had a sequence variation in PCSK9 that was associated with a 15 percent reduction in LDL cholesterol and a 47 percent reduction in the risk of CHD”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794221" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fukuyama et al. Thyroid hormone inhibits vascular remodeling through suppression of cAMP response element binding protein activity.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“These results suggested that T3 inhibits CREB/CRE signaling pathway and suppresses cytokine expression and VSMCs proliferation, which may account for, at least in part, an anti-atherosclerotic effect of thyroid hormone.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2007: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17936441" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Buscemi et al. A low resting metabolic rate is associated with metabolic syndrome.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“The group with metabolic syndrome exhibited a significantly lower resting metabolic rate adjusted for fat-free mass with respect to the control group and the obese group without metabolic syndrome (respectively: 108+/-3 vs. 118+/-3, p<0.01 and 123+/-3 kJ/kg fat-free mass 24 h, p<0.01; mean+/-sem). The obese group with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D) had a not different adjusted resting metabolic rate (114+/-6 kJ/kg fat-free mass 24h) with respect to other groups.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17535399" style="font-size: small;">Alvarez-Pedrerol et al. TSH concentration within the normal range is associated with cognitive function and ADHD symptoms in healthy preschoolers.</a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"</span></span><span style="line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Children with TSH concentrations in the upper quartile of the normal range performed lower on McCarthy's scales and were at higher risk for attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. In the Menorca cohort, a decrease of 5.8 (P < 0.05) and 6.9 (P < 0.01) points was observed in memory and quantitative skills, respectively. In contrast, high T4 concentrations were associated with decreased risk of having 1-5 attention deficit symptoms (odds ratio: 0.25; P < 0.01);"</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2008: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18927369" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Taubes G: Diabetes. Paradoxical effects of tightly controlled blood sugar.</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> ”The obvious explanation for why the three studies came up negative is that the hypothesis that high blood sugar causes macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes is simply wrong.” [At this point we ought to remember that Barnes and Eaton could prevent the complications of diabetes with desiccated thyroid.]</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.thyroidscience.com/reviews/lowe.yellin.6.17.08/ithr.review.6.17.08.pdf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lowe JC: Inadequate Thyroid Hormone Regulation as the Main Mechanism of Fibromyalgia: A Review of the Evidence</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Low resting metabolic rates of FMS patients. In the first study, patients’ mean resting metabolic rate was 29% below their predicted rate [...] The mean of the healthy control subjects’ metabolic rates was only 8% below their predicted rates. [...] In the second study, the mean resting metabolic rate for patients was 30% below the predicted rate. The mean metabolic rate of healthy controls was, again, 8% below the predicted rate.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Low basal body temperatures of FMS patients. In the first study, patients’ average basal temperature was 96.95/F. The average for healthy women was 97.54/F. In the second study, the average temperature of patients was 96.38/F. The average for healthy controls was 97.54/F. Statistically, the patients’ temperatures in both studies were significantly lower than those of controls.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.thyroidscience.com/editorials/invited%20editorials/wikland.jan%202008/wikland.jan.2008.pdf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wikland B: Redefining Hypothyroidism—A Paradigm Shift</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“A direct approach to demonstrate thyroid autoimmunity is to examine the gland by means of fineneedle aspiration cytology (FNA). For many years, this has been a routine procedure in our centre in Stockholm, Sweden. The diagnostic and therapeutic potential of FNA as a complement to conventional first-line tests is remarkable. In summary, we [1][2] found that no less than 40% of unselected patients with chronic fatigue (90% women) had definite evidence of lymphocytic invasion of the thyroid—the gold standard criterion of thyroid autoimmunity. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">What about TSH in patients with FNA-documented evidence of thyroid autoimmunity? We found that TSH values were scattered, ranging from less than 1 mU/L to over 30; the median TSH value was 3.8. (These were baseline values, and none of [1] the patients were on thyroid medication.) In patients with cytologically-demonstrated thyroid autoimmunity, the clinical response to thyroid medication was equally favourable, regardless of the presenting TSH value.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2009: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18678372" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Georgopoulos et al. Basal metabolic rate is decreased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and biochemical hyperandrogenemia and is associated with insulin resistance.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Adjusted BMR was 1,868 +/- 41 kcal/day in the control group, 1,445.57 +/- 76 in all PCOS women, 1,590 +/- 130 in PCOS women without IR and 1,116 +/- 106 in PCOS women with IR.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19565824" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kileĭnikov et al. [Pathogenesis of arterial hypertension in patients with primary hypothyroidism].</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“These clinical and functional signs are supposed to reflect hypovolemia in patients with PH and concomitant AH.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19250270" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ahlström et al. Correlation between plasma calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a community-based cohort of men and women.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“PTH and BMI (P &lt; 0.0001), waist circumference (P &lt; 0.0001), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.0034), diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.0008), serum triglycerides (P = 0.0003) and insulin resistance (P = 0.0003) were positively correlated, whereas serum high density lipoproteins (HDL) (P = 0.036) and PTH were negatively correlated.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.thyroidscience.com/Criticism/lowe.3.16.09/lowe.bta.rebuttal.3.16.09.pdf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lowe JC: Stability, Effectiveness, and Safety of Desiccated Thyroid vs Levothyroxine: A Rebuttal to the British Thyroid Association</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2010: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19832853" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kuppens et al. Maternal thyroid function during gestation is related to breech presentation at term.</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20536777" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lallès JP. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase: multiple biological roles in maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and modulation by diet.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“In conclusion, IAP has a pivotal role in intestinal homeostasis and its activity could be increased through the diet. This is especially true in pathological situations (e.g., inflammatory bowel diseases) in which the involvement of commensal bacteria is suspected and when intestinal AP is too low to detoxify a sufficient amount of bacterial lipopolysaccharide.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20190547" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ackay et al. T4 plus T3 treatment in children with hypothyroidism and inappropriately elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone despite euthyroidism on T4 treatment.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“LDL-cholesterol decreased and ALP increased in the euthyrotropinemic state. [...] Our data strongly suggest that decreased negative feedback due to lower T3 levels at the pituitary level is the main reason for persistent hyperthyrotropinemia.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20739384" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Vogelzangs et al. Urinary cortisol and six-year risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Persons in the highest tertile of urinary cortisol had a five times increased risk of dying of cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio = 5.00; 95% confidence interval = 2.02-12.37). This effect was found to be consistent across persons with and without cardiovascular disease at baseline (p interaction = 0.78).”</span></span></div>
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<b style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20447070"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 16px;">Celi et al. </span><span style="line-height: 16px;">The pharmacodynamic equivalence of levothyroxine and liothyronine: a randomized, double blind, cross-over study in thyroidectomized patients.</span></a> </b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"This is the first study addressing the equivalency between L-T3 and L-T4 therapy measured by baseline and TRH-stimulated TSH. The therapeutic substitution of L-T3 for L-T4 was achieved at approximately 1:3 ratio."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2011: <a href="http://jrs.sagepub.com/content/104/1/15.long" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Slater S: The discovery of thyroid replacement therapy. Part 1: In the beginning</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://jrs.sagepub.com/content/104/2/59.long" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Slater S: The discovery of thyroid replacement therapy. Part 2: The critical 19th century</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://jrs.sagepub.com/content/104/3/100.short" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Slater S: The discovery of thyroid replacement therapy. Part 3: A complete transformation</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 16px;"><b style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3148220/">Gullo et al: Levothyroxine Monotherapy Cannot Guarantee Euthyroidism in All Athyreotic Patients</a> </b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"Among the levothyroxine-treated patients 15.2% had lower serum FT3 and 7.2% had higher serum FT4 compared to euthyroid controls."</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2012: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22183820" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pagadala et al. Prevalence of hypothyroidism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Subjects with hypothyroidism were 2.1 (95% CI 1.1-3.9, P = 0.02) and 3.8 (95% CI 2-6.9, P &lt; 0.001) times more likely to have NAFLD and NASH, respectively.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23378454" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Farhangi et al. The effect of vitamin A supplementation on thyroid function in premenopausal women.</a> [<span style="font-size: xx-small;">25 000 IU of vitamin A daily -> higher T3 levels, lower T4 and TSH levels. For some reason, control group also saw some similar changes. Another <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23148279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">paper</a> about the same study also tells that many of the participants (again, from the control group too) had worse cholesterol levels in the end of this study. Strange...]</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22548953" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">McDermott MT: Does combination T4 and T3 therapy make sense?</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“One randomized controlled trial found that patients with the D2 Thr92Ala polymorphism had more baseline symptoms than those with the wild type D2 and experienced significantly greater symptomatic improvement in response to combined levothyroxine and liothyronine therapy.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22711760" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ito et al. TSH-suppressive doses of levothyroxine are required to achieve preoperative native serum triiodothyronine levels in patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy.</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23426813" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fallah et al. Frequency of subclinical hypothyroidism in 5- to 15-year-old children with migraine headache.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Twenty-five (24%) children had hypothyroidism.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;"><b style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22948212">Goldberg et al: Thyroid hormone reduces cholesterol via a non-LDL receptor-mediated pathway.</a> </b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"</span></span><span style="line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">We tested whether LDL receptor (LDLR) expression was required for cholesterol reduction by treating control and LDLR-knockout mice with two forms of thyroid hormone T(3) and 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine. High doses of both 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine and T(3) dramatically reduced circulating total and very low-density lipoprotein/LDL cholesterol (∼70%) and were associated with reduced plasma T(4) level. The cholesterol reduction was especially evident in the LDLR-knockout mice."</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2013: <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1747-0080.12026/abstract" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Shab-Bidar et al. Dietary intakes of zinc and copper and cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Comparing the highest versus the lowest intake categories of dietary copper, the multivariable adjusted odds ratios for HDL-C, fasting blood glucose(FBG), TG and MetS were 1.75 (1.43–2.25)(P for trend = 0.003), 0.90 (0.76–1.23)(P for trend = 0.017), 0.11(0.08–0.21) (P for trend = 0.042) and 0.19 (0.15–0.38)(P for trend = 0.023), respectively.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0032/ea0032P1004.htm" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Martucci et al. Overweight/obese women with primary acquired hypothyroidism in appropriate levothyroxine replacement therapy are characterized by impaired whole body energy metabolism</a> ”<span style="font-size: xx-small;">TSH [...] and body composition [...] were not different between groups. REE was reduced in hypothyroid women when compared to the control group in absolute terms (1347±171 vs 1447±154 kcal [...] This study demonstrates that middle-aged, overweight/obese hypothyroid women in L-T4 replacement therapy, in spite of achieving an optimal serum TSH level, are characterized by altered whole body energy metabolism and substrate disposal supporting the view that additional interventions may be necessary to fully revert the entire set of hypothyroidism-related metabolic alterations.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23184912" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hoermann et al. Is pituitary TSH an adequate measure of thyroid hormone-controlled homoeostasis during thyroxine treatment?</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Hence, the results indicate that the observed disjoint between the thyroid/pituitary FT4–TSH feedback mechanism and T3 production noted in hypothyroidism (whether inadequately or untreated) is not fully restored even when sufficient T4 is given to regain an apparently euthyroid state. In several cases, this results in a classification mismatch, for example placing ∼10% of patients on moderate T4 doses that are judged euthyroid according to their TSH measurements below the FT3 reference range. Higher L-T4 doses maintained FT3 within its reference limits, though frequently only in conjunction with suppressed TSH.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23864999" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mdzinarishvili et al. Engineering triiodothyronine (T3) nanoparticle for use in ischemic brain stroke.</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“In MCAO model of ischemic stroke, significant benefit of administering T3 in nanoparticulate form was observed over injection of a T3 solution. A 34 % decrease in tissue infarction and a 59 % decrease in brain edema were seen upon administration of T3 solution in MCAO stroke model. Corresponding measurements for uncoated T3 nanoparticles were 51 % and 68 %, whereas for the glutathione coated were 58 % and 75 %.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.thyroidresearchjournal.com/content/6/S2/A27" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kazanavicius et al. Effect of triiodothyronine on hyperandrogenism in women</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Hirsutism, acne, androgens and ovarian volumes are decreased due to the increase of the triiodothyronine level in blood of women with hyperandrogenism signs.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23928672" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Buizert et al. PTH: A NEW TARGET IN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS?</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Multivariate models showed that subjects in the highest quintile of serum PTH had a significantly higher risk of CVD as compared to subjects in the lowest quintile (OR = 2.22, CI = 1.39-3.56).”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.thyroidresearchjournal.com/content/5/1/13" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Walter et al. Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone is associated with elevated cortisol in healthy young men and women</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Results suggest a positive relationship between TSH and cortisol in apparently healthy young individuals. In as much as this relationship may herald a pathologic disorder, these preliminary results suggest that TSH levels &gt; 2.0 uIU/L may be abnormal.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3608184/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nicolini et al. New Insights into Mechanisms of Cardioprotection Mediated by Thyroid Hormones</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Experimental and clinical studies strongly support the concept that TH plays a fundamental role in cardiovascular homeostasis in both physiological and pathological conditions. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Increasing evidence indicates that the low TH is not simply a consequence of cardiac disease evolution but a permissive state that favours adverse cardiac remodeling and failure.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px;">2014: </span><span style="line-height: 16px;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24953754" style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">Hoermann et al. Homeostatic Equilibria Between Free Thyroid Hormones and Pituitary Thyrotropin Are Modulated By Various Influences Including Age, Body Mass Index and Treatment.</a><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"FT3 levels were significantly lower in L-T4 treated versus untreated non-hypothyroid autoimmune thyroiditis (median 4.6 vs 4.9 pmol/l, p<0.001), despite lower TSH (1.49 vs 2.93 mU/l, p< 0.001) and higher FT4 levels (16.8 vs 13.8 pmol/l, p< 0.001) in the treated group."</span></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Appendix II: Quotations from Mark Starr’s book Type 2 Hypothyroidism: The Epidemic</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“In 1998, I recruited a Ph.D. exercise physiologist to perform basal metabolic rate testing for my pain patients. The doctor was very conscientious and tried to make certain the patients were relaxed and proper procedures followed. He performed basal metabolism tests on 50 consecutive pain patients. All of these patients had normal thyroid blood tests.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">My 50 patients’ metabolism averaged 15% below normal. A significant number of their metabolic rates were in the 30 – 40% below-normal range. Several tests were above average as well. When a basal metabolism test was previously used to aid doctors in making the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, a test result of 10% less than normal or lower was considered strongly indicative of the illness.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Only one patient has developed diabetes while under my care. [...] No other patients have been diagnosed with diabetes while under my care. In addition, none of the many diabetic patients under my care have developed any of the common problems that afflict diabetics such as chronic renal failure, blindness, heart attacks, gangrene, or peripheral neuropathies. Dr. Eaton’s research remains just as valid as when it was first published in 1954.”</span></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Appendix III: Quotations from William Kountz’ monograph Thyroid Function and its Possible Role in Vascular Degeneration</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“Other observers as well have found that degenerative changes, which may result in debilitation of an individual, may cause a rise in the rate of oxygen consumption. This rise is not believed to be due to increased glandular activity but rather to an increase in the physiological strain that disease associated with degeneration imposes upon the organism.”</span></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Appendix IV: Quotations from Broda Barnes' book Hypothyroidism: The Unsuspected Illness (1976)</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“The hypothyroid patient may experience effects like those produced by anemia, including undue fatigue, for another reason. Thyroid deficiency tends to reduce the strength of the heartbeat, and the amount of blood pumped out to the body with each beat is reduced.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">In severe hypothyroidism, studies have shown that the blood circulating per minute through the body may be reduced by as much as 40 percent, thus the effective oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is only 60% of normal. In milder cases of reduced thyroid function, the reduction in circulation is, of course, not nearly that severe.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">“It could be only coincidence that among thousands of patients I have placed on thyroid therapy, not one has developed lung cancer and there have been only six deaths due to malignancies of any kind while in a similar number of people in the general population about twenty deaths from cancer would have been expected.”</span></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Appendix V: Recommended reading (blog texts etc)</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://nahypothyroidism.org/thyroid-hormone-transport/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">National Academy of Hypothyroidism – Thyroid Hormone Transport</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://nahypothyroidism.org/deiodinases/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">National Academy of Hypothyroidism – Deiodinases</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://nahypothyroidism.org/how-accurate-is-tsh-testing/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">National Academy of Hypothyroidism – How Accurate is TSH Testing?</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://blog.cholesterol-and-health.com/2011/08/central-role-of-thyroid-hormone-in.html" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Daily Lipid – The Central Role of Thyroid Hormone in Governing LDL Receptor Activity and the Risk of Heart Disease</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/thyroid.shtml" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ray Peat - Thyroid: Therapies, Confusion, and Fraud</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/hypothyroidism.shtml" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ray Peat – TSH, temperature, pulse rate, and other indicators in hypothyroidism</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.thyroid-info.com/articles/ray-peat.htm" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thyroid-Info.com – An Interview With Dr. Raymond Peat – A Renowned Nutritional Counselor Offers His Thoughts About Thyroid Disease</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/28/whats-your-temperature-rethinking-986/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The New York Times - What Is Your Temperature? Rethinking 98.6</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://180degreehealth.com/2009/01/master-broda" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">180 Degree Health – Broda Barnes</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://180degreehealth.com/2011/05/ray-peat-broda-barnes" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">180 Degree Health – Ray Peat – Broda Barnes</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://theskinnywhitebuddha.blogspot.fi/2012/04/jacques-hertoghe-and-hypothyroid.html" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Skinny White Buddha – Jacques Hertoghe and Hypothyroid</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://theskinnywhitebuddha.blogspot.fi/2012/02/hypothyroid-unsuspected-illness.html" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Skinny White Buddha - Hypothyroid: The Unsuspected Illness</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://theskinnywhitebuddha.blogspot.fi/2012/01/heart-disease-and-blood-lipids-part-1.html" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Skinny White Buddha - Heart Disease and Blood Lipids</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/2011/05/iodine-and-hashimotos-thyroiditis-part-2/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Perfect Health Diet – Iodine and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, Part 2</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/2011/09/high-ldl-on-paleo-revisited-low-carb-the-thyroid/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Perfect Health Diet – High LDL on Paleo Revisited: Low Carb & the Thyroid</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/2010/12/micronutrient-deficiencies-an-underappreciated-cause-of-hypothyroidism/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Perfect Health Diet – Micronutrient Deficiencies: An Underappreciated Cause of Hypothyroidism</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.functionalps.com/blog/2012/01/22/thyroid-status-and-cardiovascular-disease/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Functional Performance Systems - Thyroid Status and Cardiovascular Disease</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.functionalps.com/blog/2012/01/20/the-cholesterol-and-thyroid-connection/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Functional Performance Systems – The Cholesterol and Thyroid Connection</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://syontix.com/thyroid-function-and-gastrointestinal-distress/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Syontix – Thyroid Function And Gastrointestinal Distress</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://tpauk.com/articles/3077-why-does-the-thyroid-stimulating-hormone-tsh-reference-range-in-the-uk-remain-the-widest-in-the-world/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thyroid Patient Advocacy – Why does the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) reference range in the UK remain the widest in the world?</a></span></div>
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Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293839544812203654.post-80932393247138020952013-01-30T10:49:00.000-08:002016-10-26T05:06:22.468-07:00Why We Need Stomach Acid: The Dangers of Anti-acid Medication<br />
<i>Thanks to <a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/">Paul Jaminet</a> for helping me with the translation (from Finnish to English).</i><br />
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<span id="internal-source-marker_0.666417405474931"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Heartburn – a burning feeling in chest or throat – is a common modern ailment. It is estimated to afflict 42% </span>of the US population in some way (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20095795">1</a>), and is nearly as common in other populations worldwide, including Icelanders(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350713">2</a>), Taiwanese(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21517967">3</a>), rural Bangladeshis(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21804513">4</a>), Belgians(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11953693">5</a>), Germans(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16688653">6</a>) and Finns(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7742002">7</a>).<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><br />A variety of conditions, including eosinophilic esophagiti</span></span>s (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18788223">8</a>) or myocardial infarction (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15714110">9</a>), can cause a burning feeling in the chest. However, heartburn is generally caused by the backward reflux of gastric/intestinal contents, stomach acid being the most well-known but not the only important substance, into the esophagus. The chronic form of acid reflux is known as gastroesophageal reflux disease, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001311/">GERD</a>. Approximately 10-20% of western populations suffer from GERD (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652158">10</a>).<br />
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GERD is correlated with age (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21138458">11</a>) and is often accompanied by other conditions: asthma (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17682001">12</a>), obesity (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12837713">13</a>), food intolerances (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661944">14</a>) and irritable bowel syndrome (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20222167">15</a>). It is likely that GERD actually triggers asthma, because anti-acid medications, which suppress acid reflux, offer strong potential relief for asthma (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10452738">16</a>).<br />
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Doctors commonly prescribe stomach acid suppressing medications for GERD: antacids, H2-blockers (such as cimetidine), and proton pump inhibitors or PPIs (such as omeprazole). Antacids do their work by neutralizing stomach acid, but newer medications block the secretion of gastric acid. Anti-acid medications have been a commercial success: In 2004, the US doctors wrote more than 60 million prescriptions (<a href="http://www3.niddk.nih.gov/Burden_of_Digestive_Diseases/index.shtml#CHAPTER14">17</a>). Here in Finland, doctors wrote on average 60.8 anti-acid prescriptions in 2009 despite the fact that many drugs for heartburn were also freely available in pharmacies (<a href="http://raportit.kela.fi/ibi_apps/WFServlet?IBIF_ex=wit056cl">18</a>).<br />
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Doctors who prescribe anti-acid medications may not fully appreciate that the cause of GERD is often not excessive acidity of the stomach (hyperchlorhydria) (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21711416">19</a>). Rather, heartburn can occur even with low levels of stomach acid if there is a malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing the entry of stomach acid or other problematic substances (bile acids etc) to the esophagus.(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21615439">20</a>)<br />
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Anti-acid medications can lower the acidity (=number of protons) of the stomach by more than 99% (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3880557">21</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1686581">22</a>). This (for a time anyway) can greatly reduce the damage that acid inflicts upon the esophagus (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977444">23</a>). Doctors believe that anti-acid medications are safe even for long-term use (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20480516">24</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844107">25</a>). Given the extensive clinical experience with these medications, it is probably safe to conclude that they do not cause serious problems very quickly.<br />
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However, presumably there was a good reason why the human stomach evolved the ability to make gastric acid. Eliminating the acid should therefore lead to harmful consequences. What is the evidence?<br />
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Here we go:</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maldigestion of some nutrients.</span><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>The acidic gastric juice supports the proper digestion of foods by breaking down proteins, aiding the absorption of minerals and vitamins and stimulating the secretion of secretin, a hormone that stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21121928">2</a>6). Studies have shown a reduction in the absorption of non-heme iron (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7286584">27</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19262546">28</a>), folic acid (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2902178">29</a>), zinc (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18948929">30</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12546170">31</a>), vitamin B12 (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8273984">32</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7706591">33</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9626024%C2%A8">34</a>) and calcium (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8538929">35</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15989913">36</a>) in people on anti-acid medications, though the folic acid and zinc studies are not wholly conclusive. It also seems that oxide minerals (such as magnesium oxide) might be poorly digested in the absence of stomach acid (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8577018">37</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2407766">38</a>).</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enteric infections.</span><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> One of the important roles of gastric juice is to kill foreign bacteria on their way to the intestine. A recent systematic review reported that people using PPI medications have much higher risk for food poisonings:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We describe the available evidence for enhanced susceptibility to enteric infection caused by Salmonella, Campylobacter and C. difficile by PPI use, with adjusted relative risk ranges of 4.2-8.3 (two studies); 3.5-11.7 (four studies); and 1.2-5.0 (17 of 27 studies) for the three respective organisms. </span>(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21999643">39</a>)</blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Small intestinal bacteria overgro</span><span style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">wth. </span>In Italy, 50% of PPI-users had small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) while only 24% of IBS-sufferers (PPI-users excluded) and 6% of healthy people had this condition.(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20060064">40</a>) This association has also been demonstrated in some clinical studies. One recent study found that PPIs cause dysbiosis in rats.(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21745447">41</a>) In another smallish study, PPI medication caused duodenal bacterial overgrowth in 7 of 17 human subjects. In H2-blocker cimetidine group, the acid suppression was much less effective and only 3 of 18 patients in this group had duodenal bacterial overgrowth (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8881809">42</a>). Other studies have found significant jejunal bacteria overgrowth plus dietary fat malabsorption after omeprazole treatment (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9536953">43</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10631362">44</a>). Despite the tempting results, some authors suggest that there is still some controversy on this issue (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20304096">45</a>), based i.a. on the results of a Los Angeles study in which PPI usage didn't correlate with SIBO in IBS-patients and overall the result was strangely very different compared to the Italian study(<a href="http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v104/n3s/full/ajg2009492_4a.html">46</a>).</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Allergies.</span> Lack of stomach acid might cause maldigestion of digestion-labile allergens, probably by inhibiting the activity of pepsin and the secretion of secretin. One observational study followed 152 people with no allergy background for three months while they used an anti-acid medication for their GERD. The result was somewhat shocking:</div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[T]he relative risk for the increase of an IgE response to food allergens after a 3 month anti-acid therapy is <b>10.5</b> (95% confidence interval: 1.44–76.48; P=0.0203). (</span><a href="http://www.fasebj.org/content/19/6/656.full">47</a>)</blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Even though most of the participants did not </span>develop allergies, many did. And there were some people who were found to be allergic to some foods at the beginning of the study. Their allergies became significantly worse during the anti-acid therapy. This figure (<a href="http://www.fasebj.org/content/19/6/656/F1.expansion.html">Figure 1</a> from <a href="http://www.fasebj.org/content/19/6/656.full">47</a>) shows how many people had allergies to 19 common food antigens (1: milk, 2: casein, 3: egg white, 4: egg yolk, 5: peanut, 6: walnut, 7: almond, 8: potato, 9: tomatos, 10: celery, 11: carrot, 12: apple, 13: orange, 14: wheat flour, 15: rye flour, 16: sesame seed, 17: soy bean, 18: codfish, and 19: crab) before and after anti-acid therapy: <a href="http://www.fasebj.org/content/19/6/656/F1.medium.gif">http://www.fasebj.org/content/19/6/656/F1.</a><a href="http://www.fasebj.org/content/19/6/656/F1.medium.gif">medium.gif</a></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Atrophic gastritis.</span><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Users of proton pump inhibitors have a very high risk of d</span>eveloping <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophic_gastritis">atrophic gastritis</a> (an acidless stomach), especially in the presence of H pylori infection (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8598839">48</a>).</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Osteoporosis.</span><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Usage of anti-acid medications correlate with a hig</span>her risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures, one reason possibly being the impaired absorption of calcium (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185417">49</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20882439">50</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21483462">51</a>). Vitamin B12 deficiency is another risk factor for osteoporosis (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20676649">52</a>) and stomach acid is <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminB12/">required for B12 absorption</a>.</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mortality. </span><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The most important health problem of all!</span><span style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Proton pump inh</span>ibitors are associated with a 1.4- to 1.8-fold increased risk of dying in elderly people after the adjustment for comorbidities (<a href="http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/170/17/1604">53</a>).</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Return of the symptoms during long-term PPI use.</span><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> A 200</span>9 study noticed that in patients that had been using proton pump inhibitors for 3 years in average, approximately 60% reported at least moderate reflux symptoms, the symptoms PPI's were meant to cure!(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19035981">54</a>)</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“</span><span style="color: #222222; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D’oh!</span><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">” - Homer Jay Simpson</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One plausible mechanism is that in prolonged PPI usage intestinal enzymes and bile acids, instead of gastric acid, reflux to the esophagus (duodeno-gastro-esophageal reflux, DGER).(</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180713"><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">54</span></a><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) The PPI’s reduce the amount of acid very significantly, but on the other hand all the damaging substances get more easily to esophagus, because sufficient acidity of stomach is one factor keeping lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tightly closed.(</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5350111"><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">56</span></a><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">,</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21899545"><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">57</span></a><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What else? </span><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Seemingly some diagnosing mistakes are happening often. In one Finnish study, 20 of 150 persons with endogenously acid-free stomachs were using proton pump inhibitors! The authors say: </span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Extrapolation of the results of this study also allows us to estimate that thousands of Finnish people are currently prescribed PPI </span>medication even though they have a hypochlorhydric or achlorhydric stomach due to ACG." (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20446846">58</a>)</blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(On the other hand, these ACGs might have developed </span><span style="color: #222222; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">after</span><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> starting the PPI medication because, as mentioned above, PPI’s might </span><span style="color: #222222; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">cause</span><span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> atrophic gastritis)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It seems that therapies that involve suppressing gastric acid levels might come with some significant downsides, so we should probably find another approach to this interesting disease.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Extra references</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.12826/abstract">Corsonello et al: Proton Pump Inhibitors and Functional Decline in Older Adults Discharged From Acute Care Hospitals (2014)</a> <span style="font-size: x-small;">"Use of PPIs was significantly associated with functional decline before (odds ratio (OR) = 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17–2.60) and after propensity score matching (OR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.36–4.41)."</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061035">Shah et al: Proton Pump Inhibitor Usage and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in the General Population (2015)</a> <span style="font-size: x-small;">"Survival analysis in a prospective cohort found a two-fold (HR = 2.00; 95% CI 1.07-3.78; P = 0.031) increase in association with cardiovascular mortality"</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26538205/">Washi et al: Proton pump inhibitors exacerbate NSAID-induced small bowel injury: A prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. (2015)</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">"The COX-2 SI+PPI group had a significantly increased risk of small bowel injury in comparison to the COX-2 SI group (relative risk 2.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-6.58)."</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: x-small; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26882076">Gomm et al: <b>Association of Proton Pump Inhibitors With Risk of Dementia: A Pharmacoepidemiological Claims Data Analysis.</b> (Jama Neurol 2016)</a> <i>"The avoidance of PPI medication may prevent the development of dementia. This finding is supported by recent pharmacoepidemiological analyses on primary data and is in line with mouse models in which the use of PPIs increased the levels of β-amyloid in the brains of mice."</i></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: x-small; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26415928">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26415928</a></i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: x-small; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080976">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080976</a></i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: x-small; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27487959">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27487959</a></i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: x-small; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27072818">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27072818</a></i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: x-small; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27166251">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27166251</a></i></span></span></span></div>
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Vladimir Heiskanen (Valtsu)http://www.blogger.com/profile/15561977841529110781noreply@blogger.com1